煤层气有限导流压裂井的压力动态分析

针对煤层气产出过程中的降压,解吸,扩散,渗流等特点,应用非稳态解吸模型;研究了煤层气在基质和割理中的单相流动;建立了新有有限导流压裂井评价模型;讨论了裂缝壁面表皮系数,吸附系数,裂缝储容系数和窜流系数对压力动态的影响;分析了煤层气压裂井的压降典型曲线特征和参数估计方法,从而为煤层气藏开发提供了可靠的数据。     

油井酸压后三维渗流动态预测

本文综述考虑了影响酸压裂缝导流能力的诸因素：生产压降变化、非达西效应、油藏污染、裂缝几何尺寸、和导流能力沿缝变化等；推导并建立了三维酸压油井生产动态预测模型。     

体积压裂裂缝网络对导流能力的影响

体积压裂产生的裂缝网络不同程度地影响裂缝的导流能力,从而影响油气井的产能。把体积压裂产生的裂缝看做是一个矩形凹槽,利用带有不同连接方式凹槽的模板来模拟经过体积压裂产生的裂缝网络,其凹槽的截面形状、大小相同,连接方式不同。把储层经过体积压裂产生的裂缝网络看做有若干个凹槽相互并连或串连而成。用实验方法测量每个模板凹槽的总长度以及通过凹槽的流体流量和模板两端流体的压力差。结果表明,通过不同连接方式凹槽的流体流量相同时,模板两端的压力梯度不同;说明体积压裂产生的裂缝网络不同程度的影响到流体的导流能力。建立了在达西渗流条件下的裂缝网络导流能力计算模型,并用实验方法回归出不同连接方式裂缝的导流能力经验公式,从而得出体积压裂产生的裂缝网络的导流能力的计算公式,为油气井的产能预测提供理论基础。     

压裂气井非达西流动模拟研究

在压裂气井中,低粘气体在高导流支撑裂缝中的渗流阻力降低,渗流速度加快,气体渗流入井的流动由达西流变为非达西流,目前基于达西流动假设所制作的预测压裂井生产动态的典型图版,对压裂气井生产动态的计算结果与实际相较大。为此在引入非达西因子基础上,首次推导建立了压裂气井中真实气体在地层－－裂缝中非达西渗流的数学模型,采用有限差分法得到该模型的数值方程和求解方法,推导了非达西因子的数值计算法,模拟计算了压裂气     

井筒与油藏耦合条件下的水平井非稳态产能预测(Ⅱ)--计算模型

在段永刚、陈伟等提出的井筒与油藏耦合作用下的水平井产能预测数学模型的基础上,借鉴Cinco H等人求解有限导流垂直裂缝压裂井压力动态的计算方法,建立产能预测计算模型,同时,考虑到工程应用计算的方便性与实用性,进一步建立Laplace空间中的计算模型,从而能够在油藏模型中利用大量现存的水平井渗流数学模型及其压力解,通过迭代求解可以获得定产量条件下的井筒流入流率分布、井筒压降分布等重要信息.     

分形油藏低速非达西渗流问题的组合数学模型

将非线性分形几何理论应用于渗透力学,建立分形油藏低速非达西渗流问题的组合模型。该模型由两个同心圆（圆中心为一口定产量的生产井）的分形油藏组成,内域为低速非达西渗流的分形油藏,外域为西达渗流的分形油藏。在内边界定流量和考虑井筒储存、表皮效应影响情况下,建立队发形油藏低速非达西渗流问题的有效井径组合数学模型,应用拉普拉斯变换方法求出了在两区域内压力分布换解析解,应用Stehfest数值反演方法求得井底的无因次压力,并分析了井底压力动态特征和参数影响。     

Determination of interference fit value on entire roller embedded shapemeter roll

For entire roller embedded shapemeter roll, the relationship between the value of interference fit and the sensor pre-pressure, and the pressure transfer performance of shapemeter roll were analyzed by elasticity theory during the cold reversible rolling process. Considering the influence of strip temperature on the interference fit, the distributions of contact pressure of the framework＇s top surface and the sensor pre-pressure on different values of interference fit were analyzed by the finite element technology. The results show that the contact pressure of the framework＇s top surface and the sensor pre-pressure increase with the increase of the value of interference fit. When the value of interference fit is between 0.05 mm and 0.09 mm, roll body＇s inner hole surface, the framework and pressure magnetic sensitive component don＇t separate from each other, and the sensor works in the linear segment of characteristic curve, so the normal operation of shapemeter roll is guaranteed.     

Testing of NAPL simulator to predict migration of a light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) under water table fluctuation in a sandy medium简

Nanoqueous phase liquid （NAPL） simulator is a powerful and popular mathematical model for modeling the flow and transport of non-aqueous phase liquids in subsurface, but the testing of its feasibility under water table fluctuation has received insufficient attention. The feature in a column test was tested through two cycles of water table fluctuation. The sandy medium in the column was initially saturated, and each cycle of water table fluctuation consisted of one water table falling and one rising, resulting in a drainage and an imbibition of the medium, respectively. It was found that the difference between the simulated and measured results in the first drainage of the column test was minor. However, with the propagation of the water table fluctuations, the simulation errors increased, and the simulation accuracy was not acceptable except for the first drainage in the two fluctuation cycles. The main reason was proved to be the estimation method of residual saturation used in this simulator. Also, based on the column tests, it was assumed that the resulting residual saturation from an incomplete imbibition process was a constant, with a value equal to that of the residual value resulting from the main imbibition process. The results obtained after modifying NAPL simulator with this assumption were found to be more accurate in the first cycle of water table fluctuation, but this accuracy decreased rapidly in the second one. It is concluded that NAPL simulator is not adequate in the case of LNAPL migration under water table fluctuation in sandy medium, unless a feasible assumption to estimate residual saturation is put forward.     

非低阶煤煤层气解吸关系研究

煤层气解吸作用的研究可较好地预测产气量和气量持续周期。对当前数个煤层气勘探开发较为活跃地区的煤进行了吸附解吸实验,通过对实验数据拟合分析,得到煤层气降压解吸服从数学模型Vd=adbdp/1+bdp+c。在煤层气井排水降压产气过程中,采用此模型对煤层气的解吸量进行计算,揭示了降压解吸滞后是由于剩余含气量c的存在,解吸量ad与最大含气量amax线性相关,最大解吸率为c/amax,生产上要提高解吸量只能通过改变吸附系统吸附热与解吸速率。通过2口直井与2口水平井的排采实践对本文研究结论进行了验证。     

页岩气渗流机制数学表征及Knudsen扩散影响分析

基于双重介质,建立基质和裂缝的运动方程。考虑基质和裂缝的黏性流及Knudsen扩散作用,采用Langmuir等温吸附方程表征气体分子在基质孔隙的吸附与解吸附作用。同时,通过Knudsen扩散的质量流量公式,分析孔隙半径、压力和温度变化对质量流量的影响。     

Free clustering optimal particle probability hypothesis density（PHD） filter

As to the fact that it is difficult to obtain analytical form of optimal sampling density and tracking performance of standard particle probability hypothesis density（P-PHD） filter would decline when clustering algorithm is used to extract target states,a free clustering optimal P-PHD（FCO-P-PHD） filter is proposed.This method can lead to obtainment of analytical form of optimal sampling density of P-PHD filter and realization of optimal P-PHD filter without use of clustering algorithms in extraction target states.Besides,as sate extraction method in FCO-P-PHD filter is coupled with the process of obtaining analytical form for optimal sampling density,through decoupling process,a new single-sensor free clustering state extraction method is proposed.By combining this method with standard P-PHD filter,FC-P-PHD filter can be obtained,which significantly improves the tracking performance of P-PHD filter.In the end,the effectiveness of proposed algorithms and their advantages over other algorithms are validated through several simulation experiments.     

Experiment of gas diffusion and its diffusion mechanism in coal

In coal, the gas mainly exists in a free or an adsorption state. When the coal containing gas is damaged, gas desorption and diffusion will occur which can result in gas disaster. This research on gas desorption and diffusion provides a theoretical basis for gas disaster mechanism and prevention. The influence of pressure and temperature on gas diffusion is studied by the experiment. And the mechanism of pressure and temperature on gas diffusion is also analysed. The research results indicate that gas diffusion capacity increases with increasing temperature under the same pressure for the same coal sample. This is mainly because the temperature increases, gas molecular hot motion is severer, kinetic energy of gas molecular increases, and gas desorption quickens, therefore gas diffusion capacity changes stronger. Under other unchanged conditions, the greater gas adsorption balance pressure, the more gas adsorption content, and the higher the initial gas concentration. When gas diffusion begins, the greater the gas concentration gradient, the faster the gas diffusion speeds.     

Investigation of Barree-Conway non-Darcy flow effects on coalbed methane production

Coalbed gas non-Darcy flow has been observed in high permeable fracture systems,and some mathematical and numerical models have been proposed to study the effects of non-Darcy flow using Forchheimer non-Darcy model.However,experimental results show that the assumption of a constant Forchheimer factor may cause some limitations in using Forchheimer model to describe non-Darcy flow in porous media.In order to investigate the effects of non-Darcy flow on coalbed methane production,this work presents a more general coalbed gas non-Darcy flow model according to Barree-Conway equation,which could describe the entire range of relationships between flow velocity and pressure gradient from low to high flow velocity.An expanded mixed finite element method is introduced to solve the coalbed gas non-Darcy flow model,in which the gas pressure and velocity can be approximated simultaneously.Error estimate results indicate that pressure and velocity could achieve first-order convergence rate.Non-Darcy simulation results indicate that the non-Darcy effect is significant in the zone near the wellbore,and with the distance from the wellbore increasing,the non-Darcy effect becomes weak gradually.From simulation results,we have also found that the non-Darcy effect is more significant at a lower bottom-hole pressure,and the gas production from non-Darcy flow is lower than the production from Darcy flow under the same permeable condition.     

各向异性双重介质两相非达西椭圆渗流

建立了各向异性双重介质油藏中垂直裂缝井两相非达西椭圆渗流数学模型，用有限差分法术得了解，并进行实例分析。结果表明：吸渗使前缘推进速度减慢，使油井见水晚；非达西流使前缘推进速度加快，使油井见水早；注入率越大，前缘推进速度越快，油井见水越早，注水开发这种油藏时，见水前注入率不能太大以充分发挥吸渗作用，见水后可适当增大注入率以减弱非达西流的影响。这对水力压裂垂直裂缝井注水开发致密碳酸盐岩裂缝性油藏有重要指导意义。     

Characteristics of unsteady flow in porous media while considering threshold pressure gradient with Green's function

The flow behavior in porous media with threshold pressure gradient(TPG) is more complex than Darcy flow and the equations of motion, and outer boundary and inner boundary with TPG are also different from Darcy flow for unsteady flow of a producing well in a reservoir. An analytic method to solve this kind of problem is in a need of reestablishment. The classical method of Green's function and Newman product principle in a new way are used to solve the unsteady state flow problems of various shapes of well and reservoir while considering the TPG. Four Green's functions of point, line, band and circle while considering the TPG are achieved. Then, two well models of vertical well and horizontal well are built and simultaneously the function to calculate the moving boundary of each well model is provided. The results show that when considering TPG the pressure field is much different, which has a sudden pressure change, with a moving boundary in it. And the moving boundary of each well model increases with time but slows down rapidly, especially when the TGP is large.     

河流溶解性物质解吸数学模式比较与分析

针对河流溶解性物质侵蚀时的界面解吸过程,总结了计算可溶性物质解吸总量时最具代表性的稳态模型,包括Herry模型、Langrauir模型、Freundlich模型和表面络合模型,并运用以Ca2+为可溶性物质特征离子的静态试验成果,验证了上述各种模型的有效性.通过比较和分析发现,由于可溶性物质在解吸和吸附时初始赋存状态的差异,这些模型都未有考虑可溶性物质解吸时的扩散过程.最后,对溶解性物质的解吸模式进行了分析,指出溶解性物质解吸是扩散与离子交换综合的过程;并在此基础上,对现有模型进行了改进,把可溶性物质解吸总量分成扩散总量和离子交换总量两大部分.     

自悬浮与普通支撑剂裂缝导流能力实验研究

开展了自悬浮支撑剂与“支撑剂+携带液”裂缝导流能力对比实验研究,并进行了机理分析。结果表明,无论是自悬浮支撑剂还是“支撑剂+携带液”,随闭合压力增加,裂缝导流能力均减小。随填砂浓度增加,裂缝导流能力均增加。与石英砂相比较,陶粒抗压和裂缝导流能力明显较高。聚合物类携带液一方面可以增强支撑剂抗压能力,降低破碎率,进而增加裂缝导流能力。另一方面,携带液在支撑剂颗粒间隙中会发生滞留,致使渗透率减小,这会降低裂缝导流能力。因此,最终裂缝导流能力是渗透率和破碎率共同作用的结果。与“支撑剂+携带液”相比较,自悬浮支撑剂破碎率略高,对裂缝导流能力未造成明显影响。由此可见,自悬浮支撑剂加工过程中并未对支撑剂抗压能力和裂缝导流能力造成影响。     

超低渗透油藏分段多簇压裂水平井渗流特征研究

基于鄂尔多斯盆地长8超低渗透油藏地质与流体特征,应用数值模拟方法和等效网格加密技术建立了分段多簇压裂水平井单井数值模拟模型.利用数值试井的手段,研究了分段多簇压裂水平井的渗流规律及影响因素.结果表明:分段多簇压裂水平井渗流主要分为6个阶段,且表现出双重介质的特性;井筒储集系数的大小决定着垂直径向流是否出现,驼峰峰值随表皮系数的增大而增大;主裂缝导流能力主要对前期和中期渗流阶段影响较大,裂缝半长对无因次压力和压力导数的影响较小;改造区渗透率对无因次压力和压力导数曲线位置及形状产生较大影响;应力敏感的存在会使无因次压力和压力导数曲线上移,但各个渗流阶段不会发生明显的变化.     

用常规黑油模型模拟煤层气开采过程

流体在煤层中的传输机理由两部分组成,气体在煤内表面解吸,并通过基岩和微孔隙扩散进入裂缝网络中。若岩块表面甲烷气体的释放速度比气,水相在煤层割理中的流动速度快得多,那么在模拟煤层气开采过程时,解吸动能可以不考虑,根据这个假设可认为：在给定压力下煤层吸附的甲烷气体量类似于相应压力下溶解在原油中的气体量,煤层中的朗格缪尔等温曲线可视为常规黑油油藏中的溶解气油比曲线。若将煤层表面的吸附气作为不流动油中溶解气来处理,那么可用常规黑油模型描述煤层气,而不需要对模型源码做会何修改,基于上述思路,用黑油模型模拟煤层气开采过程,并与用煤层气模拟软件（COMETPC）的计算结果进行了比较,趋势非常接近。     

Thermal properties of open-celled aluminum foams prepared by two infiltration casting methods

Contrastive research was carried out to study the thermal properties of open-celled aluminum foams prepared by counter-gravity infiltration casting system and the traditional process respectively.The experimental results show that the thermal conductivity coefficients of aluminum foams prepared by two different infiltration methods have similar increasing trend with the increase of particle size; along with the reducing porosity,the thermal conductivity coefficients will be enhanced oppositely.However,with the same particle size,the open-celled aluminum foam prepared by the former method has a higher thermal conductivity coefficient obviously.It is largely because that the sample prepared by counter-gravity infiltration casting has a lower void content and better dense crystallization of metal-matrix after the constant pressure process.