基于正交试验的引射式燃烧器结构优化

引射式燃烧器的结构参数与燃气和空气预混效果之间存在非线性关系,难以获得解析表达式,而预混效果又是燃烧器的关键评价指标。为了设计预混效果更好的引射式燃烧器,利用CFD进行模拟仿真计算,并结合正交试验的方法对燃烧器的结构参数进行了优化设计,以燃烧器出口截面燃气和空气混合不均匀度为目标函数,得到了燃烧器的燃气喷嘴内径、一次烟气入口内径以及旋流叶片角度和数量的最优参数组合,优化后燃烧器出口截面的混合不均匀度降至0.015 34。     

H_2O和N_2对CO预混燃气熄火特性的影响

针对以CO为主要可燃成分的低热值燃气,设计加工了平口烧嘴装置。在该装置上进行了CO与CH4预混熄火特性的对比实验;考察了H2O,N2对CO预混火焰熄火特性的影响。结果表明:与CH4相比,CO点火困难,稳定燃烧范围更窄;随着N2添加比的增大,熄火当量比逐渐增大;添加适当比例的H2O能够提高预混火焰的稳定性。采用CHEMKIN软件对在实验气体中添加不同比例H2O的层流火焰速度和敏感性系数进行了模拟计算,对比实验熄火特性曲线和层流火焰速度变化曲线,发现两者变化趋势相近,并且均在H2O的添加比例为3%~15%时出现极值点。     

湍流预混对冲火焰结构及熄火特性试验研究

利用激光层析技术和数字图像处理技术对对冲方式下湍流预混火焰的结构及熄火特性进行了试验研究。采用PIV方法测量了冷态对冲面附近的速度场，获得了速度作为衡量流场对锋面燃烧影响的参数。在不同射流工况配置下（Reynolds数，全局应变率，燃料的化学混合当量，不对称动量），观察到随着湍流对冲强度的提高，在高度皱褶的火焰锋面上存在非连续突触和空洞，这是局部熄火的表现，这些局部熄火点影响的扩展会导致火焰的整体熄火。此观点通过局部火焰锋面曲率的概率统计分析得到支持。另外，获得的在火焰熄火的极限条件下，对实际燃烧器的设计有指导意义。     

旋流管状火焰燃烧器内低热值燃气的燃烧

考察了不同种类低热值燃气预混气在旋流管状火焰燃烧器中的燃烧特性,比较了稀释气种类、燃气热值和组分等对可燃极限、火焰温度分布、燃烧效率及污染物排放的影响.结果表明,惰性气体CO2替代N2使可燃极限变窄、燃烧效率降低,而用H2替代部分CH4则有利于稳燃并改善燃烧效率.对4种实际低热值燃气的燃烧测试结果表明,管状火焰燃烧器可以实现多种低热值燃气稳定、高效、低排放的燃烧.     

大功率双旋流燃烧器的设计

介绍一种特殊的煤气专用燃烧器--大功率双旋流燃烧半预混式燃烧器的设计,该燃烧器具有功率大、混合好、火焰短、燃烧稳定及不回火的特点.     

金属纤维燃烧器

金属纤维燃烧器是一种全预混表面燃烧式燃气燃烧器。金属纤维燃烧器可以采用自然引射方式，也可以采用强制鼓风方式。根据空气／燃气混合器的安装位置，强制鼓风式金属纤维燃烧器又分为上游混合式和下游混合式两种，上游混合式是将空气／燃气混合器安装于风机的入口处，下游混合式是将空气／燃气混合器安装于风机的出口处。上游混合强制鼓风式金属纤维燃烧器外形紧凑，燃气压力适应性强（燃气零压亦可运行），要求风机密封性好，适用于中、小功率的场合。     

非预混燃烧中喷嘴结构布局影响火焰长度的变化

验证了用数值方法研究湍流燃烧的可靠性,在燃气流量和喷口总面积不变的情况下,调整喷口的数量和间距,确定了多种燃烧器喷口布局方案;讨论了非预混燃烧中喷口数量和间距对火焰长度的影响,认为喷口数量和间距的改变不但会引起空气和燃气的混合程度发生变化,也使得各股燃气之间的扰动程度不一样.所以应合理调整喷口布局,改变燃烧器的火焰结构和温度分布,使燃烧的高温区域更加集中,提高燃气炉的热效率.     

有序堆积床内预混气体燃烧特性实验研究

为研究预混气体在多孔介质燃烧器中的火焰燃烧特性,设计了一种新型多孔介质燃烧器,其中多孔介质区域由氧化铝圆柱体有序堆积而成.分别研究了当量比和入口速度对甲烷/空气预混气体在多孔介质燃烧器中的火焰温度分布、火焰最高温度以及火焰传播速度的影响.结果 表明:在当量比0.162～0.324、入口速度0.287～0.860 m/s...     

CH_4/空气预混稀燃临吹熄火焰结构研究

预混稀燃是最具有前景代替传统扩散燃烧的清洁燃烧方式之一.然而,高速流动的预混稀燃中常出现低当量比下火焰吹熄的情况.吹熄给燃烧过程带来了极大的不稳定性.旋流和钝体是实际燃烧中常用的稳焰方式.吹熄的机理研究大多基于钝体或旋流火焰进行,但同时加入两者稳焰时的吹熄研究尚且不足.本研究基于OH-PLIF技术,在旋流加钝体稳焰下,针对CH_4/空气预混稀燃临熄火条件下的火焰面结构进行了测量和表征.研究表明,临熄火过程中火焰根部抬升逐渐增加,火焰面密度减小,火焰趋向于向回流区聚集.结果表明,火焰根部局部熄火对吹熄过程可能有重要影响,同时验证了未燃气回流促进吹熄的结论.     

单火孔预混鼓风式煤气燃烧器喷头的设计原理

提出了单火孔预混鼓风式煤气燃烧器喷头的设计原理，讨论了在风机鼓风条件下，喷头主火孔影响煤气和空气的预混效果。经计算证明，喷头主火孔的直径是调节空气过剩系数的决定因素。同时，根据预混鼓风式煤气燃烧器在燃烧过程中会出现脱火的结论，提出燃烧器喷头必须带有稳焰结构，并给出了喷头的设计结构图。经使用证明：喷头制造成本低，结构简单，便于维修和更换，提高了燃烧器工作的稳定性。     

单燃烧器火焰数字图像处理与诊断方法研究

根据煤粉燃烧理论及数字图像处理技术,提出用“投影火焰锋面存在”,“投影火焰锋面位置的窜动”以及“投影火焰锋面平均梯度值的变化”三个条件来诊断燃烧器火争的ON／OFF的状态,以用于燃烧操作指导和协助FSSS进行炉膛安全保护。     

管道内甲烷火焰穿越水雾区的传播特性

利用自行设计的火焰传播实验系统研究了甲烷火焰穿越水雾区的传播现象；运用数字摄像、光电测速和温度测量等技术研究了不同水雾条件下的甲烷火焰传播速度、火焰阵面轨迹及火焰结构特性。结果发现：水雾与甲烷火焰作用后，火焰颜色明显变红。水雾量较小时，甲烷火焰会被加速；水雾量增大到一定值后，甲烷火焰会在水雾区某一位置滞留一段时间，随后火焰再加速传播或熄灭(对应更高的水雾量)。分析认为这种现象的出现与水雾在甲烷火焰区的吸热、蒸发膨胀和化学阻化等物理化学综合效应有关。     

Self-ignited flame behavior of high-pressure hydrogen release by rupture disk through a long tube

Accelerated adoption of hydrogen gas for energy storage requires improved safety for hydrogen storage. In particular, control of self-ignition of hydrogen vented through tubes by pressure relief devices (overpressure protection devices), such as rupture disks, is needed. We clarify the process of self-ignition in tubes of various lengths during venting of high-pressure hydrogen and observe flame behavior at the tube exit. The importance of distance from the rupture disk for flame front evolution is revealed. Specifically, in a tube longer than a critical value, the self-ignited flame undergoes a quenching process, possibly due to steam formation, before it exits the tube. A tube that is too short does not give the gas sufficient time for hydrogen and air mixing to initiate self-ignition. Finally, at slightly longer tube lengths, the hydrogen ignites, but the flame does not fully develop before it exits, and the vortex formed by expanding gas extinguishes it.     

Flame structure and global flame response to the equivalence ratios of interacting partially premixed methane and hydrogen flames

The interacting partially premixed methane and hydrogen flames established in a one-dimensional counterflow field were investigated numerically with the OPPDIF code and GRI-v3.0 was used to consider both fuels. The flame structure and response of the maximum flame temperature, heat-release rate, and flame speed to the equivalence ratios (Φ) and global strain rate (a_g) were investigated. The maximum temperature decreased with increasing a_g. The maximum temperature for cases with a stoichiometric hydrogen-side flame was higher than for other cases with the same a_g.The hydrogen-side flame played a key role in determining the maximum temperature. The maximum heat-release rates (MHRRs) for all cases show different trends. The MHRR of the methane-side flame was affected considerably by the interacting flame structure and hydrogen-side flame condition. However, the MHRRs of the hydrogen were independent of methane-side flame condition. For the cases where Φ of the methane-side flame was varied while the hydrogen-side flame was kept stoichiometric (Var-S), the MHRR and flame speed of the hydrogen-side flame were independent of the methane-side flame conditions. However, the methane-side flames had a negative flame speed except near-stoichiometric conditions. On the other hand, in the cases where Φ of the hydrogen-side flame was varied while the methane-side flame was kept stoichiometric (S-Var), the hydrogen-side flames had the MHRR and flame speed similar to those of an unstretched partially premixed hydrogen flame.     

Flame stretch analysis in diffusion flames with inert gas

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Study on the electrical response of small ethanol-air diffusion flame under the uniform electric field

Ethanol is a renewable alternative fuel in many application areas. The external electric field is applied to assist the small ethanol diffusion flame in this study. The electrical response of flame under the uniform electric field is discussed. A reduced chemical mechanism of ethanol is used to establish a numerical model corresponding to the experimental system. The characteristics of current-electric field strength, equivalent resistance, distribution of charged species, velocity field, and reaction rate are studied. The results show that the electric field brings significant effects on the combustion and electrical characteristics of flame. As the electric field strength increases, the current through the circuit and the equivalent resistance of the flame show a three-stage variation. The current increases first (0-40 kV/m), then stabilizes (40-70 kV/m) and then continues to increase (70-100 kV/m) with the increase of the electric field strength. It shows that the flame has certain electric resistance characteristic. The number density of charged species in the flame increases, and the distributions of charged species tend to move upstream by the effect of electric field. When the electric field strength is high as 100 kV/m, the charged species density increases by 10%. Meantime, the gas velocity near the flame front is accelerated and the chemical reaction rate also increases by the effect of electric field. When the electric field strength reaches 100 kV/m, the corresponding reaction rate and the corresponding flow velocity are increased by about 40% and 20%, respectively, compared with those without electric field. The calculated ionic wind velocity increases greatly with the electric field strength and shows a nearly linear increasing trend. The combined effects of the enhanced ionic wind effect, the intensified chemi-ionization process, and the increase of the concentration of charged species are considered as the main reason for the effect of electric field.     

板坯连铸机火焰切割优化控制过程的理论研究

通过建立板坯连铸机火焰切割机切割过程的不同工况模型,研究了连铸板坯火焰切割机控制过程中的问题,从理论上得出了最优的火焰切割机自动控制参数和控制模式,为优化火焰切割机全自动控制软件提供了坚实的理论依据.     

Investigation of impinging diffusion flames with inert gas

Experimental investigations on impinging diffusion flames mixing with inert gas were conducted. The combustion results and temperature measurements show that the non-reactive gas might dilute the local fuel concentration in the diffusion process. The shape of the column flame was symmetrical due to the flame stretch force. The results showed that a conical flame was changed by the addition of inert gas to the pure methane fuel. The weakening of the stretch boundary enhanced the mixing rate between the fuel and oxidizer, which would improve the fluctuation phenomenon. The impinging flame became shorter and bluer so the combustor size can be reduced. Nitrogen gas has the advantage that we can visualize the impinging mechanism with different gases in the impinging flame. The color in the mixing plane becomes blue and transparent. The penetration length is about 8 mm near the impinging point for Re=145.     

Stable negative edge flame formation in a counterflow burner

In nonpremixed combustion, edge flames can form as a region of flame propagation or flame recession. Forwardly propagating edge flames, as occur in lifted flames, have a local gas velocity at the flame edge that is from unburned partially premixed fuel and air into the flame. These flames represent an ignition process, and permit the flame itself to either stabilize against an incoming gas stream or propagate into unburned fuel and air. Negative edge flames represent the opposite case of a local gas velocity from burned products through the flame edge. The negative edge flame represents a local extinction process, and occurs, for example, during vortex-induced extinction of a nonpremixed flame sheet. A technique for generating steady negative edge flames in a standard counterflow burner is presented, which permits detailed examination of their properties. A coannular counterflow burner is used to create a strain gradient that quenches a central diffusion flame. Unlike previous research on strain-induced flame edges, the axisymmetric flow field ensures gas flow from products through the edge. Measurements of the edge flame's sensitivity to global strain rates and fuel mixtures are presented, along with measurements of the edge flame structure using OH fluorescence and CH emission imaging.     

The effect of a perforated plate on the propagation of laminar hydrogen flames in a channel – A numerical study

Laminar hydrogen flame propagation in a channel with a perforated plate is investigated using 2D reactive Navies-Stokes simulations. The effect of the perforated plate on flame propagation is treated with a porous media model. A one step chemistry model is used for the combustion of the stoichiometric H₂–air mixture. Numerical simulations show that the perforated plate has considerable effect on the flame propagation in the region downstream from the perforated plate and marginal effect on the upstream region. It is found to squeeze the flame front and result in a ring of unburned gas pocket around the flame neck. The resulting abrupt change in flow directions leads to the formation of some vortices. Downstream of the perforated plate, a wrinkled “M”-shape flame is observed with “W” shape flame speed evolution, which lastly turns back to a convex curved flame front. Parametric studies have also been carried out on the inertial resistance factor, porosity, perforated plate length and its location to investigate their effects on flame evolution. Overall, for parameter range studied, the perforated plate has an effect of reducing the flame speed downstream of it.