氯化钙/膨胀石墨混合吸附剂导热性能研究

研究出具有良好的导热性能的吸附剂是吸附制冷的关键。利用耐驰LFA447导热仪测试了不同质量配比（氯化钙与膨胀石墨的质量比）和不同固化压力下氯化钙—膨胀石墨固化混合吸附剂的导热性能。实验结果表明：在一定范围内,在相同的质量比下随着固化压力的增大,导热系数不断增大;在相同的固化压力下随着氯化钙—膨胀石墨质量比的增大导热系数不断减小。在测试的所有样品中,当固化压力为1.7KN,氯化钙—膨胀石墨的质量比为2：1时,混合吸附剂的导热性能比较好,导热系数达到2.7 W/(m?K)。     

Measurements of the Thermal Conductivity of HFC-125 in the Temperature Range from 300 to 515 K at Pressures up to 53 Mpa

Measurements of the thermal conductivity of HFC-125 that have been made by a coaxial cylinder cell operating in steady state are reported. The measurements of the thermal conductivity of HFC-125 were performed along several quasi-isotherms between 300 and 515 K in the gas phase and the liquid phase. The pressure range covered varies from 0.1 to 53 MPa. Based on the measurement of more than 600 points, an empirical equation is provided to describe the thermal conductivity outside the critical region as a function of temperature and density. A careful analysis of the various sources of error leads to an estimated uncertainty of approximately ± 1.5%.     

Thermophysical Properties of Porous Sandstones: Measurements and Comparative Study of Some Representative Thermal Conductivity Models

The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of porous consolidated sandstones have been measured simultaneously by the transient-plane source (TPS) technique in the temperature range from 280 to 330 K at ambient pressure using air as the saturant. The porosity and density parameters are measured using standard American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods at 307 ± 1 K. Data are presented for five types of samples ranging in porosity from 8 to 17 vol. %, taken from various positions above the baseline. The thermal conductivity and constituents of the minerals vary with porosity as well as with the position of the sample from the baseline. The thermal conductivity data are discussed in the framework of simple mixing laws and empirical models. Simple correlations between the effective density and porosity, and between the effective thermal conductivity and porosity, are also established     

Investigation of the effect of the Prandtl number on the local properties of low-intensity convection in a rectangular region heated from below

Local heat transfer and temperature separation in the presence of steady-state natural thermal convection in a rectangular region heated from below have been numerically studied for various Prandtl numbers. The local features of the low-intensity convection have been analyzed. The dependences of the local effects on the Grashof and Prandtl numbers have been obtained. The effect of the Prandtl number on the boundaries of the convection regimes has been estimated.     

Thermal convection in the presence of a vertical magnetic field

Summary The interaction between thermal convection and an external uniform magnetic field in the vertical is numerically simulated within a computational domain of a horizontally periodic convective box between upper and lower rigid plates. The numerical technique is based on a spectral element method developed earlier to simulate natural thermal convection. In this work, it is extended to a magnetoconvection problem. Its main features are the use of rescaled Legendre-Lagrangian polynomial interpolants in expanding the flow variables except the pressure for which a modal expansion in terms of lower order polynomials is used to avoid the complicated staggered grid approach. The technique is validated in the steady roll and oscillatory convective regimes where various experimental and numerical results are available in the literature. The effect of a vertical magnetic field in such a way to inhibit the convective motions has been demonstrated.     

Thermal conductivity of steam from 250 to 510°C at pressures up to 95 MPa including the critical region

New measurements of the thermal conductivity of steam have been performed in the temperature range 250–510°C and in the pressure range from 1 up to 95 MPa. Most of the measurements were taken at temperatures greater than the critical temperature, where the enhancement of the thermal conductivity is observed. The experimental values are compared to the IAPS formulation for the thermal conductivity of water.     

Measurement of the thermal conductivity of molten InSb under microgravity

Thermal conductivity of molten InSb was measured on board the TEXUS-24 sounding rocket by the transient hot-wire method using the originally designed thermal conductivity measurement facility (TCMF). Measurements made through this facility were affected by natural convection on the ground. This natural convection was confirmed to be sufficiently suppressed during a microgravity environment. The thermal conductivity of molten InSb was 15.8 and 18.2 W·m^–1·K^–1 at 830 and 890 K, respectively.     

Effect of thermal conductivity ratio on flow features and convective heat transfer

In this paper, we numerically investigate the steady laminar natural convection in a water-filled 2D enclosure containing a rectangular conducting body. Computations are performed for a wide range of dimensionless parameters including the Rayleigh number Ra, the thermal conductivity ratio k, and the location of the inner body δ, while the value of the Prandtl number is maintained constant at 6.8. This simulation spans four decades of Rayleigh number, Ra, from 103 to 106. The influence of these various dimensionless parameters on the flow behavior is investigated. Correlations of the averaged Nusselt numbers are obtained as a function of two parameters (Ra and δ) for each working thermal conductivity ratio. The results indicate that the heat transfer rate through the enclosure can be controlled by the position of the rectangular body. A comparative study was also carried out between a horizontal and a vertical conducting shape inside the enclosure. It is proved that a vertical position leads to a better heat transfer compared to the horizontal case.     

Liquid Thermal Conductivity of Ternary Mixtures of Difluoromethane (R32), Pentafluoroethane (R125), and 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R134a)1

The thermal conductivities of ternary refrigerant mixtures of difluoromethane (R32), pentafluoroethane (R125), and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) in the liquid phase have been measured by the transient hot-wire method with one bare platinum wire. The experiments were performed in the temperature range of 233 to 323 K and in the pressure range of 2 to 20 MPa at various compositions. The measured data are correlated as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition. From the correlation, we can calculate the thermal conductivity of pure refrigerants and their binary or ternary refrigerant mixtures. The uncertainty of the measurements is estimated to be ±2%.     

The thermal conductivity of molten NaNO3 and KNO3

The thermal conductivity data for molten NaNO₃ and KNO₃ have been examined in order to propose recommended data sets for these two popular heat carriers and to establish the reference values above the temperature range covered by toluene and water. It is known that the measurement of the thermal conductivity of molten salts is very difficult, owing mainly to their corrosiveness and high melting temperatures, which introduce complications in apparatus design and significant systematic errors due to radiation and convection. However, some recent measurements seem to manifest more trustworthy values than obtained before. All available data have been collected and critically evaluated. The temperature range covered is 584 to 662 K for molten NaNO₃ and 662 to 712 K for molten KNO₃, with the confidence limits better than ± 5%.     

The thermal conductivity of xylene isomers in the temperature range 290–360 K

New absolute measurements of the thermal conductivity of the three xylene isomers are reported. The measurements have been carried out in the temperature range 290–360 K, at atmospheric pressure, in a transient hot-wire instrument. The accuracy of the measurements is estimated to be ±0.5%. The measurements presented in this paper have been used in conjuction with our earlier reported measurements of liquid benzene and toluene, at atmospheric pressure, to develop a consistent theoretically based predictive scheme for the thermal conductivity of these five aromatic hydrocarbons. The proposed scheme, containing just one parameter characteristic of each fluid, permits the prediction of the thermal conductivity of the five aromatic hydrocarbons in the temperature range 290–360 K and at pressures up to 350 MPa, with an accuracy of ±2.5%.     

Measurements of the thermal conductivity of aqueous LiBr solutions at pressures up to 40 MPa

This paper describes absolute measurements of the thermal conductivity of aqueous LiBr solutions in the concentration range 5 to 15m (molality), the temperature range 30 to 100°C, and the pressure range 0.1 to 40 MPa. The measurements have been performed with the aid of a transient hot-wire apparatus employing a thin tantalum wire coated with an anodic tantalum pentoxide insulation layer. In using the tantalum wire, a modification of the bridge circuit has been made to keep the electric potential of the wire always higher than the ground level in order to protect the insulation layer from breakdown. The experimental data, which have an estimated accuracy of ±0.5%, have been correlated in terms of the polynomials of concentration, temperature, and pressure for practical use. Also, it has been found that the pressure coefficient of the thermal conductivity decreases with increasing concentrations.     

Druckmessung im 10–3 mbar Bereich mit Wärmeleitungs‐ und Membran‐Vakuummeter

Pressure measurement in the mTorr range by thermal conductivity and diaphragm gauges For the reliable and simple pressure measurement in the mTorr range, the thermal conductivity and the capacitance diaphragm gauge can be used. Gauges of both types were employed for measuring the pressure in the bell jar of a piston gauge. The measuring characteristics of the gauges were checked regularly by calibrations and proved to be stable. According to the calibration data, the thermal conductivity gauge apparently is advantageous due to its better zero stability. In the practical use, however, substantial differences between the pressure readings of both gauges were observed. Therefore, in the present work the characteristics of both gauges have been investigated for the case of their actual usage, in which the pressure of an unknown gas has to be measured within a short time period. The investigations reveal, that the thermal conductivity gauge suffers from its slow response at small pressures and its dependency on gas species. In the present application, the capacitance diaphragm gauge proves as the far superior gauge.     

Measurements of the Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity of Polymer Melts with the Short-Hot-Wire Method

In this paper, the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of four kinds of polymer melts were measured by using the transient short-hot-wire method. This method was developed from the hot-wire technique and is based on two-dimensional numerical solutions of unsteady heat conduction from a wire with the same length-to-diameter ratio and boundary conditions as those in the actual experiments. The present method is particularly suitable for measurements of molten polymers where natural convection effects can be ignored due to their high viscosities. The results have shown that the present method can be used to measure the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of molten polymers within uncertainties of 3 and 6%, respectively. Further, the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of solidified samples were also measured and discussed.     

Natural convective heat transfer of suspensions of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nanofluids)

This paper reports an experimental study on the natural convective heat transfer of nanofluids, an area in which little work has been carried out in the past. Aqueous-based titanium-dioxide nanofluids of various concentrations are formulated by using the two-step method and a high shear homogenizer is used to break large aggregates. Instead of the use of dispersant and/or surfactant, the electrostatic repulsion mechanism is adopted to stabilize nanoparticles. The resulting nanofluids are found to be very stable, although the actual measured particle size is much larger than the primary nanoparticle size. The stable nanofluids are then used for both the transient and steady-state heat transfer experiments under natural convection conditions. The results show that the presence of nanoparticles systematically decreases the natural convective heat transfer coefficient under the conditions of this study, which is an observation that contrasts with the previous expectation. Discussion of the results suggests that changes in the nanofluids' thermal conductivity and viscosity could not explain the observed decrease in the heat transfer coefficient, and particle-surface interactions may play an important role.     

Thermophysical properties of MPG-6 graphite

The thermal diffusivity and heat capacity of four MPG-6 graphite samples (density from 1664 up to 1825 kg/m³) are measured within the temperature range from 293 K up to 1650 K by the following methods: the laser flash, the differential scanning calorimetry, and the adiabatic calorimeter of linear heating. The uncertainties of the data on the thermal diffusivity, heat capacity, and density were (2–4)%, (3–5)%, and 0.5%, respectively. On the basis of the measurement results, the temperature dependence of the MPG-6 thermal conductivity is calculated and a generalizing dependence is obtained which allows one to estimate the thermal conductivity of graphite of various porosity for a wide temperature range using only the data on the macroscopic density of the samples. Reference data tables have been developed for the thermal conductivity of MPG-6 graphite of various densities.     

Numerical Analysis of Convective Instabilities in a Transient Short-Hot-Wire Setup for Measurement of Liquid Thermal Conductivity

Numerical simulation has been used to investigate the effects of natural convection on measurements of the thermal conductivity of fluids by transient hot-wire methods. Comparison of the numerical data with the experimental results obtained with a custom-built setup exploiting a short-wire geometry allows fixing an operationally useful time scale, where convective effects can be safely neglected.     

Liquid Thermal Conductivity of Binary Mixtures of Pentafluoroethane (R125) and 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R134a)

Thermal conductivities of zeotropic mixtures of R125 (CF₃CHF₂) and R134a (CF₃CH₂F) in the liquid phase are reported. Thermal conductivities have been measured by a transient hot-wire method with one bare platinum wire. Measurements have been carried out in the temperature range of 233 to 323 K and in the pressure range of 2 to 20 MPa. The dependence of thermal conductivity on temperature, pressure, and composition of the binary mixture is presented. Measured thermal conductivity data are correlated as a function of temperature, pressure, and overall composition of the mixture. The uncertainty of our measurements was estimated to be better than 2%.     

新型通孔泡沫铝的传热特性

用预制块法制成结构可控的通孔泡沫铝。在基本无对流条件下，由于高孔率孔隙中存在导热系数低的空气而具有好的隔热性能，这与孔隙率有关；在有对流的条件下，由于高比表面及相互连通的孔隙而使它具有良好的换热性能，则与孔隙结构及对流条件有关。     

Feasibility Study of a Novel Technique for Measurement of Liquid Thermal Conductivity with a Micro-beam Sensor

A new method was proposed to measure the thermal conductivity of liquids with infinitesimal samples, which are much smaller than those required in conventional methods. The method utilizes a micro-beam-type MEMS sensor fabricated across a trench on a silicon substrate. Numerical analysis of heat conduction within and around a uniformly heated sensor showed that the temperature of a 10 μm long sensor reached a steady state within approximately 0.1ms, after the start of heating. It was also revealed that the average temperature of the sensor at the steady state was higher in liquids with lower thermal conductivity. These results demonstrate a new idea of measuring the thermal conductivity of liquids within an extremely short time at a steady state before the onset of natural convection.