旋流燃烧锅炉炉内温度场优化的数值研究

采用数值模拟方法对2台600 MW机组旋流燃烧锅炉炉内的空气动力场和温度场进行了分析研究.结果表明:采用旋流燃烧器可改善沿炉膛宽度方向的热偏差状况;运行中增加燃尽风量、减弱二次风旋流强度会导致炉膛出口烟温升高;通过合理组织燃烧器旋向,可使炉膛出口温度场分布更趋于均匀.     

低NO_x旋流燃烧器改造数值模拟

对DBC-OPCC-Ⅰ型旋流燃烧器进行了结构上的优化改造,并利用Fluent软件对改造前后的单个旋流燃烧器进行了数值模拟计算,分析了改造前后燃烧器区域的速度场、温度场以及NOx体积分数分布.结果表明:改造后的速度场出现中心回流区,且回流区在长度和宽度上均有所增加,速度明显减小;改造后的整体温度分布有所降低,最高温度降幅达200K,尤其是旋流燃烧器出口扩锥处的温度明显降低;改造后的NOx体积分数也显著降低,NOx最高体积分数可降1×106,改造后旋流燃烧器的性能比改造前优越.     

一种可调节自适应煤粉燃烧器的数值模拟

提出一种可调节自适应煤粉燃烧器.该燃烧器将一次风分为内外两部分,外一次风为旋流射流,具有能够产生回流区,增加煤粉颗粒在着火区停留时间以及卷吸高温烟气强化着火和稳燃特性;内一次风为直流射流,具有刚性较强,气流穿透度大的特性.采用CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)软件对该燃烧器在一定的二次风旋流强度、不同外一次风旋流强度下的燃烧特性如速度场、温度场、氧浓度场、碳浓度分布以及着火特性进行了数值模拟,结果表明外一次风旋流强度对燃烧器燃烧特性有重要影响.当外旋流一次风的旋流强度在0.56～0.88之间时,其燃烧特性变化剧烈.     

低热值煤层气部分预混式旋流燃烧器结构优化研究

针对低热值煤层气部分预混式旋流燃烧器,通过加装钝体对其结构进行了优化研究,采用数值分析的方法考察了钝体对燃烧器出口速度、温度及甲烷浓度分布等的影响规律.研究表明:在燃气管外壁上加装钝体可以提高燃烧器的部分预混效果,缩短火焰长度;在支撑管出口加装钝体可以提高燃烧器出口气流的射流刚性,使炉内温度分布趋于均匀,同时提高回流区卷吸高温烟气的能力和范围,在喷口出口形成稳定的高温区.通过加装两部分钝体的方法,对燃烧器进行局部优化改进后,燃烧器在保证射流刚性的同时达到良好的燃烧稳定性;燃烧器出口轴向速度梯度和温度随出口钝体锥度的增大而提高,出口钝体锥度应选择34.21°为宜.     

合成气低旋流燃烧器设计与流动结构的分析

设计了一个合成气低旋流燃烧器,采用PIV技术对不同负荷下的冷态流场进行了测量,并比较分析了不同中心射流流速对旋流流场的影响.结果表明:流场中出现中心回流区时的旋流数与中心流速无关,高旋流与低旋流的分界点为S＝0.7;流场中的轴向速度、径向速度和湍动能均关于燃烧器中心轴线对称;中心轴线上无量纲轴向速度的分布与中心射流流速(负荷)无关,燃烧器出口下游形成一个发散低速区,有利于稳定充分燃烧;随中心射流速度的增大,径向速度成正比增大,湍动能明显增加.     

BA-34型高压锅炉旋流燃烧器空气动力特性测试与研究

介绍160t／h微正压燃油锅炉炉内及旋流燃烧器出口空气动力场测试方法和测试结果,讨论加模拟火炬气前后空气动力场的变化。测试结果与分析认为,旋流燃烧器出口前具有显著的回流区和涡流区,对燃烧火焰的稳定和锅炉稳定运行有重要作用;但加模拟火炬气后,旋流燃烧器出口前的空气动力场发生了比较明显的改变,对燃烧火焰稳定有较明显的影响。     

不同进风结构煤粉燃烧器冷态流场实验研究

对采用切向和端面旋流进风结构的煤粉燃烧器进行了冷态流场特性实验研究,实验结果表明采用端面旋流进风结构的煤粉燃烧器流场轴向速度分布对称性、均匀性大大加强,而一、二次风合为一股端面旋流进入比单独从轴向进一次风对流场的合理分布更加有利。     

煤粉低尘燃烧器冷态实验研究

采取端面预旋进风结构的煤粉低尘燃烧器,出口直径的大小对燃烧器内压力场、速度场分布影响很大,出口直径的大小决定中心回流区区域大小：进口叶片节圆直径的减小能使流场更对称,且能增大燃烧器头部环室回流率,有利于提高捕渣率;加同旋向一次风有利于增大燃烧器头部的环室回流率和中心回流率。     

煤掺烧生物质旋流燃烧器流场的数值模拟

为探索适用于煤掺烧生物质的旋流燃烧器结构形式,采用Fluent软件对旋流燃烧器进行了冷态数值模拟,计算结果表明旋流叶片安装角度合适,旋流燃烧器中流出的气体质点既有旋转向前的趋势,又有从切向飞出的趋势,气流初期扰动非常强烈。研究发现改变燃烧室形状对燃烧室内气相速度场、颗粒轨迹以及湍流强度等特性参数都有较大影响,长方体型燃烧室对燃料和氧化剂的混合和燃烧更有利。     

中心扩口对径向浓淡旋流煤粉燃烧器出口气固流动特性的影响

在不同中心扩口角度的情况下,通过对径向浓淡旋流煤粉燃烧器的冷态ＰＤＡ试验,研究了燃烧器出口速度、粒径及浓度分布,得出了中心扩口角度对燃烧器出口区域气固流动特性的影响规律,并分析了中心扩口对燃烧器性能的影响,为工程应用和优化设计提供了参考性依据。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.