离子液体在聚合物材料加工中的应用

由于离子液体具有电导率高、热稳定性好、蒸气压低、不燃烧等优良性质,越来越多地应用于有机合成、分离、电化学和材料加工等领域.综述了离子液体在聚合物材料加工中的应用研究进展,主要包括聚合物电解质的合成应用研究、聚合物在离子液体中的溶解、以离子液体为溶剂的聚合反应以及离子液体作为聚合物的增塑剂.     

薄膜反应器中UV光引发丙烯酰胺反相乳液连续聚合过程

报道了薄膜反应器在UV光直接引发丙烯酰胺(AM)反相乳液聚合中的应用。以OP-10/Span-80为复合乳化剂,环己烷为溶剂,在室温且不使用引发剂,采用UV光直接引发AM反相乳液聚合,所得聚合物相对分子质量达107。考察了单体浓度、光照强度、液体流量、转速等因素对聚合反应的影响。结果表明,单体浓度增加,聚合物相对分子质量提高,聚合速率先增加后减小;随着光强的增大,单体转化率和聚合速率增加,而聚合物相对分子质量下降;随着转速的增加,单体转化率和相对分子质量先增加后降低,当转速为300 r/min时达到最大值。通过调节转盘转速和原料流量得到最优停留时间。     

RAFT聚合技术在无皂乳液聚合中的应用进展

在无皂乳液聚合体系中,通过使用两亲性RAFT试剂可以解决传统RAFT乳液聚合乳液稳定性差、分子量不可控和分子量分布宽等问题。从聚合特点、成核机理以及常用的两亲性RAFT试剂等方面总结了RAFT无皂乳液聚合技术的研究现状。两亲性RAFT试剂作用下的无皂乳液聚合符合RAFT活性聚合的一般特征。两亲性RAFT试剂浓度在其CMC值以上时主要通过胶束成核机理成核,在其CMC值以下则按均相成核机理成核的几率增大。常用的两亲性RAFT试剂主要是双硫酯或三硫酯。目前该方法已经成功应用于均聚物和嵌段共聚物的制备,今后可用于制备梯度共聚物等更多精细结构的聚合物。     

BSPA对RAFT聚合速率的影响研究

采用膨胀计法研究了RAFT试剂3-苄基硫基硫代羰基硫基丙酸(BSPA)在苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸丁酯的RAFT聚合中的阻滞效应,并考察了RAFT试剂用量、聚合温度、溶剂和单体种类对阻滞效应的影响。结果表明,以BSPA为RAFT试剂的聚合反应具有良好的可控性,同时BSPA在RAFT聚合中存在明显的阻滞现象,且阻滞效应与RAFT试剂的浓度、聚合温度、溶剂、单体种类密切相关。     

离子液体在高分子合成中的应用

离子液体作为一种"绿色溶剂",具有很多独特的物理化学性能,可以应用于自由基聚合、阳离子聚合、配位聚合、电化学聚合等反应体系。本文阐述了离子液体的特点及合成方法,介绍了离子液体在高分子合成中的应用。     

离子液体在介孔材料制备中的应用

离子液体作为一种新型绿色环保溶剂,本身独特的性质完全可以替代并超过普通的有机溶剂,因而用它来合成介孔材料引起了广大科技工作者的关注.综述了离子液体分别作为溶剂、共模版和模版表面活性剂用于制备介孔材料的最新进展,并对离子液体应用于介孔材料制备中的发展方向和研究热点进行了分析和展望.     

PEG类大分子引发剂在聚合反应中的应用

聚乙二醇类聚合物由于具有独特的性质，利用它及其改性产物作为大分子引发剂，可以直接引发单体聚合生成嵌段共聚物，并在生物、医药、表面化学和电化学等领域有潜在的应用价值，已成为高分子科学研究和应用的热点之一。综述了近年来聚乙二醇类大分子引发剂在聚合反应中的应用。     

RAFT聚合法合成聚甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯

以甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯(DMAEMA)为单体,二硫代苯甲酸异丙苯酯(CBD)为链转移剂,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,甲苯为溶剂,通过可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合法合成了聚甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯(PDMAEMA)。利用红外光谱、核磁共振和凝胶渗透色谱对PDMAEMA进行了表征,同时考察了聚合反应时间和温度、引发剂和链转移剂的浓度对聚合反应的影响。结果表明,随着聚合时间延长,单体转化率和聚合物相对分子质量增加,聚合反应动力学曲线呈很好的线性关系,相对分子质量分布窄;随着[CDB]/[AIBN]比例的增大,聚合反应速率、相对分子质量及其分布均下降;当聚合温度升高时,单体转化率和聚合物相对分子质量增加。     

离子液体对静电纺丝成型及电纺纤维形貌的影响

静电纺微/纳米纤维毡在组织工程、过滤、防护等领域具有显著优势,目前广为使用的静电纺丝聚合物均以配置一定的溶液为前提,离子液体因其独特的溶解特性及“绿色”优势可替代部分具有毒性的溶剂.综述了离子液体在静电纺丝成型中的作用,包括作为单一溶剂、共溶剂,或者将离子液体聚合后参与共混静电纺丝成型,也包括采用离子液体对静电纺纤维毡进行后处理.离子液体的引入导致溶液性质变化,显著影响了静电纺丝成型过程,进而导致纤维直径、形貌以及纤维毡的物理性质均有一定程度的改变.     

用可聚合表面活性剂在超声辐照下乳液聚合制备聚苯乙烯纳米粒子

合成了一种离子型可聚合表面活性剂马来酸酐衍生物磺酸钠(M12),它既可作为乳化剂又能充当引发剂,在超声辐照下乳液聚合制备了聚苯乙烯纳米粒子。产物的红外光谱分析表明,可聚合表面活性剂与苯乙烯发生了共聚,随M12加入量的增加,M12共聚组成提高。用凝胶渗透色谱、透射电镜对超声辐照乳液聚合产物的分子量、乳胶粒形貌和大小进行了表征,发现得到的是高分子量(>106)的聚苯乙烯纳米粒子,粒径为15nm～45nm,分布较窄。对该聚合反应影响因素的研究结果表明,表面活性剂M12浓度增加、超声波输出功率增加、温度升高、加快氮气流速和单体浓度减少都有利于提高单体转化率。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...