Influence of microstructure on the premature failure of a second-intermediate sendzimir mill drive roll

Although a precise understanding of roll failure genesis is complex, the microstructure of a broken roll can often unravel intrinsic deficiencies in material quality responsible for its failure. This is especially relevant in circumstances when, even under a similar mill-operating environment, the failure involves a particular roll or a specific batch of rolls. This paper provides a microstructural insight into the cause of premature breakage of a second-intermediate Sendzimir mill drive roll used at a stainless steel sheet rolling plant under the Steel Authority of India Limited. Microstructural issues influencing roll quality, such as characteristics of carbides, tempered martensite, retained austenite, etc., have been extensively studied through optical and scanning electron microscopy, electron-probe microanalysis, image analysis, and x-ray diffractometry. These are discussed to elucidate specific microstructural inadequacies that accentuated the failure. The study reveals that even though retained austenite content is low (6.29 vol%) and martensite is non-acicular, the roll breakage is a consequence of intergranular cracking caused by improper carbide morphology and distribution.     

Microstructural features of prematurely failed hot-strip mill work rolls: Some studies in spalling propensity

Work rolls made of indefinite chill double-poured (ICDP) iron are commonly used in the finishing trains of hot-strip mills (HSMs). In actual service, spalling, apart from other surface degeneration modes, constitutes a major mechanism of premature roll failures. Although spalling can be a culmination of roll material quality and/or mill abuse, the microstructure of a broken roll can often unveil intrinsic inadequacies in roll material quality that possibly accentuate failure. This is particularly relevant in circumstances when rolls, despite operation under similar mill environment, exhibit variations in roll life. The paper provides an insight into the microstructural characteristics of spalled ICDP HSM work rolls, which underwent failure under similar mill operating environment in an integrated steel plant under the Steel Authority of India Limited. Microstructural features influencing ICDP roll quality, viz. characteristics of graphite, carbides, martensite, etc., have been extensively studied through optical microscopy, quantitative image analysis (QIA), and electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA). These are discussed in the context of spalling propensity and roll life.     

热轧板带轧机高速钢复合轧辊断裂失效分析

针对热轧板带工作辊在轧制过程中发生的断辊事故,对其失效原因进行了分析。通过对轧辊断口宏观形貌,材质化学成分、显微组织、工作层残余奥氏体含量及断口形貌的分析,认为轧辊断裂属于应力断裂.而造成轧辊断裂的主要原因是工作层残余奥氏体含量过高,轧辊在使用过程中残余奥氏体发生马氏体相变,巨大的内应力导致裂纹的产生;同时轧辊工作层显微组织中网状碳化物,芯部C、Mn含量不足以及铸造孔洞缺陷加速了裂纹扩展而造成的。为此,对轧辊的制造工艺、使用及维护提出了相应的措施,确保了轧辊的正常使用。     

含稀土轧辊用高速钢淬回火过程微观组织转变

利用金相(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)及能损谱(EELS)等手段,研究了含稀土轧辊用高速钢在1100℃淬火和550℃两次回火热处理过程的微观组织变化特征,重点探讨了碳化物行为。结果表明,淬火加热过程中热稳定性较高的MC和M6C型一次共晶碳化物难以溶解,亚稳态的M2C型一次共晶碳化物则发生分解反应得到MC和M6C两种碳化物,分解形成的M6C较MC量多且尺寸较大,小颗粒MC包含在M6C之中;淬火基体组织由马氏体和残留奥氏体组成,淬火马氏体既有板条马氏体也有孪晶型马氏体。经两次回火后,残留奥氏体得以有效消除,大量细小富V的MC型二次碳化物弥散析出产生二次硬化现象。     

Control of graphite formation in solidification of white cast iron

Abstract

Graphite formation should be strictly suppressed for the most abrasion resistant white cast irons, since austenite (γ)+graphite eutectic structure shows lower hardness and selectively wears thus deteriorates the abrasion resistance even though the austenite transform to hard phase such as martensite. On the other hand, a small amount of fine graphite is desired to distribute in rolls for hot steel mills to suppress the scoring. However, strong carbide formers such as Cr, V, Nb have been increasingly added to rolls, in order to crystallise more harder carbides. As γ+carbide eutectic grows, the residual liquid among eutectic cells becomes poor in carbide formers and rich in elements which promote graphite formation. Therefore an appropriate alloy design is essential for the hot steel milling rolls. In this study, the graphite formation mechanisms are discussed for chromium cast iron, high speed steel type cast iron and Ni hard type cast iron.     

Relationship Between Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Cr12Ni3Co12Mo4W Ultra-High-Strength Martensitic Stainless Steel

The effect of tempering temperature on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of Cr12Ni3Co12Mo4W ultra-high-strength martensitic stainless steel was investigated using transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electrochemical tests. The microstructures of the ultra-high-strength martensitic stainless steel consisted of some retained austenite and lath/plant martensite with the carbides distributed within the matrix and at the grain boundaries. Tempering of the steel for 4 h at various temperatures resulted in various carbide grain sizes and different amounts of the retained austenite. The results showed that larger carbide grains led to diminished corrosion resistance, whereas larger amounts of the retained austenite resulted in improved corrosion resistance. The steels exhibited good corrosion resistance in 0.017 mol/L NaCl solution and exhibited pitting corrosion in 0.17 mol/L Na Cl solution. The martensite and prior austenite crystal boundaries dissolved in solution with pH 1.     

压下率对两相区温轧淬火配分中锰钢组织性能的影响

采用SEM、TEM、XRD、室温拉伸等手段,研究了0.1C-7.2Mn钢两相区温轧淬火配分处理钢的组织形貌、碳化物析出、残留奥氏体体积分数及其中的C含量及力学性能。结果表明,随着温轧压下率的增大,两相区温轧淬火配分处理后试样的马氏体板条得到细化并逐渐平行于轧制方向;两相区温轧淬火配分处理后试样的显微组织由马氏体和残留奥氏体组成,并且有碳化物析出;随着温轧压下率的增大,碳化物的平均尺寸粗化,残留奥氏体的体积分数逐渐升高,并且残留奥氏体中的C含量先升高后降低,屈服强度和抗拉强度均先升高后降低,伸长率先降低后升高。当温轧压下率为80%时,强塑积达到最高31.50 GPa·%。     

Effect of carbide properties of roll materials on lubricity in cold sheet rolling of low-carbon steel

The prevention of friction pick-up, which often occurs under the condition of high reduction and/or high speed, is required to improve the productivity in cold sheet rolling of low-carbon steel. Therefore, rolls made of high-chromium steels and high-speed steels with different carbide contents are tested in order to evaluate the effect of various properties of the carbide component of the materials on the lubrication characteristics. Coefficients of friction for the reduction in thickness and the limit of the reduction of friction pick-up are measured using the sliding–rolling simulation testing machine developed by one of the authors. The experimental results show that carbides on the surface of the roll can stop the increase in friction pick-up, and that keeping the carbide spacing small is effective in preventing friction pick-up. Because of the effectiveness of carbides, a high-chromium steel roll with controlled carbide morphology is manufactured and applied in a cold tandem mill. The results of the application show that the carbide-controlled roll has an excellent antiseizure property and is effective in improving productivity.     

提高高铬白口铸铁磨球冲击抗力的技术关键

当高铬白口铸铁含铬量为18%～28%,Cr/C值是8￣9,铸铁的显微组织是回火马氏体 少量残余奥氏体(<5%) M7C3碳化物,则磨球具有高的冲击韧性和断裂韧性K1C,具有高的冲击抗力,表现出低的冲击剥落量。     

20CrMnTi钢弥散碳化物高碳含量渗碳的研究

高碳含量、碳化物弥散分布的渗碳表层,具有较高的耐磨性和接触疲劳强度。获得这种渗层组织的工艺方法已有论述［１～４］。本文对最常用的２０ＣｒＭｎＴｉ钢在井式气体渗碳炉中进行高碳含量渗碳试验,供齿轮和其他耐磨件生产厂家参考。     

铸造热轧带钢工作辊的剥落失效与预防措施

论述了在热轧带钢生产过程中工作辊剥落失效的主要形式,包括马鞍形剥落、带状疲劳剥落、结合层处脱落、辊肩脱落等。预防措施主要是避免轧辊产生应力集中和轧制过载、避免轧制事故如带钢与轧辊粘钢、制定合理的轧辊磨削工艺、减少轧辊材料中的参杂物等。从而为建立良好的轧辊利用和管理制度提供借鉴,以消除剥落,提高轧辊使用寿命。     

Effects of secondary carbide precipitation and transformation on abrasion resistance of the 16Cr-1Mo-1Cu white iron

The relationship between secondary carbide precipitation and transformation of the 16Cr-1Mo-1Cu white iron and abrasion resistance were investigated. The results show that secondary carbide precipitation and transformation at holding stage play an important role in the hardness and abrasion resistance. After being held for a certain time at 853 K for subcritical treatment, the grainy secondary carbide, (Fe,Cr)₂₃C₆, precipitated first and then Fe₂MoC or MoC carbides precipitated in the alloy, both of which improve the bulk hardness and abrasion resistance of the alloy. The reasons for these improvements are the secondary carbide precipitates from the austenite and the retained austenite transforms into the martensite, both make the matrix strengthen. So the matrix has more effective support to the harder eutectic carbide against exterior abrasion. With expanding the holding time, the in situ transformation from the granular (Fe,Cr)₂₃C₆ carbide into laminar M₃C carbide causes the formation of the pearlitic matrix and an associated decrease of the alloy abrasion resistance.     

CVC轧机支持辊力学有限元分析及新辊形

现场跟踪实测并分析CVC轧机支持辊综合辊形数据,发现CVC轧机支持辊存在严重且不均匀磨损,并时有严重边部剥落事故发生。建立MSC.Marc二维动态弹塑性有限元模型分析了支持辊辊内应力状态,提出较大的辊间接触压力及支持辊工作层厚度的减小,对辊内应力具有不利影响,指出不均匀的辊间接触压力分布,是支持辊不均匀磨损甚至剥落的主要原因。建立ANSYS静态弹性有限元模型,分析板宽、单位轧制力、弯辊及窜辊对辊间接触压力分布的影响,发现带钢宽度的不断变化有利于改善支持辊的受力状况,而弯辊和负向窜辊均会增大辊间接触压力分布不均匀度系数。基于有限元仿真和现场工业试验,提出了CVC轧机支持辊新辊形,与引进的原常规支持辊相比,新支持辊服役前期的不同窜辊位置辊间接触压力峰值和辊间接触压力分布不均匀度系数分别下降了3.5%～16.0%和3.5%～15.9%,支持辊服役后期的辊间接触压力峰值和不均匀度系数分别下降25.7%和28.3%。1800 mmCVC热连轧机F3～F4机架工业应用实践证明,新辊形自保持性好,性能稳定,已投入工业应用,可推广应用到同类轧机。     

Effect of Austenitizing Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Hardness of Martensitic Stainless Steel AISI 420

The effect of austenitizing on the microstructure and hardness of two martensitic stainless steels was examined with the aim of supplying heat-treatment guidelines to the user that will ensure a martensitic structure with minimal retained austenite, evenly dispersed carbides and a hardness of between 610 and 740?HV (Vickers hardness) after quenching and tempering. The steels examined during the course of this examination conform in composition to medium-carbon AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel, except for the addition of 0.13% vanadium and 0.62% molybdenum to one of the alloys. Steel samples were austenitized at temperatures between 1000 and 1200?°C, followed by oil quenching. The as-quenched microstructures were found to range from almost fully martensitic structures to martensite with up to 35% retained austenite after quenching, with varying amounts of carbides. Optical and scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the microstructures, and X-ray diffraction was employed to identify the carbide present in the as-quenched structures and to quantify the retained austenite contents. Hardness tests were performed to determine the effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties. As-quenched hardness values ranged from 700 to 270 HV, depending on the amount of retained austenite. Thermodynamic predictions (using the CALPHAD? model) were employed to explain these microstructures based on the solubility of the carbide particles at various austenitizing temperatures.     

改进型高镍铬铸铁轧辊的生产

目前宽厚板轧机工作辊多采用传统的高镍铬材质.随着钢厂生产效率要求的不断提高,宽厚板轧机对工作辊的要求也越来越高.轧辊生产企业通过调整合金成分,生产出了适用于宽厚板轧机的改进型高镍铬铸铁工作辊,其组织中碳化物和石墨的形态及组织发生了明显变化,使用结果显示,改进型高镍铬铸铁轧辊的耐磨性较传统型产品提高了20％以上.     

深冷处理对Cr14Mn2V2高铬铸铁组织转变和磨损性能的影响

分别采用X射线衍射(XRD)、电子透射电镜(TEM)和磨损测量(WT)等方法研究了深冷处理对高铬铸铁显微组织和磨损行为的影响。深冷处理能有效地降低高铬铸铁中的残余奥氏体含量,促进细微碳化物的析出,但不能完全将奥氏体转化为马氏体。大量马氏体的形成和微小二次碳化物的析出,显著提高了高铬铸铁的耐磨性。当残余奥氏体含量约为15%时,材料的耐磨性能达到最好,残余奥氏体量较多或较少都不利于耐磨性的提高。结果表明,亚临界加深冷处理试样的磨损性能较未深冷的试样有较大的提高。     

防轧辊表面氧化膜剥落提升带钢表面质量技术改造

国内某1 780 mm热连轧机组因精轧机工作辊表面氧化膜剥落而严重影响带钢表面质量,导致每月约有1 500 t钢卷被判为废次品。从轧辊材质、轧辊冷却水、防剥落水、轧制润滑及切水板等方面分析了轧辊表面氧化膜剥落的原因,并通过优化轧辊冷却水、调整防剥落水喷射位置、消除集管间相互干扰、改造切水板配置等技改方案解决了热轧生产中轧辊表面氧化膜剥落的问题,因氧化膜剥落产生的热轧卷废次品减少了90%以上,企业降废增效成果显著。     

防轧辊表面氧化膜剥落提升带钢表面质量技术改造

国内某1 780 mm热连轧机组因精轧机工作辊表面氧化膜剥落而严重影响带钢表面质量，导致每月约有1 500 t钢卷被判为废次品。从轧辊材质、轧辊冷却水、防剥落水、轧制润滑及切水板等方面分析了轧辊表面氧化膜剥落的原因，并通过优化轧辊冷却水、调整防剥落水喷射位置、消除集管间相互干扰、改造切水板配置等技改方案解决了热轧生产中轧辊表面氧化膜剥落的问题，因氧化膜剥落产生的热轧卷废次品减少了90%以上，企业降废增效成果显著。     

高品质贝氏体钢的贝氏体铁素体和碳化物

研制的贝氏体钢在铸态、锻后空冷和锻后正火回后均可获得以贝氏体贝氏体／马氏体为主的组织。     

预备热处理工艺对9Cr2Mo钢组织和硬度影响

利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜等试验手段,研究了经不同工艺预备热处理的9 Cr2 Mo钢的显微组织和碳化物形态、分布及大小,并测定了表面硬度。结果表明,9 Cr2 Mo钢淬火或正火态组织均为马氏体和下贝氏体,还有少量的未溶碳化物及残留奥氏体。钢的淬火组织中马氏体量要比正火组织中的多。经淬火＋高温回火或正火＋球化退火的9 Cr2 Mo钢,其组织均为铁素体基体和不同尺寸的碳化物颗粒,硬度基本能满足切削加工的要求。而经890℃×30 min油淬＋690℃×10 h回火的钢,其组织中碳化物颗粒较均匀细小,是一种良好的预备热处理组织。