Cuthbert Bede and O.J. Rejlander

Abstract

Photographic Pleasures, published in February 1855, was the first collection of humorous essays about the new art to appear in England. Its author, the Reverend Edward Bradley, writing under the pen name of Cuthbert Bede, was a young man of twenty-eight who already had one national best-seller to his credit. This was Mr Verdant Green, a novel about undergraduate life at Oxford, which came out at the end of 1853, with an engraved portrait of the author as its frontispiece (Figure 1).     

David A. Sinclair's Pilgrimage

Abstract

The secretary of the Young Men's Christian Association has spent the last few days in bidding farewell and receiving the best wishes of his friends, as he prepared to leave them in search of his health. The large number of friends gathered about him last Sunday showed the hold he has upon the people of this city.     

Removal of copper(II) and lead(II) from aqueous solution by manganese oxide coated sand I. Characterization and kinetic study

The preparation, characterization, and sorption properties for Cu(II) and Pb(II) of manganese oxide coated sand (MOCS) were investigated. A scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction spectrum (XRD) and BET analyses were used to observe the surface properties of the coated layer. An energy dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDAX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used for characterizing metal adsorption sites on the surface of MOCS. The quantity of manganese on MOCS was determined by means of acid digestion analysis. The adsorption experiments were carried out as a function of solution pH, adsorbent dose, ionic strength, contact time and temperature. Binding of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions with MOCS was highly pH dependent with an increase in the extent of adsorption with the pH of the media investigated. After the Cu(II) and Pb(II) adsorption by MOCS, the pH in solution was decreased. Cu(II) and Pb(II) uptake were found to increase with the temperature. Further, the removal efficiency of Cu(II) and Pb(II) increased with increasing adsorbent dose and decreased with ionic strength. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model, pseudo-second-order kinetic model, intraparticle diffusion model and Elovich equation model were used to describe the kinetic data and the data constants were evaluated. The pseudo-second-order model was the best choice among all the kinetic models to describe the adsorption behavior of Cu(II) and Pb(II) onto MOCS, suggesting that the adsorption mechanism might be a chemisorption process. The activation energy of adsorption (E(a)) was determined as Cu(II) 4.98 kJ mol(-1) and Pb(II) 2.10 kJ mol(-1), respectively. The low value of E(a) shows that Cu(II) and Pb(II) adsorption process by MOCS may involve a non-activated chemical adsorption and a physical sorption.     

中国不同纬度野生大豆和栽培大豆AFLP分析

采用ＡＦＬＰ分子标记技术,对我国不同纬度的２０份野生大豆和载培大豆（Ｇ．ｍａｘ）进行了多样性分析,结果表明：（１）我国野生大豆的遗传多样性较栽培大豆更为丰富;（２）根据ＡＦＬＰ分析结果,将野生大豆和栽培大豆完全划分为２类,并发现野生大豆栽培大豆的种特异谱带,说明野生大豆和栽培大豆作为２个种有遗传基因的;（３）野生大啼和栽培大豆不同纬度品种间纬度相傧首先聚在一起,表明不同进化类型的大豆其遗传距离与纬     

热致液晶共聚酯/PA6/RSMA原位复合材料2.力学性质与破坏行为

选用Vectra A950热致液晶共聚酯（LCP）制备热致液晶共聚酯（LCP）/聚酰胺6（PA6）/苯乙烯-马来酸酐无规共聚物（RSMA）三元共混物。并注射成型制得复合板材。研究三元LCP/PA6/RSMA原位复合材料的形态结构、力学性质和破坏行为。结果表明,PSMA是LCP/PA6复合材料的有效增容剂。RSMA的加入有利于LCP在PA6基体中原位成纤,增强了两相之间的界面粘接。加入RSMA后,LCP/PA6原位复合材料的杨氏模量、抗拉强度和抗冲击强度明显提高。RSMA能延长LCP/PA6复合材料的裂纹引发时间、增加裂纹引发能和总冲击能。对LCP/PA6原位复合材料有增韧作用。RSMA的加入量存在一临界值。     

Removal of copper(II) and lead(II) from aqueous solution by manganese oxide coated sand II. Equilibrium study and competitive adsorption

The adsorption equilibrium of MOCS and the Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions removal capacity by MOCS in single-(non-competitive) and binary-(competitive) component sorption systems from aqueous solutions were investigated. The equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Redlich-Peterson isotherms. The characteristic parameters for each isotherm were determined. The Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson isotherms provided the best correlation for both Cu(II) and Pb(II) onto MOCS. From the Langmuir isotherms, maximum adsorption capacities of MOCS towards Cu(II) and Pb(II) are determined at different temperature. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cu(II) and Pb(II) per gram MOCS in single component sorption systems were from 5.91 and 7.71 micromol to 7.56 and 9.22 micromol for the temperature range of 288-318 K, respectively. The order of affinity based on a weight uptake by MOCS was as follows: Pb(II)>Cu(II). The same behavior was observed during competitive adsorption that is in the case of adsorption from their binary solution. The thermodynamic parameters (DeltaG degrees , DeltaH degrees , and DeltaS degrees) for Cu(II) and Pb(II) sorption on MOCS were also determined from the temperature dependence. This competitive adsorption showed that the uptake of each metal was considerably reduced with an increasing concentration of the other, the adsorption of Cu(II) being more strongly influenced by Pb(II) than vice versa due to the higher affinity of MOCS for the latter.     

Evaluation of oriented poly(lactide) polymers vs. existing PET and oriented PS for fresh food service containers

Poly(lactide) (PLA) polymers have garnered increasing attention in the last few years as food packaging materials because they can be obtained from renewable resources; their production consumes quantities of carbon dioxide; they can be recycled and composted; and their physical and mechanical properties can be tailored through polymer architecture. As a consequence, PLA is becoming a growing alternative as a ‘green’ food packaging material. PLA's optical, physical and mechanical properties have been compared to those of polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), although studies comparing and showing the actual performance of PLA, PS and PET plastics containers are scarce. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the role of PLA in package sustainability for the food service industry. Two of the commonly used materials to make containers to package fresh food, PET and oriented polystyrene (OPS), were compared with oriented PLA (OPLA) and OPLA with 40% recycled content from the industrial trimming process. The recycled OPLA provides an opportunity for full material utilization and lower costs. This study involved a number of tests to quantify the physical, mechanical, barrier and compatibility properties that would affect the selection criteria for containers to be used for food service applications. Based on the data collected, OPLA, OPLA + 40% regrind, OPS and PET performances were evaluated. Exposure of the four materials to vegetable oil and weak and strong acids show a minimal reduction in the performance of these polymers. At ambient temperature, PET has the highest impact resistance, followed by OPLA, OPS and OPLA + 40% regrind. In terms of barrier properties, PET shows the highest oxygen barrier, followed by OPLA, OPLA 40% recycled content, and OPS. Thus, OPLA and OPLA with 40% recycled content can be used for fresh food applications as well as OPS and PET, and in many situations it performs better than OPS and PET. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

热致液晶共聚酯/PA6/RSMA原位复合材料1.RSMA对热致液晶共聚酯/PA6共混体系的增容作用

选用Vectra A950热致液晶共聚酯（LCP）,制备热致液晶共聚酯（LCP）／聚酰胺6（PA6）／苯乙烯－马来酸酐无规共聚物（RSMA）三元共混物,采用注射成型的方法实现原位复合,测定复合材料的熔体流变性能,FTIR光谱,动态力学性质和共混物形态结构,研究了RSMA对聚酰胺6／热致液晶共聚酯共混体系的增容作用,结果表明,RSMA的加入提高了LCP／PA6共混体的熔体粘度：RSMA与LCP和PA6发生酯化,酰胺化反应,改善了LCP与PA6之间的相容性,使两者的玻璃化温度相互靠近,了LCP在PA6基体中的分散,增强了两者之间的界面粘接。     

Analysis of cylindrical shell panels. A meshless solution

The Meshless Analog Equation Method, a purely meshless method, is applied to the static analysis of cylindrical shell panels. The method is based on the concept of the analog equation of Katsikadelis, which converts the three governing partial differential equations in terms of displacements into three substitute equations, two of second order and one fourth order, under fictitious sources. The fictitious sources are represented by series of radial basis functions of multiquadric type. Thus the substitute equations can be directly integrated. This integration allows the representation of the sought solution by new radial basis functions, which approximate accurately not only the displacements but also their derivatives involved in the governing equations. This permits a strong formulation of the problem. Thus, inserting the approximate solution in the differential equations and in the associated boundary conditions and collocating at a predefined set of mesh-free nodal points, a system of linear equations is obtained, which gives the expansion coefficients of radial basis functions series that represent the solution. The minimization of the total potential of the shell results in the optimal choice of the shape parameter of the radial basis functions. The method is illustrated by analyzing several shell panels. The studied examples demonstrate the efficiency and the accuracy of the presented method.     

柯达光盘专利概况

本文综述了柯达公司近些年来申报的一些关于光盘的专利 ,包括可写光盘和磁光盘 ,阐述了这两类新型影像材料的作用原理 ,简明扼要地介绍了其结构和特殊性能 ,并且指出 ,柯达在开发这类新型影像技术方面已取得令人瞩目的成就。     

Real gas choked flow conditions at low reduced-temperatures

Real gas choked mass flux is calculated for a frictionless stream expanding isentropically until it reaches the speed of sound and without phase changes. The other parameters associated with the choked state are the pressure, density, temperature ratios, and the speed of sound. Departure of the choked mass flux from the ideal gas model is discussed first in absolute terms and then in relative terms, using the Principle of Corresponding States, for gases with boiling points in the low temperature range. Reduced-stagnation pressures are examined up to values of 30 for hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, argon, methane, krypton, xenon, and R-14 and up to 100 for ⁴He. The corresponding reduced-stagnation temperatures go down to 1.4 and in some cases down to 1.2 for nitrogen and argon. Also discussed are the limiting values of stagnation parameters for which no phase change occurs in the choked state. Compared to the ideal gas, the mass flux may almost double and the critical pressure ratio may decrease by an order of magnitude. The relevance of results is discussed qualitatively and quantitatively for Joule-Thomson cryocooling.     

高柔性聚乳酸薄膜的制备及对口蘑的保鲜效果

目的 为了改善聚L-乳酸(PLLA)的柔韧性和气体选择透过性,将聚富马酸二元醇酯(PNF)作为柔性链段以熔融共聚方式引入PLLA中对其进行改性。方法 以PLLA为主体,加入PNF,并改变其中二元醇链段长度制备一系列聚乳酸-共富马酸二元醇酯(PLNF)共聚物,随后将其制备成薄膜,测试其力学性能、气体透过性能和水蒸气透过性,并对口蘑进行贮藏试验。结果 PNF的加入使PLLA的力学性能、气体选择透过性及透湿性均得到改善,且断裂伸长率是随着二元醇链段的增长而逐渐增大。与PLLA相比,聚乳酸-共富马酸癸二醇酯(PLDF)的断裂伸长率可达346.4%,聚乳酸-共富马酸丁二醇酯(PLBF)的CO2/O2选择透过比从3.0升高到4.4,且在口蘑贮藏期间可维持其形态,呈现较好的感官品质,在15 d内仍具食用价值。结论 PNF的引入有效改善了PLLA的性能,延长了口蘑的货架期,为PLLA薄膜进一步用于生鲜果蔬包装提供了参考。     

Measuring the Heavens: Charles S. Peirce and Astronomical Photography

Taking its point of departure from the current digitisation of the Harvard Astronomical Plate Collection, this article follows the plates back to the time when the status of photography as a research tool for astronomers was still to be established. It focuses on Charles S. Peirce, who, while employed by the US Coast Survey, made astronomical observations and contributed to the deliberation over visual and photographic methods. Particular attention is paid to Peirce’s involvement in early explorations of photography’s potential as a measurement tool. The guiding assumption is that approaching photography as a tool, rather than as a sign or representation, offers new inroads into the old problem of photography’s revealing powers and its capacity to serve as a means of discovery in science. Drawing on Peirce’s scientific practice as an alternative resource for theory construction, this article contributes to the ongoing efforts to conceptualise the productive or generative dimension of photographic methods. It concludes by pointing to the diagrammatic notion of evidence developed late in Peirce’s philosophical career, proposing that photography be reconceived as a diagrammatic tool.     

As-cast microstructures and behavior at high temperature of chromium-rich cobalt-based alloys containing hafnium carbides

Hafnium is often used to improve the high temperature oxidation resistance of superalloys but not to form carbides for strengthen them against creep. In this work hafnium was added in cobalt-based alloys for verifying that HfC can be obtained in cobalt-based alloys and for characterizing their behavior at a very temperature. Three Co–25Cr–0.25 and 0.50C alloys containing 3.7 and 7.4 Hf to promote HfC carbides, and four Co–25Cr– 0 to 1C alloys for comparison (all contents in wt.%), were cast and exposed at 1200 °C for 50 h in synthetic air. The HfC carbides formed instead chromium carbides during solidification, in eutectic with matrix and as dispersed compact particles. During the stage at 1200 °C the HfC carbides did not significantly evolve, even near the oxidation front despite oxidation early become very fast and generalized. At the same time the chromium carbides present in the Co–Cr–C alloys totally disappeared in the same conditions. Such HfC-alloys potentially bring efficient and sustainable mechanical strengthening at high temperature, but their hot oxidation resistance must be significantly improved.     

R1234yf as a substitute of R134a in automotive air conditioning. Solubility measurements in two commercial PAG oils

Starting from January 1st 2011, as stated by the Directive 2006/40/EC, fluorinated greenhouse gases with a global warming potential (GWP) higher than 150 can not be used in automotive applications any more. For this reason, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a), commonly used for these applications, will be abandoned and substituted by refrigerants with lower GWP. In recent times, a new fluid, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R1234yf) has been proposed as an interesting alternative, since it has a very low GWP and thermodynamic properties very similar to R134a. At the moment, only few data can be found on the thermodynamic properties of this new refrigerant and, in particular, its behaviour in solution with commonly used compressor lubricants is still to be evaluated. Here, solubility experimental data of R1234yf in a Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) and in a specifically modified Double-Capped PAG (DC-PAG) commercial lubricants are measured with a static synthetic method at isothermal conditions, in the temperature range between 258 K and 338 K.