沿面/体介质阻挡放电装置的放电及臭氧生成特性

相对于体介质阻挡放电(VDBD),沿面介质阻挡放电(SDBD)等离子体可以更高效地生成反应活性物质,在气体处理方面显示了较高的效率。但沿面放电仅沿介质表面发展,限制了放电等离子体装置处理气体的能力。文中设计了一种新型的沿面/体复合DBD装置,通过在垂直于沿面放电高压电极的上部增加体放电电极,用于扩展等离子体的空间分布并提高活性物质的产量,研究了电极构型、放电气隙、放电电压及气体体积流量等对装置的放电特性及臭氧生成的影响。在空气间隙为4.5mm,外加电压幅值为16kV时,SDBD放电功率为11.2W,VDBD放电功率为4.6 W,复合装置的放电功率为19.7 W;分别测量复合装置中的沿面放电和体放电功率发现,复合装置的沿面放电功较单一沿面放电装置的放电功率提高了1.1倍,而复合装置的体放电功率较单一体放电功率提高了1.9倍。臭氧测试结果表明,复合装置生成的臭氧质量浓度可达3.0 mg/L,分别是SDBD和VDBD的3.8倍和5.0倍。     

高压脉冲放电水处理技术的理论研究

为了探讨高压脉冲放电水处理技术的机理及模型,归纳、概括了高压脉冲放电过程中物理效应的形成及其作用、液体介质的击穿机理及击穿模型,还分析了高压脉冲放电过程中发生的化学过程。所得结论为:弧光放电发射的光辐射最强,火花放电次之,流光放电较弱;紫外辐射可把臭氧和过氧化氢分解为氧化性更强的羟基;冲击波可间接引起热解和自由基反应;液体介质的击穿主要可分为电击穿理论、热力(气泡)击穿理论,建立的模型在一定的范围内能准确地预言实验结果;气、液界面发生苯酚降解的化学反应是羟基进攻和臭氧氧化,氧气和氩气导致形成不同的降解副产品,而溶液中的化学过程则主要是羟基进攻。     

介质阻挡放电特性与臭氧合成的实验研究

采用线管结构反应器与管管结构反应器进行介质阻挡放电(DBD)产生臭氧。通过测量放电电气参数和观察辐射发光现象来研究两种反应器的介质阻挡放电特性。结合对比不同电场强度下的臭氧浓度和臭氧的生成效率,讨论两种反应器在生成臭氧应用方面的性能,实验发现线管结构介质阻挡放电特性不同于管管结构,同时臭氧浓度和臭氧生成效率取决于外加在两种反应器上的折合电场强度峰值。     

Partial discharge inception characteristics under butt gap condition in liquid nitrogen/ PPLP/sup /spl reg// composite insulation system for high temperature superconducting cable

The partial discharge (PD) inception characteristics are studied in liquid nitrogen (LN/sub 2/)/polypropylene laminated paper (PPLP/sup /spl reg//) composite insulation system for high temperature superconducting (HTS) cable. Experimental results revealed that the magnitude of the initial PD increased as the PD inception electric field strength was increased, because the injected energy increased. Initial PD was generated at the first and third quadrant of applied AC voltage phase. The probability of initial PD at the positive and negative voltage phase was almost the same. The reason is because liquid nitrogen is a nonpolar molecule and we used symmetric electrode configuration with uniform electric field distribution. Finally, it was pointed out that PD inception electric field strength (PDIE) depended on the volume of the butt gap because of the increasing probability of weak points of electrical insulation, and PDIE linearly decreased with increasing stressed volume of the butt gap in the log-log scale.     

Reticulated vitreous carbon electrodes for gas phase pulsed coronareactors

A new design for gas phase pulsed corona reactors incorporating reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) electrodes is demonstrated to be effective for the removal of nitrogen oxides from various gas mixtures containing O₂, N₂, water vapor and ethylene. The reactor consists of either a Plexiglass or glass cylindrical tube with macro-porous RVC electrodes placed perpendicularly to the cylinder axis. Streamers propagate between the RVC disks providing a uniform exposure of the flowing gas stream to the electrical discharge. This mode of operation provides for convenient reactor scale-up while maintaining the interelectrode spacing in a moderate range, thus allowing scale-up without the need for higher voltage power supplies. It is further envisioned that the reactor can be operated with multiple sets of electrodes placed in series down the length of the reactor in order to facilitate high efficiency removal of air pollutants     

A new type of ozone generator using Taylor cones on water surfaces

Ozone has been found to be effective in many forms of water treatment. As concerns about the safety of alternate methods of water treatment increase (in particular, chlorination), ozone, which is already extensively used in Europe, offers an effective option. This paper describes a new method of ozone generation particularly suited for use in water purification. Most current industrial ozone production is based on “silent” electrical discharges in a gap between concentric electrodes separated by a glass or ceramic dielectric barrier. The authors present experimental results obtained using a parallel-plate discharge geometry. The lower electrode consists of a grounded “pool” of still water separated by a discharge gap from an upper insulated planar electrode. When the electrode is energized by an AC high voltage, a multitude of “Taylor cones” forms on the water surface. The Taylor cones form and collapse randomly and continuously, depending on the electric field. The tips of the cones provide points for electrical discharge pulses which initiate ozone generation. This method generates ozone in close proximity to the water surface. Laboratory experiments show efficiencies for gaseous ozone production as high as 110 g/kWh     

Performance evaluation of nonthermal plasma reactors for NO oxidation in diesel engine exhaust gas treatment

The discharge plasma-chemical hybrid process for NO/sub x/ removal from the flue gas emissions is an extremely effective and economical approach in comparison with the conventional selective catalytic reduction system. In this paper we bring out a relative comparison of several discharge plasma reactors from the point of NO removal efficiency. The reactors were either energized by AC or by repetitive pulses. Ferroelectric pellets were used to study the effect of pellet assisted discharges on gas cleaning. Diesel engine exhaust, at different loads, is used to approximately simulate the flue gas composition. Investigations were carried out at room temperature with respect to the variation of reaction products against the discharge power. Main emphasis is laid on the oxidation of NO to NO/sub 2/, without reducing NO/sub x/ concentration (i.e., minimum reaction byproducts), with least power consumption. The produced NO/sub 2/ will be totally converted to N/sub 2/ and Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ using Na/sub 2/SO/sub 3/. The AC packed-bed reactor and pelletless pulsed corona reactor showed better performance, with minimum reaction products for a given power, when the NO concentration was low (/spl sim/100 ppm). When the engine load exceeds 50% (NO>300 ppm) there was not much decrease in NO reduction and more or less all the reactors performed equally. The total operating cost of the plasma-chemical hybrid system becomes $4010/ton of NO, which is 1/3-1/5 of the conventional selective catalytic process.     

Ozone production using pulsed dielectric barrier discharge inoxygen

The production of ozone was investigated using a dielectric barrier discharge in oxygen, and employing short-duration pulsed power. The dependence of the ozone concentration (parts per million, ppm) and ozone production yield (g(O₃)/kWh) on the peak pulsed voltage (17.5 to 57.9 kV) and the pulse repetition rate (25 to 400 pulses/s, pps) were investigated. In the present study, the following parameters were kept constant: a pressure of 1.01×10⁵ Pa, a temperature of 26±4°C a gas flow rate of 3.0 1/min and a gaseous gap length of 11 mm. A concentric coaxial cylindrical reactor was used. A spiral copper wire (1 mm in diameter) was wound on a polyvinylchloride (PVC) cylindrical configuration (26 mm in diameter) and placed centrally in a concentric coaxial electrode system with 4 mm thick PVC dielectric layer adjacent to a copper outer electrode of 58 mm in internal diameter. HV and current pulses were provided by a magnetic pulse compressor power source     

Ozone generation in dry air using pulsed discharges with andwithout a solid dielectric layer

Energy efficient generation of ozone is very important because ozone is being used increasingly in a wide range of industrial applications. Ozonizers usually use dielectric barrier discharges and employ alternating current (ac) with consequent heat generation, which necessitates cooling. In the present study, very short duration pulsed voltage is employed resulting in reduced heating of the gas and discharge reactor. A comparison of ozone generation in dry air using a coaxial concentric electrode system with and without a solid dielectric layer is reported. Two types of dielectric layers were employed, ceramic and polyvinylchloride (pvc). The effects of peak pulsed voltage (12.5 to 62 kV), reactor length (0.1 to 1 m), pulse repetition rate (25 to 400 pulses per second, pps), gas flow rate (1.5 to 3.0 1/min) and variation of the pitch length of the spiral wire forming the central electrode (5 to 10 mm) on the concentration and production yield of ozone (g/kWh) are reported. A comparison is made between the performance of discharge reactors with (ceramic reactor Type IIC and pvc reactor Type IIP) and without (reactor Type I) a dielectric layer, using the same electrode gap separation (15 mm) and reactor lengths (0.157 and 1 m). High production yields of ozone in dry air of ~125 52 and 60 g/kWh were obtained when using, respectively ceramic, pvc, and no dielectric layer, for a fixed pulse rate of 100 pps, 15 1/min now rate and for a relatively short length of the reactor of 157 mm     

气液滑动弧放电降解4-氯酚溶液的研究

用10kV高压产生直接与废水接触的气液滑动弧放电非平衡等离子体降解水中4-氯酚。实验研究表明:由于液滴的存在改变了电极间的介电常数和局部电场,气液滑动弧放电的电压波形比纯气流滑动弧放电更加不规则,起弧电压更低:从溶液COD降解效果来看,当不锈钢作为电极材料时, 4-氯酚降解效果比铝和铜电极材料好;当空气作为载气时,经过76min的等离子体处理,溶液的COD值由1679.2mg／L降到190mg／L,相当于COD降解率为88．68％;增大气液混合比能够提高4-氯酚的降解效果;同时检测了H2O2和O3的生成量和溶液pH、电导率的变化。     

线板脉冲放电对罗丹明B脱色的实验研究

为了提高脉冲放电对罗丹明B染料废水的脱色率η,采用线-板式脉冲放电反应器实验研究了脉冲电压Up、脉冲频率f、线板间距d、线线间距s、曝气量Q等对η的影响。研究表明,当Up为35kV、f为60Hz、d为8mm、s为5mm、Q为15L/h时,处理50min后,η达99.43%,溶液中总有机碳质量浓度ρ(TOC)由70mg/L降到17.3mg/L。最佳实验条件下,在放电反应器中投放Fenton试剂对罗丹明B废水进行联合处理,研究Fenton的投放量在放电过程中的作用及对脱色的影响,结果表明投放Fe2+的量为0.05mmol和H2O2的量为88.2mmol时能有效地发挥Fenton和脉冲放电低温等离子体的协同作用,提高了η,处理30min时η达99.87%。     

Diesel engine exhaust treatment with a pulsed streamer coronareactor equipped with reticulated vitreous carbon electrodes

Reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) has been shown to be useful for high-voltage and ground electrodes in gas-phase pulsed streamer corona reactors. RVC disks with large macroscopic porosity are placed perpendicular to the gas flow and the main axis of a cylindrical corona reactor. This electrode geometry produces streamers that propagate in the direction of the gas flow and are uniformly distributed in the cross section of the reactor. This highly electrically conductive material has large macroscopic porosity, thus allowing for gas flow through the electrodes with low pressure drop. Previous work has considered the effects of RVC electrodes on NO/NO_x removal from various test gases containing air, water vapor, and ethylene. The present studies show removal of NO/NO_x from the exhaust of a 5 kW diesel engine. Under cold reactor operating conditions (12°C) 81% NO and 53% NO_x could be removed at an energy yield of 4.8 g/kWh (based on NO). Furthermore, experiments with the combination of TiO₂ or γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst particles placed in the region between the high-voltage and ground electrode disks gave NO removal at energy yields of 29 g/kWh and 9 g/kWh, respectively, at about 100°C, and significant fractions of the nitrogen were recovered as NO₃^- deposited on the catalyst surface. The RVC electrode system without catalysts was found to lead to efficient ozone production (55-70 g/kWh) in dry air at room temperature     

Hydrogen generation from water, methane, and methanol with nonthermal plasma

Hydrogen generation from water, methane, and methanol was investigated with different types of nonthermal plasma reactors under different conditions. With a ferroelectric packed-bed reactor in N/sub 2/, hydrogen gas yield decreased in the order: methanol > methane > water. A similar trend was observed with a silent discharge plasma reactor, but H/sub 2/ yields were much lower with the latter reactor. At fixed specific energy densities, higher H/sub 2/ yields were obtained at higher gas flow rates in the reactions of the above substrates. The initial water concentration was optimized at ca. 2.0% to obtain the highest rate for H/sub 2/ formation. Under the same conditions, H/sub 2/ yield decreased in the order: Ar>N/sub 2/>air/spl ap/O/sub 2/. The ferroelectric packed-bed reactor could be operated continuously for 10 h without any decrease in its performance in the H/sub 2/ generation from water.     

Streamer discharges in liquids and their applications

Industrial applications using pulsed power technologies have been developed in many fields. One of them is the treatment of exhaust gas by using uniformly produced streamer discharges. Streamer discharges in liquid also generate extremely high electric fields at the tip of streamers, as well as high energy electrons, ozone, other chemically active species, ultraviolet rays and shock waves. All of these may be utilized to sterilize microorganisms and to decompose molecules and materials. Large-volume streamer discharges in water have been produced in order to realize industrial applications. A wire to plane electrode configuration has been used. The discharge in water shows similar optical radiation to that in an atmospheric gas as provided by evidence from still photographs. The influence of polarity, conductivity, electrode geometry and hydrostatic pressure on the streamers in liquid, the mechanism of streamer discharges and possible industrial applications of streamers in liquids, are discussed in the present work     

气液两相放电水处理技术及装置综合评述

为推进放电废水处理工业化的进程,对气液两相废水处理技术及装置的发展进行了评述。各种技术措施均有各自的特点,向上喷雾使废水两次参与放电反应;静电雾化使雾滴更小,增大总反应表面积且表面带电;对流和鼓风使水气更好混合后通过介质阻挡放电,构成塔式工业化处理装置;微孔注氧放电产生氧、羟基,提高氧化降解能力;氧气以流注放电形式渗出进入苯酚溶液区,避免了电极腐蚀;旋转运动的中空针电极送氧使气液充分融合,用于高微生物含量废水处理;比较放电降解水中苯酚的方法可知:DC+AC水面气中电晕放电容易实现且不存在电极水中腐蚀问题;混合串联或并联放电反应器比单液相方式有更高的苯酚降解效率;串联式有更多活性基进入液相,所以移出率稍高。能量、尺寸和持续率等是衡量气液两相流注放电的重要指标。     

Power frequency dependence of space charge behavior and partial discharge characteristics in SF/sub 6/ gas

The partial discharge (PD) and breakdown (BD) characteristics in SF/sub 6/ gas under commercial and higher frequency (/spl sim/600 Hz) ac voltage applications were investigated using high-speed electrical and optical measuring techniques with phase gate control method. Experimental results revealed that 400 Hz BD voltage at a certain gas pressure range was higher than that for 60 Hz and PD characteristics especially at the positive PD inception phase were much influenced by the applied power frequency. From these results, we clarified the dependence of space charge behavior on the applied power frequency and discussed the physical mechanism of PD and BD in SF/sub 6/ gas with consideration of the space charge behavior generated by PD in the previous half cycle of ac voltage.     

特高压输变电系统中GIS气体放电特性

为掌握特高压输变电系统中GIS气体的放电特性,初步分析了SF6及SF6/N2混合气体在特高压GIS系统中的放电特性,特别是放电特性的非线性程度,以及放电特性和电场强度之间的关系。分析结果表明,间隙放电电压>1800kV时,雷电冲击过电压和操作过电压会出现非线性,特别是操作过电压,当电压>2000kV时非线性更加明显,GIS电气强度不再随气体压力增加而线性增加,电气强度增加趋于饱和。SF6/N2混合气体中SF6含量较低时,混合气体的液化温度降低,使GIS在较高气体压力下适用于高寒地区。SF6/N2混合气体还能降低纯SF6气体放电电压对电场不均匀、金属颗粒及电极表面粗糙度等的敏感性,具有良好的应用前景。     

Aqueous Phenol Decomposition by Pulsed Discharges on the Water Surface

Decomposition of environmental contaminants such as phenol contained in water was investigated using a pulsed high-voltage gas-phase discharge on the water surface (water surface plasma). The discharge consists of streamer channels that spread out over the water surface. Discharge characteristics were dependent upon the distance between the needle-tip electrode and the water surface, the shape of the submerged ground electrode, and the composition of the gas enveloping the electrode. When the electrode–water distance was decreased, the discharge mode changed from corona to streamer, and then, finally, to a water surface discharge when the distance was small. Argon gas was the most effective enveloping gas for decomposing phenol in water (compared to oxygen or air). When the gas flow rate was increased to carry away the active species formed in the gas phase; the decomposition rate did not change in argon, but decreased in oxygen. The shape of the submerged ground electrode influenced the discharge state and the phenol decomposition rate. A ring-shaped ground electrode was more effective for decomposition of phenol than straight or semicircular shapes. Experiments were performed to identify the mechanism(s) responsible for the decomposition of organic materials in water.      

Particle-in-cell simulations on a single gap gas discharge

In order to help understand the mechanisms of gas discharges at a low pressure and high voltage, simulations on the initial phase of a single gap gas discharge in the case of atomic hydrogen has been carried out, based on the models of the explosive electron emission and neutral gas ionization, by using the self-consistent, 2-1/2 dimensional particle-in-cell W MAGIC 2DT code. The motion patterns of the charged particles during the initial process of the gas discharge are obtained at a hydrogen pressure of 1.33/spl times/10/sup -2/ Pa and an applied voltage of 10 kV. The profiles of phase space, the statistic histograms of velocities for the charged particles in the gap, the net charge density along the symmetrical axis direction, as well as the effects of applied voltage in the range of 10-40 kV and gas species (e.g. H/sub 2/, N/sub 2/ and Ar) on the characteristics of gas discharges are presented. Results also show that some simulations are in good accordance with existing experimental data.     

交流电压下C4F7N/CO2混合气体中线性金属微粒放电特性研究

为了研究环保型气体C4F7N的绝缘性能,本文开展了绝缘子表面线性金属微粒在C4F7N/CO2混合气体下的放电特性实验并结合仿真和理论对实验结果进行了分析。研究结果表明,在0.1MPa气压条件下,C4F7N/CO2混合气体中,绝缘子表面附有金属微粒时,闪络电压会随金属微粒和接地电极之间距离的增加而先增大后减小。分析上述原因,线性金属微粒端部电晕放电产生的空间电荷削弱了空间电场的畸变程度;同时,C4F7N/CO2混合气体分解产生的CF3CN分子是一种高电气强度的物质,也会促使闪络电压升高。绝缘子倾角的变化对C4F7N/CO2混合气体闪络电压的影响要大于对SF6气体闪络电压的影响。绝缘子倾角为90度条件下,C4F7N/CO2混合气体下的闪络为SF6气体下闪络电压的0.96倍,两种气体绝缘性能相当。但C4F7N/CO2混合气体对不均匀电场的敏感性要高于SF6气体,电场不均匀系数由1变化到1.84时,C4F7N/CO2混合气体条件下闪络电压降低约26%。