冷胀提高6005铝合金疲劳寿命的机理

针对冷胀对6005铝合金疲劳裂纹产生和扩展的影响,用单边预切口试样研究了含缺陷结构冷胀后的疲劳寿命,分析了不同情况下新裂纹产生的循环数;并用ANSYS软件进行了数值模拟,确定冷胀产生的残余应力场和塑性区及在不同参数下冷胀度对其的影响.结果表明:孔径和冷胀度对最大残余压应力值影响不大,都在材料屈服强度1～1.1倍的限定范围内,而冷胀度对塑性变形区和残余压应力区大小的影响则非常显著.     

残余应力的变化行为对疲劳寿命的影响

目前人们在进行疲劳计算时,或是不考虑残余应力,或是把残余应力作为一个常量加在疲劳设计的计算中,这是非常粗糙的.实际上,某些载荷如静载荷、交变载荷、甚至随机载荷的作用都会引起残余应力的变化。本文主要通过对残余应力的测试及残余应力的变化行为来研究残余应力对疲劳寿命的影响。     

2024-T351铝合金喷丸残余应力松弛模型研究

喷丸引入的残余压应力场可以有效地提高构件的疲劳性能,但残余压应力会随着循环周期而发生松弛,进而降低残余压应力对疲劳性能的增益效果,因此深入研究残余应力松弛规律,有助于更加准确的掌握其对疲劳性能的影响.为了系统性地研究残余应力松弛规律,以2024-T351铝合金标准试件为研究对象,综合考虑应力幅、载荷条件和喷丸引起冷作硬化程度的改变对残余应力的影响,根据理论构建残余应力松弛模型.通过拉伸疲劳试验,基于全寿命试验数据和阶段性试验数据对松弛模型进行验证,证明了模型的有效性.     

焊接残余应力对正交接管结构强度性能的影响

运用有限元方法对正交接管结构在常规焊接和在线焊接条件下的温度场和残余应力场进行了数值模拟。考虑残余应力,对结构在内压作用下的应力及载荷应变曲线进行了分析。结果表明,在研究该结构的强度性能时,常规焊接条件下可不考虑残余应力的影响,而在线焊接残余应力对强度性能有较大的影响。     

循环压载下缺口旁疲劳裂纹扩展

对承受循环压载的缺口试件的疲劳问题进行了试验和理论研究。结果表明，疲劳裂纹是在残余拉应力和循环压应力作用下萌生和扩展的，压塑性变形是裂纹萌生和扩展和扩展的必要条件。循环压载下仍存在着裂纹张开和裂纹闭合，其机理与拉伸循环下不同。以试验中采用的ＬＹ１２ＣＡ材料边缺口试件为例，提出了考虑裂纹闭合效应的扩展率计算模型，结果与试验吻合得较好。     

焊接残余应力对钛合金T型接头疲劳寿命的影响

为探究残余应力对于T型接头疲劳寿命作用的机理,基于热弹塑性有限元理论,模拟了T型接头的焊接过程,并对残余应力场进行了分析。采用线弹性断裂力学和扩展有限元的方法,建立了T型接头的有限元模型,并分析了焊接残余应力对于其裂纹扩展及疲劳寿命的影响,结果表明：残余拉应力的存在会加速疲劳裂纹的扩展,焊接残余应力的存在使T型接头的疲劳寿命降低约9%,在工程应用中应考虑残余应力的影响。     

冲击和非冲击疲劳载荷下过载对随后裂纹扩展的影响

对12CrNi3A钢在冲击和非冲击疲劳载荷下的过载裂纹扩展延迟效应的研究表明:过载对随后裂纹扩展的影响不仅取决于过载力作用下的裂尖塑变,还取决于随后基载力作用下的裂尖塑变。过载对随后裂纹扩展的影响存在两个互为矛盾的方面:一是裂尖塑变损伤促进裂纹扩展:另一则是产生的裂尖残余压应力场和闭合效应延缓裂纹扩展,两方面共同作用结果才能最终决定对随后裂纹扩展的影响。相同条件下,冲击疲劳载荷下的延迟期M_d高于非冲击疲劳载荷下的延迟期。     

焊接残余应力对桥壳疲劳寿命的影响研究

桥壳作为驱动桥的核心零部件,其疲劳寿命对驱动桥乃至整车安全性有决定性的影响,对于制造过程中使用焊接工艺的桥壳,焊接残余应力的影响不容忽略。以某商用车驱动桥桥壳为研究对象,在获得其焊接残余应力分布的基础上,分析焊接残余应力对桥壳在静态载荷和动态循环载荷工况下应力应变响应的影响。使用应变-寿命分析方法对桥壳在弯曲疲劳试验工况下的寿命进行预测,并与台架试验结果进行对比,结果表明考虑焊接残余应力时,疲劳寿命次数和破坏位置的预测结果与试验结果吻合较好,验证桥壳疲劳寿命预测模型的准确性。与不考虑焊接残余应力的模型相比,焊接残余应力导致桥壳疲劳寿命次数降低,且失效位置不同,说明了疲劳寿命预测时考虑焊接残余应力的必要性。本文方法可推广应用于含有焊接残余应力的结构疲劳寿命预测,为结构优化设计提供指导。     

循环压缩载荷下缺口根部裂纹萌生的研究

研究了调质态40Cr缺口试样在循环压缩载荷作用下疲劳裂纹萌生的规律。试验表明,缺口疲劳裂纹萌生期随平均压应力的增高而增大;应力幅的影响正好相反,且其作用远大于平均应力。利用贴片光弹法和有限元法对缺口应力场进行测量和计算后得出,缺口疲劳裂纹的萌生是在拉应力的作用下进行的,当缺口根部的实际应力状态为压应力时则不萌生裂纹。     

循环压缩应力作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展机制研究

裂纹在循环压缩载荷作用下的扩展已经被实验证实，但是由于难以进行观测因而无法准确描述，另外裂纹面在压缩载荷的作用下会出现闭合现象也增加了问题的复杂性。文中通过有限元方法，建立三种几何条件的裂纹模型，考虑裂纹面接触问题，进而对循环压缩载荷作用下的裂纹萌生扩展进行分析。结果表明，裂尖区域在循环压缩载荷作用下的残余拉伸应力是导致裂纹扩展的重要因素。同时，还对不同裂尖几何在裂纹描述的合理性方面提出一些看法。研究表明，裂纹在循环压缩载荷作用下的扩展能力是有限的、稳定的。     

Residual stress field of ballised holes

Ballising, involving pushing a slightly over-sized ball made of hard material through a hole, is a kind of cold working process. Applying ballising process to fastener holes produces compressive residual stress on the edge of the holes, and therefore increases the fatigue life of the components or structures. Quantification of the residual stress field is critical to define and precede the ballising process. In this article, the ballised holes are modeled as cold-expanded holes. Elastic-perfectly plastic theory is employed to analyze the holes with cold expansion process. For theoretical simplification, an axially symmetrical thin plate with a cold expanded hole is assumed. The elasticplastic boundaries and residual stress distribution surrounding the cold expanded hole are derived. With the analysis, the residual stress field can be obtained together with actual cold expansion process in which only the diameters of hole before and after cold expansion need to be measured. As it is a non-destructive method, it provides a convenient way to estimate the elastic-plastic boundaries and residual stresses of cold worked holes. The approach is later extended to the case involving two cold-worked holes. A ballised hole is looked upon as a cold expanded hole and therefore is investigated by the approach. Specimens ballised with different interference levels are investigated. The effects of interference levels and specimen size on residual stresses are studied. The overall residual stresses of plates with two ballised holes are obtained by superposing the residual stresses induced on a single ballised hole. The effects of distance between the centers of the two holes with different interference levels on the residual stress field are revealed.     

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of cold expansion of adjacent holes

Three-dimensional elasto-plastic finite element analysis was conducted to evaluate the development and growth of the plastic zone and unloading residual stresses resulting from the cold expansion of two adjacent holes. The contact between the mandrel and the hole was modelled using special contact elements. The work examined the effect of the geometry of two adjacent cold-expanded holes upon the resulting three-dimensional residual stress field. Both simultaneous and sequential expansion of the two holes was considered. It was shown that the compressive residual stress varies across the thickness of the specimen and that two-dimensional finite element models are incapable of accurately predicting the residual stresses resulting from the cold expansion process. It was further shown that sequential expansion reduces dramatically the compressive residual stresses. The validity of the developed finite element model was verified with existing experimental results.     

TC4板孔冷挤压强化残余应力分布与疲劳寿命

开展了不同挤压量下TC4钛合金板孔冷挤压强化有限元仿真研究,得到了挤压强化后最小截面的切向残余应力分布规律,分析了挤压量对受载试样孔边应力分布的影响,探讨了挤压量、残余应力和疲劳增益三者之间的内在关系。采用开缝衬套冷挤压强化工艺对TC4带孔板件进行冷挤压和疲劳验证试验。研究结果表明,挤压强化后的孔边切向压缩残余应力可以有效降低孔周应力集中程度,优化受拉试样最小截面应力分布,改变裂纹源的位置并延长疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展寿命,有效提高试样疲劳寿命。综合仿真和疲劳试验得到TC4板孔最优挤压量为4%。     

Prediction of fatigue life in cold expanded Al-alloy 2024-T3 plates used in double shear lap joints

To predict fatigue crack initiation and fatigue crack growth lives in cold expanded double shear lap joints a numerical method has been employed. The total estimated fatigue lives were compared with available experimental fatigue test results for plain hole and cold expanded hole specimens of Al 2024-T3 in double shear lap joints. Three-dimensional finite element simulations have been performed in order to obtain the created residual stresses field due to cold expansion and subsequent far field longitudinal loading in the double shear lap joint. The obtained stress and strain distributions from the finite element analyses were employed to predict stress concentration factors to calculate fatigue crack initiation and fatigue crack growth lives using AFGROW computer code. The predicted fatigue lives demonstrate that there is a good agreement between the proposed method and experimental fatigue test results.     

Numerical and experimental studies of the build-up and redistribution of residual stresses obtained from stress-coining

The build-up and redistribution of intentionally introduced residual strains and stresses after the coining of holes in AA6082-T6 aluminium plates has been studied numerically in a nonlinear finite element analysis. Verifying experiments have been performed. Strain gauges have been used to monitor the strains at the bore of the hole during the coining process and a part of the subsequent simulated service load. The positive effect of compressive coining residual stresses on the propagation of a through-the-thickness crack emanating from the hole is quantified by integrating Paris' law for fatigue crack growth where the entering stress intensity factors are evaluated by use of the weight function technique. The finite element method is shown to be useful for the simulation of the coining process, for the stress redistribution during subsequent service loading and for the search of combinations of coining parameters that will provide a beneficial coining process.     

A fundamental investigation on rotating tool cold expansion: numerical and experimental perspectives

In this study, we present the development of a novel technique for cold expansion using a rotating tapered mandrel that friction processes the cylindrical wall of the fastener hole and simultaneously cold expands it. The developed technique, named as rotating tool cold expansion (RTCE), is experimentally and numerically investigated. A 3D thermomechanical finite element model for predicting the compressive residual stress, responsible for delaying crack propagation from the edges of the holes, is introduced. The efficacy is that RTCE is assessed for varying degrees of cold expansion under different lubricating conditions at the tool–workpiece interface, such as dry, metal working fluid, and nanopowder. The plastic deformation combined with friction stirring at the tool–workpiece interface helps the RTCE in controlling the surface damage at entry and exit of the hole that is most often observed with the conventional cold expansion technique. Enhanced friction due to the nanopowder at the tool–workpiece interface helps in sustaining efficacy of the RTCE even at a higher degree of cold expansion which otherwise leads to surface damage with other mediums.     

交变载荷下孔边残余应力变化规律的无损研究

用高灵敏度的云纹干涉法，无损研究了冷挤孔边残余应力在交变载荷下的变化规律。使用１２００线／ｍｍ的闪耀正交光栅，实时测量了冷挤孔边正交方向上因残余应力衰减而引起的应变量，估算出了这些方向上的残余应力的衰减量，并研究了不同挤压量下的残余应力衰减规律。试验研究表明，ＬＹ１２ＣＺ试件的孔边残余应力在交变载荷作用下发生了衰减，孔边残余应力的衰减量受挤压量影响，挤压量越大，孔边的残余应力相对衰减量就越小。     

FE-simulation of the effects of machining-induced residual stress profile on rolling contact of hard machined components

Compared with grinding, hard turning may induce a relatively deep compressive residual stress. However, the interactions between the residual stress profile and applied load and their effects on rolling contact stresses and strains are poorly understood, and are difficult to measure using the current experimental techniques due to the small-scale of the phenomena. A new 2-D finite element simulation model of bearing rolling contact has been developed, for the first time, to incorporate the machining-induced residual stress profile instead of only surface residual stresses. Three cases using the simulation model were assessed: (a) measured residual stress by hard turning, (b) measured residual stress by grinding, and (c) free of residual stress. It was found that distinct residual stress patterns hardly affect neither the magnitudes nor the locations of peak stresses and strains below the surface. However, they have a significant influence on surface deformations. The slope and depth of a compressive residual stress profile are key factors for rolling contact fatigue damage, which was substantiated by the available experimental data. Equivalent plastic strain could be a parameter to characterize the relative fatigue damage. The magnitudes of machining-induced residual stress are reduced in rolling contact. The predicted residual stress pattern and magnitude agree with the test data in general. In addition, rolling contact is more sensitive to normal load and residual stress pattern than tangential load.     

曲面冲击头随焊冲击旋转挤压法控制40Cr钢冷裂纹

采用随焊冲击旋转挤压法控制高强钢冷裂纹。为了增强加载区域的塑性延展,进行了曲面冲击头的设计,对强拘束度条件下40Cr钢工件,利用冲击旋转挤压曲面头进行了间距分别为80mm、100mm和110mm的随焊加载。采用小孔法测量了接头处的残余应力。实验结果表明,随焊冲击旋转挤压法能够显著减小残余应力,从减小接头残余应力的角度控制了高强钢焊接冷裂纹。