A sensorless drive system for brushless DC motors using a digital phase‐locked loop

This paper proposes a sensorless drive system for Brushless DC (BLDC) motors using a Digital Phase‐Locked Loop (DPLL). The Back Electromotive Force (BEMF) voltage is measured from the motor winding to determine the permanent magnet rotor position using the DPLL, and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) limits the motor current to control the speed of BLDC motors. The proposed method can drive BLDC motors using an open‐loop control without stepping out. Also, the proposed method is compared experimentally with a control method that uses Hall sensors. Experimental results for the BLDC motor show the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 142(1): 57–66, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10074     

A sensorless brushless dc motor system

This paper describes a brushless dc motor system without position or speed sensor. The brushless motor consists of a permanent magnet synchronous motor and a voltage-source inverter capable of controlling the amplitude and frequency of voltage. The rectangular-shaped stator current with a conducting interval of 120° (electrical) is controlled to be in phase with the trapezoidal back electromotive force. This results in producing maximum torque. Variable speed is achieved by adjusting the average motor voltage similarly to chopper control of dc motors. In this paper, two sensorless position detecting methods, i.e., an “indirect method” suited for the lower-speed range and a “direct method” suited for the higher-speed range are proposed. The combination of the two makes it possible to detect the rotor position over a wide-speed range. Furthermore, a speed-sen-sorless PLL control is proposed in applying the principle of the direct method. Experimental results obtained from a prototype brushless dc motor are shown to confirm the validity of the sensorless drive. The starting procedure of the motor also is discussed because it is impossible to detect the rotor position at a standstill.     

A Novel Starting Method of the Surface Permanent-Magnet BLDC Motors Without Position Sensor for Reciprocating Compressor

This paper describes a new position sensorless starting method, specialized for low-cost applications, of a brushless dc (BLDC) motor with a surface permanent-magnet (SPM) rotor to prevent demagnetization of permanent magnet and vibrations due to pulsating currents during the starting period. That the magnitude of peak current causes irreversible demagnetization of permanent magnet, has been measured through experimental tests. The proposed method limits the motor currents during the starting period to lower than the demagnetization currents by doing commutation depending on the level of the measured phase currents. Experimental results show that the proposed method implemented in an inverter for a BLDC motor-driven reciprocating compressor considerably reduces not only the pulsating currents but also the vibration of the compressor during starting.      

计及中性点电压的无刷直流电机无位置传感器控制

为解决无刷直流电机在低速状态下检测转子位置的难题,提出了一种新颖的无位置传感器控制方法。该方法基于凸极式永磁无刷直流电机定子绕组电感是转子位置的函数这一特点,采用H_PWM-L_PWM调制方式,通过检测定子绕组中性点电压的波动情况,从而判断通电相的定子绕组自感是否相等,进而推断出反电动势的过零时刻。再借鉴反电动势法的特点,在过零点的基础上滞后30°电角度,即可确定换相时刻,理论推导证明了该方法的正确性。在实验过程中把该方案与霍尔传感器换相的方法进行了对比,验证了这种方法的有效性。     

无刷直流电机转子位置估计误差分析及补偿

基于开环观测模型的磁链函数转子位置检测方法实现简单,可拓宽无刷直流电机(BLDCM)无位置传感器控制系统低速检测范围,但电机参数变化和测量误差会引起转子位置估计误差。因此,对转子位置估计误差进行了深入分析,采用离线标定、在线查表的位置误差补偿方法减小位置估计偏差,拓宽低速检测范围,并进行了试验验证。该误差补偿方案可解决电流、电压传感器检测误差及电阻电感参数测量误差对位置估计的影响,并且易于实现。     

Vector Control Specialized for Switched Reluctance Motor Drives

This paper proposes vector control specialized for a switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive. Because it is a unipolar drive, a sinusoidal current with a dc offset is applied to each circuit instead of the conventional trapezoidal current. The current consists of dc and ac components which can be identified by their generation of a (virtual) rotor flux and rotating stator magnetic field, respectively. Thus, the vector control system can be developed in the same way as conventional ac machines. The proposed technique provides new mathematical models of SRMs on a rotating reference frame and achieves precise and fast torque response and advanced operations such as linear torque‐current control and maximum‐torque‐per‐ampere control. The vector control theory was verified through simulations and experiments.     

Sensorless drive of surface-mounted permanent-magnet motor by high-frequency signal injection based on magnetic saliency

This paper presents a new sensorless control scheme of a surface-mounted permanent-magnet (SMPM) motor using high-frequency voltage signal injection method based on the high-frequency impedance difference. In the SMPM motor, due to the flux of the permanent magnet, the stator core around the q-axis winding is saturated. This makes the magnetic saliency in the motor. This magnetic saliency has the information about the rotor position. The high-frequency voltage signal is injected into the motor in order to detect the magnetic saliency and estimate the rotor position. In this paper, the relationship between the high-frequency voltages and high-frequency currents is developed using the voltage equations at the high frequency, and the high-frequency impedance characteristics are analyzed experimentally under various conditions. The proposed sensorless control scheme makes it possible to drive the SMPM motor in the low-speed region including zero speed, even under heavy load conditions. The experimental results verify the performance of the proposed sensorless algorithm.     

Sensorless rotor position estimation of an interior permanent-magnet motor from initial states

This paper describes a torque, speed, or position control method at standstill and low speed in the interior permanent-magnet motor (IPMM) drive system without any rotational transducer. While IPMMs have originally magnetic saliency, it varies according to the load conditions and the control performance can be easily degraded. In this paper, the saliency or impedance difference is used as the conventional methods and, nevertheless, in order to amplify the difference containing the information of the rotor angle and to maintain a reasonable performance under any load condition a high-frequency injection scheme is proposed. A speed and position estimation scheme based on the characteristics of the high-frequency impedance is proposed. The scheme extracts the high-frequency impedance components related to the rotor position. An initial angle estimation scheme for starting from an arbitrary rotor position is also proposed. It can distinguish the north magnetic pole position from the south one in several decade milliseconds. The proposed scheme enables position control of a transducerless or position-sensorless IPMM. The experimental results clarify the satisfactory operation of the proposed position control algorithm under any load condition.     

一种新颖的无刷直流电机无位置传感器控制系统

为了实现无刷直流电机无位置传感器控制,提出了一种新颖的绕组反电动势检测方法.该方法通过比较电机断开相绕组端电压和逆变器直流环中点电压的关系,直接检测到断开相绕组的反电动势过零点,从而获得转子位置信息.本系统仅检测三相绕组中一相绕组的反电动势,通过软件延时得到六个离散的换相信号,简化了检测电路.文中对电路结构进行了分析,并在由该方法构成的无位置传感器控制系统上进行了实验验证,实验结果表明了本文提出的反电动势检测方法的有效性.     

一种新型无位置传感器无刷直流电动机起动方法

根据无刷直流电动机理论,应用起动时首先施加激励的主动检测方法,得到了转子的初始位置,保证了无刷直流电动机的正确成功起动。作为初始位置检测的关键,文章给出了相电感和转子的位置关系,同时对影响相电感的主要因素做了分析。仿真结果令人满意。     

Walsh function‐based position sensorless control for interior permanent magnet motor drives using ripple‐current of high‐frequency triangular‐wave‐carrier PWM inverter

This paper proposes the Walsh function‐based position sensorless drive method of a PM motor by using high‐frequency 20‐kHz triangular‐wave‐carrier PWM inverter ripple current. The proposed method uses the Walsh harmonic of PWM inverter ripple current to estimate the motor rotor position. By using the high‐frequency switching ripple current, the period of the rotor position estimation has been decreased and improves the step response of PM motor. The Walsh function makes it possible to use a definite integrator as the Walsh harmonic detector that can separate the small ripple‐current signal from the motor drive‐current signal. The Walsh harmonic detector circuit consists of less parts than the Fourier harmonic detector circuit. The validity of the proposed method was clarified by several experimental results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 145(3): 80–88, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10205     

Position sensorless control for ultrasonic motors based on input voltage information

This paper presents a method of position sensorless control of ultrasonic motors (USM). The position sensorless control method is useful for reducing the cost and size of drive system. The position estimation method is based on the input voltage information of the ultrasonic motor. The characteristic of input voltage versus rotor position is expressed by a quadratic function which is used to estimate a rotor position based on input voltage information. This estimation method, which uses only the drive voltage of the ultrasonic motor, is a very simple algorithm and shows good estimation ability. The parameters of the quadratic function are adjusted by using the recursive least squares method and are obtained on‐line. Since it can correspond to parameter change, the estimated rotor position shows good agreement with the measured rotor position against load torque and motor temperature changes. Sensorless position control is achieved by using the estimated rotor position instead of the measured rotor position. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed by experimental results. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(1): 57–64, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20626     

Initial Rotor Position Estimation for Sensorless Brushless DC Drives

This paper presents a method for determining the initial rotor position of a brushless dc machine at standstill without a position sensor. The key principle of the rotor position estimation is based on the simple detection and comparison of phase voltage and current responses relating to the stator inductance varied with the position of the rotor magnet. In the proposed method, only three voltage-pulse injections are applied, and a 30deg resolution can be achieved. Moreover, no knowledge of machine parameters is required. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by experimental results.     

永磁同步电机转子初始位置的检测方法

针对永磁同步电机初始位置检测已有方法依赖电机参数,电流相位提取算法复杂,并在检测过程中会造成转子发生转动等问题,提出一种基于高频电压信号注入检测电机初始位置的方法.该方法通过对高频电压响应的电流进行解调、滤波和最小二乘拟合处理后,再计算出正弦化响应电流最大值时的相位,便得到获取转子初始位置信息,最后利用磁路饱和凸极效应,判定永磁体的极性.仿真及实验结果表明,该方法能准确检测出转子初始位置,不会使转子发生移动,也不需要知道电机的参数,硬件结构简单.位置检测的平均误差为3.33°,可满足永磁同步电机的平稳启动需求.     

内置式永磁同步电机转子初始位置检测方法

针对无位置传感器内置式永磁同步电机的转子初始位置检测问题,提出一种基于旋转高频电压注入法和恒定磁场定位法的永磁同步电机转子初始位置检测方法。基于凸极跟踪的原理,通过注入旋转高频电压信号的方法获得估计转子位置,在此基础上,采用恒定磁场定位法对估计转子位置的磁极极性进行判断,实现对估计转子位置的极性校正,并且补偿估计转子位置的偏移误差,从而得到转子初始位置。在实验平台上进行了实验验证,实验结果表明文中提出的方法能够快速且准确地检测出转子初始位置,实现永磁同步电机无位置传感器可靠起动。     

无刷直流电机无位置传感器的检测方法

本文介绍了几种无位置传感器无刷直流电动机的转子位置检测方法,并对它们的基本原理,优缺点作了简单的说明,详细地阐述了基于一种新磁链函数之上的与速度无关的位置函数控制方法,利用这种方法从零转速到高转速的宽速度范围内能检测到转子位置。     

A novel microcontroller-based sensorless brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive for automotive fuel pumps

This paper presents a novel back-electromotive-force (EMF) detection method for sensorless brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive systems. By this method, a true back-EMF signal can be directly extracted for each phase without sensing the neutral point of the motor. The method proposed is not sensitive to switching noise and requires no filtering. Good motor performance is achieved over a wide speed range as well. This novel sensing scheme is implemented into a hardware macro cell inside a mixed-signal microcontroller. The proposed microcontroller-based sensorless BLDC drive system has been successfully applied to automotive fuel-pump applications, which require high reliability and intelligence at a low cost.     

永磁同步电机转子位置辨识研究

传统脉振高频电压信号注入法在估计永磁同步电机(Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor,简称PMSM)转子位置时,因无法辨识转子N/S极而存在位置估算可能相反的问题。利用电机磁场的饱和效应,提出了一种新型转子位置辨识方法,通过分析包含转子位置误差信息的二次高频电流分量,对转子永磁体磁极极性进行判别,结合传统方法,准确辨识出转子位置。对一台凸极式PMSM进行了转子位置估计实验,验证了该方法的有效性。     

无位置传感器无刷直流电动机的起动研究

提出一种估计内嵌式永磁无刷直流电动机静止时转子位置的新方法。该估计方法的原理是基于由于定子磁饱和使得磁轴中无刷直流电动机的电流发生变化,其优点是转子初始位置的最大估算误差为6°,电动机的起动转矩显著增加。仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

基于高频信号注入法的BLDC无传感器运行驱动策略

采用PWM技术注入高频信号的情况下,无法依靠逆变器功率管的逻辑切换来驱动BLDC。针对这一问题,提出了一种新的驱动方法:根据实时检测的转子位置的变化量来控制调制电压的波形,从而控制逆变器输出的主电压波形,使之符合BLDC正确运行的要求,实现BLDC的无传感器运行。实验结果证明了这种方法的正确性。