Fibre-reinforced boroaluminosilicate geopolymers: A comparative study

This paper investigates the effect of fibres on the physical and mechanical behaviour of boroaluminosilicate geopolymers (BASG) compared to conventional aluminosilicate binders. The use of various types of fibres by the means of reinforcing geopolymers against flexural loads is very common. In this work, fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) are utilised as raw materials to generate geopolymer specimens. Different alkaline solutions comprising sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, and borax are prepared to activate precursors. The sodium silicate solution is substituted with borax by 30?wt% and 70?wt% in order to produce fly ash and slag-based BASG respectively. Steel and polymer fibres are employed in the mixtures for reinforcement. Three-point bending and mini slump tests are conducted for assessing the flexural strength, elastic modulus, toughness, and flow of geopolymer specimens. A pair plotting interpretation is also used in order to illustrate the patterns. The obtained results indicate that the fly ash-based BASG mortar shows superior flexural strength to the GGBS-based BASG mortar. The flexural strength of fly ash-made aluminosilicate geopolymer declines from 7.3?MPa to 6.4?MPa with an increase in the content of steel fibres from 1% to 2%. Inversely, raising the percentage of steel fibres in the fly ash-based BASG mortar caused a slight growth in the flexural strength of specimens. The polypropylene fibres, when added sufficiently, play a significant role in improving the toughness of fly ash-based BASG and slag-based aluminosilicate mixtures, more than 0.8 and 0.7?J surge in the toughness respectively. In addition, the polypropylene and steel fibres perform well in improving the elastic modulus of slag-based BASG and fly ash-based aluminosilicate binders. While keeping the water to binder ratio constant, introducing the steel fibre increased the flow of fly ash-based geopolymers. Nonetheless, the polymer fibres declined the flow of mortars.     

高炉矿渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物固化铅离子及防辐射性能研究

研究利用高炉矿渣（BFS）、粉煤灰（FA）作为原材料制备地质聚合物。以氢氧化钠与水玻璃作为碱激发剂,在碱激发条件下制备地质聚合物固化二价铅离子（Pb²⁺）。研究Pb²⁺的掺量对固化体强度的影响,并通过浸出毒性实验、X射线衍射分析（XRD）、红外光谱分析（FT-IR）、扫描电镜（SEM）等表征分析、防辐射实验测试,探究其固化效果与固化机理。结果表明,高炉矿渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物与Pb²⁺具有良好的相容性,且固化体在28 d最高抗压强度可以达到43 MPa,Pb²⁺的添加质量分数为1%时能提高其固化体的强度。浸出实验表明,固化体对质量分数为1% Pb²⁺的固化效率在97%以上。微观分析认为大部分重金属是以羟基配合离子的形式被物理封装在地质聚合物内部。防辐射实验测试表明,Pb²⁺的掺量与高炉矿渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物的γ射线屏蔽效果成正相关,实验中Pb²⁺最优掺入质量分数为3%,线性吸收系数和半衰减层厚度最优值分别为0.222 0 cm^-1和2.309 5 cm。     

磨细矿物掺合料对水泥硬化浆体孔结构及砂浆强度的影响

采用压汞法研究了钢渣、矿渣、粉煤灰单掺或复掺对水泥硬化浆体孔结构的影响.同时还研究了掺合料单掺或复掺对水泥砂浆抗压强度的影响.结果表明:掺合料单掺或复掺对早期水泥硬化浆体的孔结构有一定的劣化作用;水化后期,矿渣与钢渣均明显降低了水泥硬化浆体的孔隙率,矿渣与粉煤灰均明显降低了水泥硬化浆体的中值孔径并改善了水泥石的孔径分布,掺合料复掺对改善水泥硬化浆体的孔结构有积极作用,尤其是掺合料三元复合可取得最佳的效果.3种掺合料降低水泥硬化浆体孔隙率能力的大小顺序为:矿渣>钢渣>粉煤灰.3种掺合料降低水泥硬化浆体孔径并改善孔径分布能力的大小顺序为:矿渣>粉煤灰>钢渣.掺合料降低了水泥砂浆早期的抗压强度,却增加了水泥砂浆90 d的抗压强度.掺合料的活性大小顺序为:矿渣>钢渣>粉煤灰.     

The effect of MgSO4 and HCL solutions on the strength and durability of pozzolan cement mortars

Pozzolan cements are produced by adding pozzolans such as silica fume, rice husk ash, blast furnace slag, fly ash, trass in 20% replacement for Portland cement. On the 28th day of production, the produced specimens are stored in water, in MgSO₄·7H₂O (5%) solution and in HCl (pH = 2) solution. The strengths and weights were determined after the mortars are stored in solutions for 56 days. Compressive strengths of the mortars stored in water for 28 days are silica fume, rice husk ash, and control, 43.3, 40.1, and 31.0 MPa, respectively. The highest loss of compressive strength is 20% and the highest gain of weight is 4.2%, occurring in blast furnace slag mortar in MgSO₄.     

岩棉炉渣水硬活性及其水泥砂浆的耐久性分析

为循环利用岩棉生产过程中排出的炉渣废料,将其磨成3个细度的粉体,分别与岩棉纤维粉、粉煤灰和粒化高炉矿渣粉(简称矿粉)进行对比分析.结果表明:炉渣主要化学成分及含量接近粉煤灰.炉渣中玻璃体含量较高,同时存在少量结晶相,结晶度为5.28％.提高炉渣粉磨细度可显著增加活性.450 kg/m2比表面积的炉渣粉强度活性指数比粉煤灰高出约10％,低于同等细度的矿粉.掺入炉渣粉的水泥砂浆试件抗渗和抗冻性优于粉煤灰砂浆,而低于矿粉砂浆试件.孔结构测试分析表明,炉渣粉水泥砂浆孔隙率和多害孔含量介于矿粉水泥砂浆和粉煤灰水泥砂浆之间.粉磨制备的岩棉炉渣粉体具备作为矿物掺合料的可行性.     

粉煤灰和磨细矿渣对高强轻骨料混凝土抗渗及抗冻性能的影响

研究了粉煤灰和磨细矿渣对高强轻骨料混凝土抗渗及抗冻性能的影响。结果表明：粉煤灰和磨细矿渣的复合掺入能显著提高高强轻骨料混凝土的强度、抗渗及抗冻性能。在不掺入引气剂的情况下,轻骨料混凝土的抗冻性达F200以上。轻骨料混凝土的扫描电镜照片表明：粉煤灰和磨细矿渣的综合效应,使火山灰反应更加充分,Ca(OH)2含量降低,轻骨料与水泥石的界面过渡区得到强化,混凝土结构更加密实,其抗渗、抗冻性能得到进一步提高。     

基于X-CT的非饱和水泥基材料水分传输与渗透系数计算

利用X射线计算机断层扫描(X-CT)联合Cs离子增强技术连续监测水分在非饱和水泥基材料中的动态传输过程,建立水分传输距离与时间的关系,获得水分传输的毛细吸水系数,在此基础上提出了计算水泥基材料渗透系数的理论模型。系统研究了水灰比、粉煤灰掺量、矿渣掺量和砂体积掺量对水泥基材料毛细吸水系数和渗透系数的影响,结果表明:当水灰比从0.35增大到0.55时,硬化水泥浆体的毛细吸水系数从2.07×10^-4 m/s^1/2增大到3.22×10^-4 m/s^1/2,而固有渗透系数增大1个数量级;粉煤灰的掺入能有效降低浆体的水分传输性能,且粉煤灰的最佳掺量为30%(质量分数),当矿渣掺量为30%(质量分数)时,硬化浆体的固有渗透系数比掺同等质量粉煤灰的高1个数量级;当砂体积掺量从0%增加到40%时,砂浆的毛细吸水系数和固有渗透系数均下降,当砂体积掺量大于42.4%时,砂浆的界面过渡区(ITZ)连通,砂浆的毛细吸水系数增大。     

煤矸石掺合料对水泥砂浆抗硫酸盐侵蚀性的影响

在10%Na2SO4溶液中分别进行干湿循环和长期侵蚀试验,以研究煤矸石掺合料对水泥砂浆抗硫酸盐侵蚀性的影响,并与矿粉掺合料和粉煤灰掺合料进行了比较。     

不同pH值碱性电解水对砂浆工作性能和强度的影响

碱性电解水具有强碱性、高活性、离子性和吸附性等优点,本文利用不同pH值(9.5、10.5、11.5)的碱性电解水制备粉煤灰砂浆,并在粉煤灰取代率为0%、15%及30%(质量分数)的条件下,系统研究了不同pH值碱性电解水对粉煤灰砂浆的工作性能、力学性能以及Ca(OH)₂等水泥水化产物含量的影响规律,并利用XRD、SEM等微观试验对比分析了不同pH值的粉煤灰净浆的结构组成和微观形貌特征。试验结果表明:随着pH值的提高,相较于普通自来水粉煤灰砂浆,碱性电解水粉煤灰砂浆的流动度、抗压强度和抗折强度逐渐提高,水化产物Ca(OH)₂含量逐渐降低。当碱性电解水pH值为10.5,粉煤灰取代率为15%时,碱性电解水粉煤灰砂浆的早期强度和流动度的改善效果达到最佳,28 d的抗压强度和抗折强度较普通水砂浆分别提高了8.4%和12.5%。同时,相较于普通自来水净浆,不同pH值的碱性电解水净浆的团簇化和颗粒化均表现得更加明显,这对于促进水泥水化进程,提高砂浆流动性,激发粉煤灰早期活性起到了积极作用,除了生成更多的C-S-H凝胶体和Ca(OH)₂等水化产物以外,还生成了钾长石等其他水化产物。     

Strength, pore structure and permeability of alkali-activated slag mortars

This paper deals with the strength development, pore structure development, rapid chloride permeability and water permeability of alkali-activated slag mortars activated by 6% (by mass of Na₂O) NaOH, Na₂CO₃ and Na₂SiO₃. The Na₂SiO₃-activated slag mortars exhibited the highest strength at both early and later ages, even much higher than a typical commercial Type III portland cement. NaOH-activated slag mortars exhibited the lowest strength. The pore structure measurements were consistent with strength results. Four common strength-porosity equations: Balshin's, Ryshkevitch's, Schiller's, and Hasselmann's equations, fit the experimental results from alkali-activated slag mortars with sufficient efficiency; of which Hasselmann's equation fit best. The charge passed through the mortar specimens in the rapid chloride ion permeability test appeared to be dependent more on the chemistry of pore solution than on the pore structure of the mortars. Limited results from water permeability testing appeared to be consistent with strength and pore structure measurements.     

偏硅酸钠激发胶凝材料性能及微观结构

以粉煤灰、矿渣为原料,研究了偏硅酸纳激发胶凝材料的力学性能及工作性能,通过XRD和SEM对水化产物进行表征,并采用量热试验对水化历程进行分析.结果表明:对于粉煤灰-矿渣体系,采用偏硅酸钠作激发剂时,碱当量为8％时,砂浆抗压强度最高;随着激发剂掺量的增加,砂浆流动度增加,凝结时间缩短,砂浆收缩率降低;体系主要水化产物为C-S-H凝胶,且随着碱当量的提高,粉煤灰和矿渣的反应程度变大,水化产物中凝胶的量增加.     

Crystallisation behaviour of blast furnace slag modified by adding fly ash

Crystallisation of molten blast furnace (BF) slag can increase its viscosity, which can in turn affect the quality of slag fibres. Fly ash was added to BF slag to control its crystallisation and modify its chemical composition. FactSage simulation and analyses using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope-backscattered electrons (SEM-BSE) coupled to an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and single hot thermocouple technique (SHTT) were performed to explore the crystallisation behaviour of the modified BF slag. The relationship between temperature, mineral precipitation, and added fly ash content was investigated. The minerals contained in the modified BF were melilite, anorthite, clinopyroxene, and spinel. Variation in the fly ash content did not change the composition of the precipitate, but changed its content and the crystallisation temperature of the minerals, which affects the initial crystallisation temperature of the modified BF slag. It decreased as fly ash content increased, and was influenced by the crystallisation of melilite when the added fly ash content was between 5% and 20%. When the added fly ash content increased to 25%, the initial crystallisation temperature was influenced by the precipitation of anorthite. The initial crystallisation temperatures obtained by FactSage simulation, XRD analysis, and SHTT experiments differed due to kinetic effects. The modified BF slag with a fly ash content of 15% is considered suitable for manufacturing of slag fibres due to its low initial crystallisation temperature and cost.     

Alkali-activated binders by use of industrial by-products

Cement kiln dust (CKD) materials are used as alkaline accelerators for latent hydraulic substances and as alkali activators for different alumosilicate materials, including ground-granulated blast furnace slag, low-calcium fly ash and metakaolin. The dusts differ in their phase composition, especially in the amount of reactive phases and the kind and amount of alkali salts. The quantitative phase composition, pore solution composition and strength behavior of the activated blends is reported.     

固体废弃物去除漂白废水中硅的试验研究

采用常温混合法和水热法，考察飞灰、高炉渣、高岭土在不同投加量下对漂白废水的除硅效果。结果表明：飞友除硅效果最佳，增大飞灰的投加量和延长反应时间，可有效改善飞灰对硅的去除效果，当固液比和反应时间分别为0．07g／mL和1h时，除硅率可达99％。飞灰除硅的主要有效成分为CaO，对含硅废水起钙刑脱硅的化合作用；高岭土除硅则主要是由于吸附作用；高炉渣仅在高温高压备件下才有一定的除硅效果；飞灰除硅产物中含有大量CaCO3，高炉渣反应后仍为无定形物，反应前、后高岭土结构未发生显著变化。     

固体废弃物在绿色建筑砂浆中应用的研究进展

论述了粉煤灰、矿渣、尾矿砂、钢渣、废玻璃等固体废弃物在绿色建筑砂浆中应用的研究进展。固体废弃物在砂浆组分中的应用主要表现在胶凝材料、砂浆骨料与掺合料等方面,结合文献,分析了固体废弃物掺入对绿色砂浆性能影响,并且指明存在的问题,最后对固体废弃物在绿色砂浆中应用与发展前景提出展望。     

Analytical Study of Pure and Extended Portland Cement Pastes: II, Fly Ash- and Slag-Cement Pastes

A range of pastes of portland cement interground with low-calcium fly ash or granulated blast furnace slag was studied by X-ray diffraction, analytical electron microscopy, thermo-gravimetry, and determinations of CO₂ and of unreacted fly ash or slag. Partial replacement of clinker by fly ash results in increased reaction of the alite from at least as early as 3 d. The amount of Ca(OH)₂ formed from a given weight of clinker increases at 3 d due to the enhanced reaction, but from 28 d onward, it decreases due to the pozzolanic reaction. The mean Ca/SI ratio of the C-S-H decreases with time or fly ash content, toward a lower limit of ∼1.4. Partial replacement of clinker by slag also decreases both the amount of Ca(OH)₂ formed from a given weight of clinker and the mean Ca/Si ratio of the C-S-H, but to a lesser extent. Using the methods described in Part I of this paper, the results of the experimental methods were tested for mutual consistency, and volume percents of phases, porosities, and related quantities were calculated.     

Influence of metakaolin on the properties of mortar and concrete: A review

Supplementary cementing materials (SCM) have become an integral part of high strength and high performance concrete mix design. These may be naturally occurring materials, industrial wastes, or byproducts or the ones requiring less energy to manufacture. Some of the commonly used supplementary cementing materials are fly ash, silica fume (SF), granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), rice husk ash (RHA) and metakaolin (MK), etc. Metakaolin is obtained by the calcination of kaolinite. It is being used very commonly as pozzolanic material in mortar and concrete, and has exhibited considerable influence in enhancing the mechanical and durability properties of mortar and concrete. This paper presents an overview of the work carried out on the use of MK as partial replacement of cement in mortar and concrete. Properties reported in this paper are the fresh mortar/concrete properties, mechanical and durability properties.     

粉煤灰海工高性能混凝土的应用研究

针对粒化高炉矿渣粉和硅灰存在的缺陷。研究采用粉煤灰替代粒化高炉矿渣粉配制混凝土,进而观察其力学性能、抗氯离子渗透性以及胶凝材料的水化热。研究结果表明,所配制的混凝土能满足海工高性能混凝土高耐久性的需要,粉煤灰替代粒化高炉矿渣粉胶凝材料具有较低的水化热,有利于大体积混凝土的施工。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中氯元素存在形态及深度脱氯的研究

垃圾焚烧飞灰中的氯含量影响其在水泥窑协同处置生料中的占比,因此需要对飞灰做脱氯处理。利用XRD对飞灰氯元素的存在形态研究表明：氯元素以水溶性氯和非水溶性氯2种形态存在于飞灰中,炉排炉飞灰的水溶性氯化物为CaCl₂·Ca（OH）₂·H₂O、CaClOH、CaCl₂·2H₂O、KCl和NaCl,非水溶性氯化物为AlOCl和Ca₁₀（Si₂O₇）₂（SiO₄）Cl₂（OH）₂等;流化床飞灰的水溶性氯以CaCl₂·2H₂O和KCl形式存在,非水溶性氯以AlOCl、Ca₁₀（Si₂O₇）₂（SiO₄）Cl₂（OH）₂和Ca₄OCl₆等形式存在。对水洗脱除水溶性氯的研究结果显示：对于炉排炉飞灰,控制液固比（mL/g,下同）为10+4+2、3次常温水洗,水溶性氯脱除率达97.01%;对于流化床飞灰,控制液固比组合6+6+4、3次常温水洗,水溶性氯脱除率达99.17%;酸、碱洗及高温煅烧均能降低飞灰非水溶性氯含量,其中煅烧处理后的炉排炉飞灰残氯质量分数为0.36%、流化床飞灰为0.45%。     

Effect of geothermal waste on strength and microstructure of alkali-activated slag cement mortars

Mortars of blast furnace slag replaced with 10% of a geothermal silica waste were cured for 90 days. The binder was activated by 6 wt.% Na₂O equivalent of NaOH and water glass. The presence of the silica enhanced the formation of hydration products as shown by nonevaporable water (NEW) results. Backscattered electron images indicated that the microstructures of blended slag had less porosity than those of neat slag mortars and the interfacial zone between aggregate and hydration products was dense and of homogeneous composition similar to the matrix of hydration products. The main hydration products were C-S-H and for NaOH a hydrotalcite type phase was found as finely intermixed with the C-S-H.