Deviation from Wiedemann–Franz Law for the Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Tin and Lead at Elevated Temperature

The thermal conductivities of tin and lead in solid and liquid states have been determined using a nonstationary hot wire method. Measurements on tin and lead were carried out over temperature ranges of 293 to 1473 K and 293 to 1373 K, respectively. The thermal conductivity of solid tin is 63.9±1.3 Wm^–1K^–1 at 293 K and decreases with an increase in temperature, with a value of 56.6±0.9 Wm^–1K^–1 at 473 K. For solid lead, the thermal conductivity is 36.1±0.6 Wm^–1K^–1 at 293 K, decreases with an increase in temperature, and has a value of 29.1±1.1 Wm^–1K^–1 at 573 K. The temperature dependences for solid tin and lead are in good agreement with those estimated from the Wiedemann–Franz law using electrical conductivity values. The thermal conductivities of liquid tin displayed a value of 25.7±1.0 Wm^–1K^–1 at 573 K, and then increased, showing a maximum value of about 30.1 Wm^–1K^–1 at 673 K. Subsequently, the thermal conductivities gradually decreased with increasing temperature and the thermal conductivity was 10.1±1.0 Wm^–1K^–1 at 1473 K. In the case of liquid lead, the same tendency, as was the case of tin, was observed. The thermal conductivities of liquid lead displayed a value of 15.4±1.2 Wm^–1K^–1 at 673 K, with a maximum value of about 15.6 Wm^–1K^–1 at 773 K and a minimum value of about 11.4±0.6 Wm^–1K^–1 at 1373 K. The temperature dependence of thermal conductivity values in both liquids is discussed from the viewpoint of the Wiedemann–Franz law. The thermal conductivities for Group 14 elements at each temperature were compared.     

Computation of particle settling speed and orientation distribution in suspensions of prolate spheroids

A numerical technique for the dynamical simulation of three-dimensional rigid particles in a Newtonian fluid is presented. The key idea is to satisfy the no-slip boundary condition on the particle surface by a localized force-density distribution in an otherwise force-free suspending fluid. The technique is used to model the sedimentation of prolate spheroids of aspect ratio b/a=5 at Reynolds number 03. For a periodic lattice of single spheroids, the ideas of Hasimoto are extended to obtain an estimate for the finite-size correction to the sedimentation velocity. For a system of several spheroids in periodic arrangement, a maximum of the settling speed is found at the effective volume fraction (b/a)²04, where is the solid-volume fraction. The occurence of a maximum of the settling speed is partially explained by the competition of two effects: (i) a change in the orientation distribution of the prolate spheroids whose major axes shift from a mostly horizontal orientation (corresponding to small sedimentation speeds) at small to a more uniform orientation at larger , and (ii) a monotonic decrease of the the settling speed with increasing solid-volume fraction similar to that predicted by the Richardson–Zaki law (1–)⁵⁵ for suspensions of spheres.     

Numerical study of flow in a constricted curved annulus: An application to flow in a catheterised artery

The flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid in a curved annulus with a local constriction at the outer wall is investigated numerically. The three-dimensional nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations governing the flow are simplified by use of small curvature and mild constriction approximations. The simplified equations of motion, which are locally two-dimensional elliptic in nature at each cross-section, are solved numerically by means of the finite-difference method described by Collins and Dennis [Quart. Jour. Mech. Appl. Math. 28 (1975) 133–156]. Although the results are restricted to small curvature and mild constriction, these are valid for all Dean numbers D in the entire laminar flow regime. The numerical results show that, for higher values of radii ratio k, the pressure gradient, pressure drop, and frictional resistance increase considerably and they vary markedly across the constricted length. These results are used to estimate the increase in frictional resistance in an artery when a catheter is inserted into it. In the absence of constriction (₁=0) and depending on the value of k ranging from 01 to 07, the frictional resistance increases by a factor ranging from 132 to 2391 for D=500 and 120 to 1656 for D=2000. But, in the presence of constriction (₁ = 01) with the same range for k, the increase in frictional resistance is by a factor ranging from 134 to 4232 for D=500 and 118 to 295 for D=2000. In a straight annulus, the increased factor ranges from 174 to 3261 for ₁=0 and 178 to 5827 for ₁ = 01 (for all Dean numbers D).     

Kondo Impurity in a Mesoscopic Ring: Charge Persistent Current

We study the influence of a magnetic impurity or ultrasmallquantum dot on the charge persistent current of a mesoscopicring. The system consists of electrons in a one-dimensionalring threaded by spin-dependent Aharonov–Bohm/Casher fluxes,coupled via an antiferromagnetic exchange interaction to alocalized electron. By passing to a basis of electron stateswith definite parities, the problem is mapped onto a Kondomodel for the even-parity channel plus free electrons in theodd-parity channel. The twisted boundary conditionsrepresenting the fluxes couple states of opposite parityunless the twist angles satisfy =f,where f are integers, with spin index=, . For these special values of, the model is solved exactly by a Bethe ansatz.Special cases are investigated in detail. In particular weshow that the charge stiffness in the case= is insensitive to the presenceof the magnetic impurity/quantum dot.     

The role of a surface flow in experiments with atomic hydrogen adsorbed on liquid helium

No Heading We apply a quantum hydrodynamics of the surface of ³He-⁴He solutions to account for the in-plane transport of the two-dimensional (2D) spin-aligned atomic hydrogen (H) adsorbed on superfluid helium film. We discuss how the surface flow of 2D H may be traced in experiment thus allowing to study the interaction of the 2D hydrogen with ripplons and surface-bound ³He as well as to observe the superfluidity of the 2D Bose gas of H. As an example we consider the formation of the ESR spectrum of the 2D H and find that in spatially non-uniform case the surface flow contributes significantly to the conditions of the ESR spectrum instability observable at high microwave power. We also analyze the conditions at which the surface flow of the 2D hydrogen plays an important role in thermal compression experiments.PACS numbers: 05.70.Np, 67.40.Pm, 67.65.+z, 68.03.Kn, 68.43.Mn     

Dependence of in vitro biocompatibility of ionomeric cements on ion release

The in vitro biocompatibility of a group of ionomeric cements (ICs) was evaluated with respect to their ion release properties. These ICs were made from a defined series of glasses with the general formula 1.5SiO20.5P2O5Al2O3(1.0-Z)CaO0.75CaF2 where Z was the mole fraction (ranging from 0–0.1) of an alkali metal oxide, either sodium or potassium or a mixture of both. For these alkali metal ICs, the amount of sodium released was directly related to the sodium content of the constituent glass. Similarly, the amount of potassium released was directly related to the potassium content. There was no correlation between the aluminum content of the glass and the aluminum ion release. Increasing the monovalent cation concentration, however, produced ICs with increased fluoride release. The biocompatibility of the ICs, as assessed by in vitro cell growth and viability measurements, was inversely proportional to aluminum ion release. Fluoride ion release, although important in terms of in vitro biocompatibility, would appear to be less important than aluminum ion release in determining the overall biocompatibility of the ICs studied. © 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers     

1 : 2 Long-range ordering and defect mechanism of WO3-doped perovskite Ba(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3

The nature of the B-site cation ordering and the associated defect process necessary to stabilize the ordered domains were investigated using the WO₃-doped BaMg_1/3Ta_2/3O₃ BMT system as a typical example of BaB_1/3B_2/3O₃-type complex perovskites. It was shown that only the 1 : 2 long-range ordering of the B-site cation existed in both undoped and WO₃-doped BMT perovskites. The atomic defect mechanism associated with the stoichiometric 1 : 2 long-range ordering was systematically investigated. It is concluded that the substitution of W⁶⁺ for Ta⁵⁺ in the WO₃-doped BMT enhances the degree of the 1 : 2 long-range ordering and produces the positively charged W _Ta sites with a concomitant generation of tantalum vacancies V_Ta and mobile oxygen vacancies V _O for the ionic charge compensation.     

On the dispersion of gases under the action of the medium

Some general regularities of dispersion of a gas emerging from a nozzle submerged in a liquid are considered. A condition for establishment of the so-called maximum dispersion state is formulated.Notation ₀ coefficient of surface tension at the liquidgas boundary - contact angle of wetting of the nozzle material surface by the liquid - p_at atmospheric pressure - p air pressure - density of the liquid - g gravitational acceleration - h height of the liquid column - ₁, and _g dynamic viscosity coefficients of the liquid and gas, respectively - R and r radii of the bubble and nozzle, respectively - Q and F dimensionless criteria - , , , , and undetermined coefficients - ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter     

On the Universal Curve in Superplasticity Mechanics

We have carried out a series of tests (tensile, compression, torsion, and tension+torsion) of a superplastic titanium alloy VT9 at 950°C, with strain-rate intensity _e = 5 10^-4 - 1 10^-2 s ^-1 . By plotting and analyzing the stress intensity vs strain-rate intensity curves for this material, we justified the validity of the universal curve hypothesis for finite strains with an accuracy acceptable in engineering practice.     

Deformation behaviour of retained β phase inβ-eutectoid Ti-Cr alloys

Plastic deformation mode and its relation to tensile properties were investigated in retained phase of-eutectoid type Ti-Cr alloys. A plate-like single variant phase is induced during deformation of the most unstable phase having a minimum chromium content required to suppress martensitic transformation. A selected area electron diffraction pattern taken from a boundary region of the stress-induced phase plate can be explained by the idea that a single variant of phase is induced in a {3 3 2} 1 1 3 twin produced during deformation. Anisotropy in population of four phase variants decreases with increasing chromium content. On further increasing chromium content, deformation occurs by slip. Enhanced ductility is obtained in as-quenched Ti-Cr alloys accompanied by phase transformation or {332} 1 1 3 twinning during deformation, phase of as-quenched Ti-Cr alloys changes continuously from commensurate structure with sharp reflections to incommensurate structure with diffuse reflections with increasing chromium content. The obtained results in-eutectoid type Ti-Cr alloys are quite similar to those in-isomorphous type Ti-V alloys.     

Relations between specific heat discontinuities and Ginzburg-Landau parameters for superfluid 3He

We show that the value of the ratio ₅/₂₄ deduced from specific heat experiments is extremely sensitive to the coefficient of the quadratic term in the Ginzburg-Landau functional. A strong coupling calculation of this coefficient implies that the experimental value of ₅/₂₄ is more than three times larger than previously believed.This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation through Grant DMR7826530.     

Thermophysical Property Measurements of Supercooled and Liquid Rhodium

The density, the isobaric heat capacity, the surface tension, and the viscosity of liquid rhodium were measured over wide temperature ranges, including the supercooled phase, using an electrostatic levitation furnace. Over the 1820 to 2250 K temperature span, the density can be expressed as (T)=10.82×10³–0.76(T–T _m ) (kgm^–3) with T _m =2236 K, yielding a volume expansion coefficient (T)=7.0×10^–5 (K^–1). The isobaric heat capacity can be estimated as C _P (T)=32.2+1.4×10^–3(T–T _m ) (Jmol^–1K^–1) if the hemispherical total emissivity of the liquid remains constant at 0.18 over the 1820 to 2250 K interval. The enthalpy and entropy of fusion have also been measured, respectively, as 23.0 kJmol^–1 and 10.3 Jmol^–1K^–1. In addition, the surface tension can be expressed as (T)=1.94×10³–0.30(T–T _m ) (mNm^–1) and the viscosity as (T)=0.09 exp[6.4×10⁴(RT)] (mPas) over the 1860 to 2380 K temperature range.     

Measurement of temperature in a non-steady-state gas flow

A method is described for measuring the temperature of a non-steady-state gas flow with a thermocouple which is an inertial component of the first order.Notation T*_f non-steady-state gas flow temperature - T_t thermosensor temperature - thermal inertia factor of thermosensor - time - C total heat capacity of thermosensor sensitive element - S total heat-exchange surface between sensitive element and flow - heat-liberation coefficient - temperature distribution nonuniformity coefficient in sensitive element - Re, Nu, Pr, Bi, Pd hydromechanical and thermophysical similarity numbers - P^* total flow pressure - P static flow pressure - T^* total flow temperature - d_t sensitive element diameter - w gas flow velocity - flow density - flow viscosity - _f flow thermal conductivity - k gas adiabatic constant - R universal gas constant - M Mach number - T thermodynamic flow temperature - _o, _o and values at T=288°K - A, m, n, p, r coefficients - _c heat-liberation coefficient due to colvection - _r heat-liberation coefficient due to radiation - _b emissivity of sensitive element material - Stefan-Boltzmann constant - T_e temperature of walls of environment - _c, _r, _tc thermosensor thermal inertia factors due to convective, radiant, and conductive heat exchange - L length of sensitive element within flow - a thermal diffusivity of sensitive element material - _t thermal conductivity of sensitive element material Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 59–64, July, 1984.     

Oriented mosaic model analysis of anisotropic thermoelectric properties of heterogeneous materials

Thermoelectric properties of heterogeneous materials are discussed in terms of a randomly oriented rectangular plate-like mosaic of anisotropic crystalline grains embedded in a homogeneous host material. Anisotropies in effective thermoelectric parameters and the values of thermoelectric parameters can be related to the mean orientation of the plate-like grains which, in turn, can be related to the orientation factor of Lotgering. They are also functions of various parameters such as dimension ratios , and of electrical resistivities, thermal conductivities, and the Seebeck coefficient, respectively, of grains to those of host medium. Use of f-dependent anisotropies in conjunction with relative magnitudes of electrical and thermal conductivities as well as of the Seebeck coefficient, allows , and to be estimated, which characterize the intergranular medium.     

Microstructure and crystallographic texture of rolled polycrystalline Fe3Al

An imperfectly B₂ ordered Fe₃Al aggregate was cast, thermomechanically hot rolled and finally annealed at 870 K. Subsequently, the specimen was rolled at 800–830 K to a strain of 80%. The microstructure and the crystallographic texture of the rolled polycrystalline sample was investigated within the range =20–80%. The microstructure consisted of flat, elongated grains. In numerous grains straight slip lines were detected. Even after =80% recrystallization was not observed. The rolling texture of Fe₃Al considerably deviates from that of non-ordered body centered cubic (b.c.c.) alloys and pure b.c.c. metals. The {111}uvw texture fibre (7-fibre) was very pronounced, while the {hkl}110 fibre (-fibre) was very weak. The {112}110 orientation which represents the strongest texture component in non-ordered b.c.c. alloys did not occur at all. The textures are discussed in terms of the {110}111, {112}111, {112}111 and {123}111 slip systems. The contribution of crystallographic slip of the various types of potential slip systems was simulated by means of the Taylor theory.     

Surface Tension and Density of Oxygen-Free Liquid Aluminum at High Temperature

New values of densities and surface tensions of liquid aluminum obtained in the range 1600 to 2360 K by contactless techniques in neutral gases are reported. Conditions for oxygen-free aluminum are fulfilled which allow determination of the surface tension of aluminum. Extrapolation to the melting point, T _m = 933 K, confirms the value of (T = 933K) = 1.05 N m^–1.     

Tilted and Crossing Vortex Chains in Layered Superconductors

No Heading In presence of the Josephson vortex lattice in layered superconductors, small c-axis magnetic field penetrates in the form of vortex chains. In general, structure of a single chain is determined by the ratio of the London [] and Josephson [_J] lengths, = /_J. The chain is composed of tilted vortices at large s (tilted chain) and at small s it consists of crossing array of Josephson vortices and pancake-vortex stacks (crossing chain). We study chain structures at the intermediate s and found two types of phase transitions. For 0.6 the ground state is given by the crossing chain in a wide range of pancake separations a [2–3]_J. However, due to attractive coupling between deformed pancake stacks, the equilibrium separation can not exceed some maximum value depending on the in-plane field and . The first phase transition takes place with decreasing pancake-stack separation a at a = [1 – 2]_J, and rather wide range of the ratio , 0.4 0.65. With decreasing a, the crossing chain goes through intermediate strongly-deformed configurations and smoothly transforms into the tilted chain via the second-order phase transition. Another phase transition occurs at very small densities of pancake vortices, a [20 – 30]_J, and only when exceeds a certain critical value 0.5. In this case small c-axis field penetrates in the form of kinks. However, at very small concentration of kinks, the kinked chains are replaced with strongly deformed crossing chains via the first-order phase transition. This transition is accompanied by a very large jump in the pancake density.PACS numbers: 74.25.Qt, 74.25.Op, 74.20.De     

Study of the relationship between J-integral and COD parameters under mixed mode I + II loading in aluminum alloy Ly 12

In this paper, the relationship between the J-integral and COD under mixed mode I+II loading was proposed and investigated. The J-integral was calculated by the Finite Element Method, and COD was defined by Rice`s model and measured by a duplicating method in an aluminum alloy Ly12. The critical values of the J-integral and COD for a stable mixed crack initiation were also determined by a resistance curve. It shows that: (1) the mixed J-integral, J _M, and the mixed COD satisfy the relations of J _M=dn₀CTOD+ds₀CTSD and J _M=d_yieldCOD, where dn, ds and d are coefficients; CTOD and CTSD are the mode I and mode II components of COD, respectively; ₀ and ₀ are the tensile and shear stresses at the crack tip strip, respectively, and (2) the initiation values of the J-integral and COD of mixed stable crack growth increase with an increasing mode II component, the J _IIC value is 2 times greater than that of J _IC, and the COD_i for a pure mode II crack is 6 times greater than that of COD_i for a pure mode I crack.     

Ceramic flake formation in the aluminosilicate system by plasma spraying

Alumina and aluminosilicate flakes with compositions Al₂O₃, 3Al₂O₃2SiO₂ and Al₂O₃2SiO₂ have been produced from commercial raw materials using a direct current plasma spray process in air. The microstructure and phase constitution of the as-sprayed flakes were examined with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Changes in phase constitution of the flakes with heat-treatment were examined using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and XRD of heat-treated samples. The as-sprayed Al₂O₃ flakes consisted of -Al₂O₃ phase plus a minor -Al₂O₃ phase. The -phase could be removed by heat treating the flakes at 1300C for 2 h. The aluminosilicate flakes consisted of 3Al₂O₃:2SiO₂ (mullite) and an amorphous phase which crystallised to 3Al₂O₃:2SiO₂ (mullite) after heat treatment at 1100C for 2 h. These flakes may find applications as high temperature thermal insulation materials.     

Instability of the self-similar front of a phase transition

The stability of self-similar diffusional processes with respect to small disturbances of plane, cylindrical, and spherical phase interfaces is investigated.Notation c weight concentration in solution - D coefficient of diffusion - K curvature - n angular number - R radius of cylinder or sphere - r, r radial coordinate and disturbance of the surface r=R - t time - u velocity of front - x, y, z linear coordinates - X coordinate of front - x disturbance of a plane front - parameter of growth rate - coefficient of surface tension - parameter introduced in (8) or (21) - , dimensionless disturbance of surface of the front and its amplitude - , , , dimensionless coordinates - , angular coordinates - H dimensionless wave number - wavelength of disturbance - concentration in solid - dimensionless time - (), amplitudes of disturbances of concentration - dimensionless concentration - dimensionless growth increment of disturbances Indices 0 and states at a plane front and in the solution far from the front - anasterisk state at a curved front - m fastest growing disturbances - a degree sign pertains to self-similar variables Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 818–827, May, 1981.