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1.
R. Bressani 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1981,58(3):392-400
Technological advances have made it possible to have soybean protein available in various forms: as whole seeds and flours,
protein concentrates and protein isolates. These products differ in functional properties as well as in fat and protein content;
however, amino acid patterns on a protein basis are essentially the same. Nutritionally, these products have in common a highly
digestible protein with ample amounts of lysine and a relatively good essential amino acid pattern. Soybeans have contributed
to food systems as sources of calories, as supplementary protein, and as complementary protein because of their good essential
amino acid pattern. Furthermore, soybean protein products have made significant contributions to food systems because of their
functional properties, which are essential to derive benefit from the nutritional or economic enhancement they impart to other
foods. Many examples of this are found in the literature and in practice. Whole soybeans have been used to extend common beans,
providing higher energy concentration and higher protein content and quality. Full-fat flour or protein concentrates added
in variable amounts to cereal grain flours have introduced higher energy and higher protein content and quality into foods
based on maize, rice or wheat. Finally, the amino acid pattern of soybean protein products has allowed them to be used as
extenders for cow’s milk and meat products, without altering the protein quality or acceptability of the food product. 相似文献
2.
Richard L. Kellor 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1971,48(9):481-483
Processing alternatives enable the soybean processor to manufacture soy flour products which vary in fat content, granulation
and degree of heat treatment. By controlling these variables, the processor is able to regulate the nutritional value and
functional properties of these products. The application of soy flour products is dependent upon their functional properties,
nutritional value and low cost. Currently, the major markets for soy flour and grits are in pet foods and animal feeds, cereal
based foods and ingredients, meat based foods, and as a substrate for refined protein products such as the textured vegetable
proteins, soy protein concentrates, isolates and hydrolysates. These soy protein products are generally marketed as functional
and nutritional substitutes for meat, milk and egg protein. For example, soy flour is a functional replacement for milk in
many cereal-based foods, e.g., bread, and also enhances the nutritional value of the cereal protein by supplying lysine to
the formulation. The United States government has pioneered the development and marketing of protein-enriched, cereal-based
foods designed to combat worldwide starvation. The government has directly supported the research and development of corn
and wheat-based food substrates supplemented with soy flour, and has purchased over one billion pounds of these products since
1966 for worldwide distribution.
One of 21 papers presented at the Symposium, “Oilseed Processors Challenged by World Protein Need,” ISF-AOCS World Congress,
Chicago, September 1970. 相似文献
3.
G. N. Bookwalter 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1981,58(3):455-460
Under the Food for Peace Program, whole grains, milled wheat flour, milled rice, soybean oil, soybean flour, nonfat dry milk,
soyacontaining blended food supplements, and soya-fortified processed foods are provided by the U.S. to needy people abroad
to alleviate malnutrition. These commodities are used in maternal/child health programs, school feeding, food for work projects
and disaster relief. The wide diversity of nutritional requirements and traditional food preferences has led to development
of nine soya-containing food types, which are used in the PL-480 Title II donation program as blended food supplements or
fortified processed foods. Research studies have led to the development of product specifications. Blended food supplements
include the standardized mixtures of corn-soya-milk (CSM), instant CSM, wheat-soy blend and whey-soy drink mix. These foods,
developed to fulfill the nutritional requirements of preschool children, contain from 17.5 to 29.7% either toasted-defatted
or equivalent full-fat soya flour, along with vitamins and minerals. In addition, 4–19% soya oil is added to improve caloric
density. These products contain 19 or 20% minimum protein and 6 or 19% minimum fat content. Fortified processed foods include
soya-fortified bulgur (SFB), soya-fortified bread wheat flour (SFWF), soya-fortified cornmeal (SFCM), soya-fortified sorghum
grits (SFSG), and soya-fortified rolled oats (SFRO). These foods contain toasted soya flour, grits, or flakes added at 12–15%
levels. Fortified foods are generally consumed by people other than infants. 相似文献
4.
F. Suberbie D. Mendizábal C. Mendizábal 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1981,58(3):192-194
Usually, full-fat soy flour has some disadvantages in flavor, odor and stability. A soybean germination process was developed
to improve the quality of full-fat soy flour. Advantages of the process were evaluated determining protein dispersibility
index (PDI), trypsin inhibitor (TI) and lipoxygenase activities, milling capacity, odor and flavor score during the different
stages of the process. In the final stages of the process, a marked decrease in lipoxygenase and TI activities were observed.
The PDI increased with germination time in unheated soybeans. Odor and flavor scores improved substantially. Milling capacity
dropped as germination time was increased. 相似文献
5.
Tokuji Watanabe 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1974,51(1):111A-115A
Japan has a history of utilizing soybeans as human foods. Currently, a great quantity of defatted soybeans is used as animal feed in Japan, and governmental and commercial enterprises are anxious to turn the defatted soybeans directly into foods for humans. Therefore, they are putting great efforts into soybean research and development. Since the demands for better foods are rising and their resources are not abundant, I feel that soybean protein will play an important role by exerting its unique properties, not only to supplement other foods, but also to grow into new types of foods when their unknown properties are disclosed. 相似文献
6.
Chu Yung-Shung 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1981,58(2):A96-A100
This paper introduces the history of soybeans and soybean protein foods in China. For 4,000 years, soybeans have been one
of the main crops cultivated in this country. The history of extracting protein to prepare a protein food (bean curd, tu-fu)
is about 1,000 years old. Our ancestors had long been aware of the edible value of the soybean and had developed a technique
for preparing many kinds of soybean foods. The traditional methods of preparing soybean protein foods such as bean curd (tu-fu),
fermented bean curd (fu-ru) and dried bean milk cream (fu-tsu) are discussed. 相似文献
7.
Peanut flour has been evaluated for use in a variety of food products as a replacement for animal source proteins. In breakfast cereals and snack foods, peanut flour blends well with cereal flours to yield products with excellent flavor, texture, and color. Peanut flour can be used to produce textured vegetable protein or can be used directly in ground meats to provide good moisture and fat binding characteristics. In bakery products, peanut flour can be used at levels up to 20% to provide protein supplementation without the astringent flavor of other oilseed flours. 相似文献
8.
Flaking and extrusion as mechanical treatments for enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of oil from soybeans 总被引:6,自引:7,他引:6
B. P. Lamsal P. A. Murphy L. A. Johnson 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2006,83(11):973-979
Flaking and extruding dehulled soybeans were evaluated as a means of enhancing oil extraction efficiency during enzyme-assisted
aqueous processing of soybeans. Cellulase, protease, and their combination were evaluated for effectiveness in achieving high
oil extraction recovery from extruded flakes. Aqueous extraction of extruded full-fat soy flakes gave 68% recovery of the
total available oil without using enzymes. A 0.5% wt/wt protease treatment after flaking and extruding dehulled soybeans increased
oil extraction recovery to 88% of the total available oil. Flaking and extruding enhanced protease hydrolysis of proteins
freeing more oil. Treating extruded flakes with cellulase, however, did not enhance oil extraction either alone or in combination
with protease. Discrepancies in oil extraction recoveries were encountered when merely considering crude free fat because
some oil became bound to denatured protein during extrusion and/or sample drying. Bound fat was unavailable for determination
by using the hexane extraction method, but was accounted for by using the acid hydrolysis method for total oil determination.
Oil extraction recovery from extruded soybean flakes was affected by oil determination methods, which was not the case for
unextruded full-fat soy flour. 相似文献
9.
In addition to providing nutrients, food can help prevent and treat certain diseases. In particular, research on soy products has increased dramatically following their emergence as functional foods capable of improving blood circulation and intestinal regulation. In addition to their nutritional value, soybeans contain specific phytochemical substances that promote health and are a source of dietary fiber, phospholipids, isoflavones (e.g., genistein and daidzein), phenolic acids, saponins, and phytic acid, while serving as a trypsin inhibitor. These individual substances have demonstrated effectiveness in preventing chronic diseases, such as arteriosclerosis, cardiac diseases, diabetes, and senile dementia, as well as in treating cancer and suppressing osteoporosis. Furthermore, soybean can affect fibrinolytic activity, control blood pressure, and improve lipid metabolism, while eliciting antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, and antibacterial effects. In this review, rather than to improve on the established studies on the reported nutritional qualities of soybeans, we intend to examine the physiological activities of soybeans that have recently been studied and confirm their potential as a high-functional, well-being food. 相似文献
10.
D. A. Cook 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1981,58(3):464-467
Protein needs of the elderly may be moderately higher than those of younger adults when expressed as a percentage of total
calories. Most experts recommend an intake of ca. 0.8 g protein/kg/day or ca. 12–15% of the total calories. Soya protein appears
to be as good as animal protein in meeting the amino acid and protein needs of adult humans when consumed in adequate quantities.
Attention must be given to the appropriate heat treatment and processing of soybeans to inactivate non-nutritional factors.
The mineral and vitamin content of the diet should be monitored, because some of these nutrients may be altered or removed
in the preparation of soya protein fractions or isolates for use in food products. Further research is needed to fully identify
the nutritional requirements of the elderly, especially as affected by disease, trauma and drugs. In addition, nutrient interaction
and bioavailability should be studied in foods which are processed by new techniques. 相似文献
11.
James J. Spadaro 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1979,56(3):474-475
Defatted peanut flour produced by direct solvent extraction and partially defatted peanut flours produced by mechanical pressing
have many potential uses in foods. The defatted peanut flour has a high protein solubility and is light colored, practically
tasteless, and odor free. The defatted peanut flour has been evaluated as: an additive to increase the protein content of
foods such as bread and other baked goods, macaroni, pancakes, and puddings; an extender in meats such as meat loaf and frankfurters;
and an aid in preparing skim and full-fat (fat added) milk-like drinks and ice creams. The characteristics of this flour also
make it useful in the preparation of protein concentrates (by air classification) and protein isolates. The partially defatted
flour, with about 55% oil removed, is ideal for preparing full-fat, milk like drinks and can also be used in baked goods,
ice cream, meats, and so forth. This flour can also be toasted to different degrees for use in foods such as baked goods,
in which a nutty flavor may be desired. The “over roasted” flour has potential for use as a cocoa diluent. 相似文献
12.
An overview of the phenolics of canola and rapeseed: Chemical,sensory and nutritional significance 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Utilization of rapeseed meal in human foods has been thwarted by the presence of antinutritional factors such as glucosinolates,
phenolics, phytates and hulls. The content of phenolics in rapeseed flour is nearly 30 times higher than that of soybean.
Phenolic compounds contribute to the dark color, bitter taste and astringency of rapeseed meals. They may also interact with
amino acids, enzymes and other food components, thus influencing the nutritional value of rapeseed meal and its products.
Therefore, phenolic compounds are important factors when considering rapeseed meal as a protein source in food formulations.
Available literature data on phenolic compounds and tannins of rapeseed/canola are fragmentary and diverse. Furthermore, developing
a standardized method for analysis and quantitation of these compounds is warranted. Interaction of rapeseed phenolics/tannins
with proteins and their effects on enzymes and other food components remain to be studied. 相似文献
13.
F. R. Senti 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1974,51(1):138A-140A
Soy protein food products occupy an important place in both U.S. overseas and domestic food assistance programs. In the overseas food donation program the products serve as the source of protein for the fortification of conventional processed commodities—wheat flour, corn meal, rolled oats, bulgur, and sorghum grits—and as a major source of protein in several cereal soy products designed for special use as child food supplements. Acceptance of these products has been good and more than 1 billion lb. of soy-fortified foods were distributed in the overseas program during July 1, 1972-June 30, 1973. In domestic food assistance programs, soy protein foods which meet U.S. Department of Agriculture requirements have been introduced into both school lunch and breakfast programs and also are distributed to needy families. Two products, textured soy protein and protein-fortified enriched macaroni, are permitted to meet part of the meat requirement in the Type A school lunch. In the school breakfast program, soy protein is a permitted ingredient in protein-fortified foods such as doughnuts, cake-like baked products, and cereal-fruit products. They were introduced primarily to meet the need for nutritious food items that require no kitchen facilities to prepare and are convenient to serve in schools that lack food service facilities. Specifications for the various food products are presented. 相似文献
14.
M. M. Hamdy 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1977,54(2):87A-89A
A review is presented on soybean proteins and their health, nutritional, convenience, stability, and economic attributes that justify usage in prudent-diet foods. The concept of these foods is discussed with consideration the contributions of soybean proteins to caloric energy, ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid, ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, sodium ion, and levels of sugars. Soybean proteins provide technologists with a cheap, functional protein source for developing meat analogs. Inherent soybean flavors are considered the major unstabilizing problem in prudendiet foods. The energy requirement for producing one pound of meat analog is estimated at 12,300 BTU; soy flour used in it requires only 330 BTU, while cooked meat requires approximately 52,250 BTU per pound. 相似文献
15.
John Coppock 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1974,51(1):59A-62A
The soybean has been used for food in the Orient for centuries, but the western world has been slow to adopt it. In the last
40 years soybeans have become an important source of protein in poultry and livestock feed. In the last 10 years or so it
has been used in foods in increasing amounts to supply low cost high quality protein with important functional properties.
The soybean will be vital to meeting the protein needs of the future in all parts of the world, especially in the developing
countries. The challenge is great to the plant breeders and agronomists to improve yields and adaptability of the crop and
to the soy technologists to improve the characteristics of processed soybean proteins. 相似文献
16.
In rapeseed, as in other oilseeds, there are some substances that adversely affect nutritional value. By application of appropriate
technological processes, the antinutritive factors are removed and the final protein products appear to have high nutritive
value. Compared with the soybean, rapeseed presents some unique problems. When processing rapeseed into protein foods, it
is necessary to take into account high losses of nitrogen substances (nonprotein nitrogen), and higher costs of removing glucosinolates
and their derivates, as well as phenolic compounds. Technically and economically feasible methods of reducing cellulose and
phytate contents should be developed. In view of the presence of many constituents which lower the nutritional value of rapeseed
protein products, it would appear that rapeseed is presently not a suitable raw material for production of food grade protein
flour and grits. On the contrary, rapeseed protein concentrates and their texturates have satisfactory nutritional quality
and feature good functional properties. Rapeseed isolates, except for poorer spinning properties, have similar characteristics
to those of soybean isolates, but, as a result of low protein yields, their production is uneconomical. Recent progress in
the breeding of glucosinolate-free and low fiber rapeseed varieties offers a new approach for development of processing methods
for useful protein products based on this raw material. 相似文献
17.
Diliara R. Iassonova Lawrence A. Johnson Earl G. Hammond Samuel E. Beattie 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2009,86(1):59-64
The utilization of soybean products as food ingredients and foods is often limited by their beany-grassy flavor. Eliminating
seed lipoxygenase (LOX) isozymes 1, 2 and 3 reduces the amounts of volatile off-flavor compounds in stored soybeans and soy
products significantly, but they are not completely eliminated. The present work presents evidence that lipoxygenase-null
(LOX-null) soybeans contain a LOX-like enzyme that is responsible for the off-flavors in LOX-null soybeans. Volatiles production
in triple LOX-null soybeans was terminated by heat treatment, which suggests an enzymatic cause to the off-flavors. The source
is LOX-like in that the volatile compounds produced are similar to LOX-generated products of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Oxygen was consumed when a LOX-null protein solution was incubated with crude soybean oil suggesting that the enzyme catalyzed
oxygen consuming reactions. The generation of flavor compounds was inhibited by the typical LOX inhibitors propyl gallate
and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA). The enzyme appears to be more active with phosphatidylcholine than with other lipid
substrates. The cause of the off-flavors in LOX-null beans appears to have enzyme-like characteristics. This is the first
report of the initial characterization of this LOX-like enzyme. 相似文献
18.
Soy and corn flour precooked with microwaves and its use in the preparation of arepas] 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Unhusked corn and soy grits were used as raw material, with a particle size ranging between 10 and 20 mesh (ASTM). The results obtained in this study reveal that microwave heating is effective in destroying the antinutritional factors present in soybeans. The trypsin inhibitor activity, in effect, was reduced to a 76% inactivation. The hemagglutinating titer was labile to the heating process, showing values of +8 to +3 for the full-fat soy flour and precooked soy flour, respectively. The quality of soy protein was measured by the protein efficiency ratio (PER) showing values of 2.63 for the precooked soy flour, and 2.46 to 2.21 for the precooked corn:soy blends (70:30 and 50:50). These uncooked blends present values of 1.17 and 1.04. The enriched corn:soy flour had a PER value of 1.60, in comparison to casein (PER = 2.90). The microwave heating improved the digestibility of the soy flour and blends. There were no significant differences (P less than or equal to 0.05) in relation to the functionality of the precooked flour and mixtures. The results obtained revealed that the applied process markedly improve the functional properties and nutritional value of the enriched flour, and of the "arepas" prepared from them. 相似文献
19.
Food uses of peanut protein 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
E. W. Lusas 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1979,56(3):425-430
Approximately 19 million metric tons of peanuts (Arachis lypogae L.) are harvested annually, and contribute over 3.5 million tons to the world’s protein pool for food and feed uses. Peanut
is the world’s fourth most important source of edible vegetable oil and the third most important source of vegetable protein
feed meal. About 70% of the U.S. Crop is consumed domestically or exported as peanut kernels, peanut butter, and confections.
Crushing is limited primarily to culls and kernels containing aflatoxin; and to stabilize the market. However, in countries
such as India, Senegal, Brazil and Argentina, 75 to nearly 100% of the crop is crushed or exported for use as oil and livestock
meal. The peanut is perhaps the world’s most widely researched food protein oilseed. Advantages over other oilseeds include
relatively bland flavor, minor color problems, and minimal preparation requirements. Products in use throughout the world
include boiled peanuts, roasted full-fat or partially defatted peanuts, peanut butters, grits and flours (full-fat or defatted),
defatted peanuts, protein concentrates, and protein isolates. Compounded food applications include fortified breads and bakery
products, snacks, meat products, extended milks, cheese and curd type products, and various mass-feeding foods in developing
countries. Challenges encountered in peanut utilization include improvement of flavor levels and stability, identification
of nutritional adequacy and fortification requirements, elimination of antinutritional factors, development of new products
and improved processes, and elimination of aflatoxin problems. 相似文献
20.
Separating Oil from Aqueous Extraction Fractions of Soybean 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Previous research has shown that enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP) extracts 88–90% of the total soybean
oil from extruded full-fat soy flakes into the aqueous media, which is distributed as cream (oil-in-water emulsion), skim,
and free oil. In the present work, a simple separatory funnel procedure was effective in separating aqueous skim, cream and
free oil fractions allowing mass balances and extraction and recovery efficiencies to be determined. The procedure was used
to separate and compare liquid fractions extracted from full-fat soy flour and extruded full-fat soy flakes. EAEP extracted
more oil from the extruded full-fat soy flakes, and yielded more free oil from the resulting cream compared to unextruded
full-fat soy flour. Dry matter partitioning between fractions was similar for the two procedures. Mean oil droplet sizes in
the cream and skim fractions were larger for EAEP of extruded flakes compared to non-enzymatic AEP of unextruded flour (45
vs. 20 μm for cream; 13 vs. 5 μm for skim) making the emulsions from EAEP of extruded flakes less stable. All major soy protein
subunits were present in the cream fractions, as well as other fractions, from both processes. The cream could be broken using
phospholipase treatments and 70–80% of total oil in the extruded full-fat flakes was recovered using EAEP and a phospholipase
de-emulsification procedure. 相似文献