一种新的直扩超宽带系统快速同步方案

本文提出了一种新的基于能量窗的直扩超宽带系统码片同步方法，通过设计具有重复特性的码来提高能量窗的信噪比，从向可以较为准确地获得码片同步，并将窗口中的信息作为接收端本地信号与接收信号进行匹配接收，这样可以存未知接收信号相位的情况下有效地接收多径能量，提高接收信噪比。在完成码片同步之后再进一步进行PN码的相位同步，这里以线性搜索为例分析得到超宽带信号总的平均同步时间，并与现有的超宽带同步方案进行了比较，新方案将信号捕获分成两部分完成，大大降低了超宽带信号捕获时间。     

DSA: a distributed sample-based fast DS/CDMA acquisition technique

We propose a new acquisition scheme called distributed sample acquisition (DSA) which is applicable to the direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS/CDMA) system with a long-period pseudonoise (PN) sequence. The proposed scheme lays its foundations on an auxiliary PN sequence called the igniter sequence, which has relatively short period, and the distributed sample scrambling (DSS) technique previously developed for the asynchronous transfer mode cell transmission. In the DSA scheme, acquisition is done in three steps. First, the igniter sequence is synchronized, which normally takes a very short time due to its short period. Second, the state samples of the long-period PN sequence generator in the transmitter, which are conveyed to the receiver over the igniter sequence stream, are determined out of the synchronized igniter sequence. Third, the long-period PN sequence is synchronized by applying the state samples to the DSS receiver. Since the operation of each step takes a very short time, the overall acquisition is done very quickly. We analyze the acquisition time performance of the proposed scheme by taking the transform domain approach, confirming that the resulting mean acquisition time is dramatically reduced. If compared with the existing serial-search scheme, the DSA scheme can perform acquisition about 100 times faster when the period of the PN sequence is 2¹⁵-1. None the less, the additional circuit complexity for its implementation is very small     

A closed-loop coherent PN acquisition system with a pre-loopestimator

We propose a closed-loop system with a pre-loop code phase estimator (PLE) for acquisition of the pseudonoise (PN) signal in direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems. It consists of two major parts: a PLE and a closed-loop acquisition subsystem. The system uses an auxiliary signal, as opposed to the PN signal itself, to correlate with the incoming signal. The PLE uses the correlation result to obtain an estimate of the incoming code phase. Then, starting with this initial estimate, the closed-loop subsystem will acquire the code phase of the incoming PN signal. With coherent carrier demodulation, mean and variance of the acquisition time of the proposed scheme are obtained and compared to those of the conventional serial-search acquisition receiver and the closed-loop system without the pre-loop estimator. Results show that, with proper choices of parameters, the proposed system acquires the PN phase significantly faster than the other two systems     

FFT辅助的部分相关码捕获技术的实现

FFT辅助的部分相关伪码快捕方法将沿码相位-多普勒频率的二维搜索简化为沿码相位的一维搜索,克服了多普勒频率的影响,大大缩短了PN码捕获时间,适用于中低轨卫星.文中介绍了该方法的基本原理、性能分析和实现方案.实验结果表明,在大多普勒频偏下FFT辅助的部分相关码捕获方法是一种性能优良的伪码捕获方法.     

Rapid acquisition of PN signals for DS/SS systems using a phaseestimator

We propose a new scheme for rapid acquisition of PN signals in direct-sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) systems by estimating the phase of the received PN signal with the use of an auxiliary signal. The auxiliary signal can be generated by a sum of the phase shifted PN signals. The phase of the incoming PN signal is estimated using the properties of cross correlation between the PN signal and the auxiliary signal. True phase alignment is detected using a conventional serial search scheme, where the initial phase of the local PN generators is set to a value obtained by the phase estimator. The performance of the proposed acquisition scheme is analytically evaluated in terms of the mean acquisition time. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme can achieve acquisition at least two times faster than the conventional scheme in the nominal operating condition     

Acquisition of m-sequences using recursive soft sequential estimation

A novel sequential estimation method is proposed for the initial synchronization of pseudonoise (PN) signals derived from m-sequences. This sequential estimation method is designed based on the principle of recursive soft-in/soft-out (SISO) decoding, and we refer to it as the recursive soft sequential estimation (RSSE) acquisition scheme. The RSSE acquisition scheme exhibits a complexity similar to that of a conventional m-sequence generator, which increases only linearly with the number of stages in the m-sequence generator. Our simulation results also show that the acquisition time of the proposed RSSE acquisition scheme is also linearly dependent on the number of stages in the m-sequence generator. Owing to the above properties, the employment of the proposed RSSE acquisition scheme is beneficial for the acquisition of long m-sequences.     

Performance analysis of an all-digital BPSK direct-sequencespread-spectrum IF receiver architecture

A VLSI architecture for an all-digital binary phase shift keying (BPSK) direct-sequence (DS) spread spectrum (SS) intermediate frequency (IF) receiver is presented, and an in-depth performance analysis is given. The all-digital architecture incorporates a Costas loop for carrier recovery and a delay-locked loop for clock recovery. For the pseudorandom noise (PN) acquisition block, a robust energy detection scheme is proposed to reduce false PN locks over a broad range of signal-to-noise ratios. The proposed architecture is intended for use in the 902-928 MHz unlicensed spread spectrum radio band. A 100 kbs information rate and a 12.7 Mchips/second PN code rate are assumed. The IF center frequency is 12.7 MHz and the IF sampling rate is 50.8 Msamples/second, which is the Nyquist rate for the 25.4 MHz bandwidth signal. Finite wordlength effects have been simulated to optimize the architecture, thereby minimizing the chip area, and results of the finite wordlength simulations demonstrate that the chip architecture achieves a bit error rate performance within 1 dB of theory in an additive white Gaussian noise channel     

A Robust and Adaptive Carrier Recovery Method for Chinese DTTB Receiver

This paper presents a robust and adaptive carrier recovery method for Chinese digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DTTB) system in which pilot signal and pseudonoise (PN) sequence are adopted to help carrier recovery. The conventional methods utilize pilot or PN sequence respectively. In this paper, we try to combine the advantage of each method together and propose a well designed state machine to control system state automatically. Moreover, as for using PN sequence, a fine PN tracking state is introduced to ensure the robustness of the proposed method. Software simulations show that the proposed method can provide large acquisition range, short acquisition time and small tracking jitter in severely distorted static and dynamic channels. Lab tests and field trials also prove its good performance in real propagation environments.     

卫星信道下低速扩频信号的快速同步

提出一种适合于卫星信道下低速扩频信号的快速同步方案。在高速时钟的驱动下,利用抽头数远小于扩频码长的匹配滤波器实现扩频信号的快速捕获;扩频码同步后先利用部分相关值对大载波频差进行初步估计,估计范围可接近符号率;然后再利用全相关值对剩余小频差进行精确的估计;最后利用锁相环实现载波的跟踪。计算结果和仿真结果表明,该方案是切实可行的。     

Adaptive acquisition of PN sequences for DSSS communications

Since the received signal levels in mobile communications are unknown and the location is varying, acquisition schemes for pseudonoise (PN) sequences with fixed thresholds cannot provide satisfactory performance. This fixed-threshold scheme may cause too many false alarms or result in a low detection probability for a selected threshold value. We present an adaptive acquisition scheme for PN sequences which estimate the background power level, multiply it with a threshold coefficient to keep the false alarms constant, and use it as a threshold     

Adaptive PN code acquisition using instantaneous power-scaled detection threshold under Rayleigh fading and pulsed Gaussian noise jamming

An adaptive serial search pseudonoise (PN) code acquisition scheme is proposed, in which the detection threshold is scaled by the instantaneous received power measured prior to PN code correlation. We observe that the proposed scheme achieves significantly improved mean acquisition times compared to the conventional nonadaptive schemes under Rayleigh fading and pulsed Gaussian noise jamming. Furthermore, the proposed scheme is shown to be optimum under pulsed Gaussian noise jamming in the sense that it forces the worst case jamming fraction to unity.     

PN code acquisition for DS-CDMA systems employing smart antennas .II

For pt. I see IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. A smart antenna, i.e., a blind adaptive antenna array, has attracted much attention to improve the capacity of a future code-division multiple-access wireless communications system. It has been demonstrated that there is significant improvement in data demodulation through lab simulations and field experiments by employing a smart antenna of multiple elements. However, only one element is used for the pseudonoise (PN) code acquisition process, which is a coarse PN code synchronization prior to data demodulation. This paper proposes a simple and practical PN code acquisition scheme, which employs all elements in the smart antenna. Also, this paper uses an adaptive threshold for the PN code acquisition. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can significantly improve the PN code acquisition performance, e.g., the PN code acquisition time will be half as long by employing five elements rather than the single element at a given bit-energy-to-interference power spectral density ratio.     

PN acquisition for DS/SS using a preloop parallel binary search phase estimator and a closed-loop selective search subsystem

An acquisition method of long pseudo-noise (PN) sequences in direct-sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) systems is presented. The concurrent cross correlation of locally generated auxiliary signals with the incoming PN sequence produces binary search estimates leading to an initial approximation of the input signal's PN offset. The PN receiver then uses a closed-loop subsystem to determine the true offset of the incoming PN signal. New phase estimates are generated from successive corrections of likely errors in the binary search. The acquisition scheme's average acquisition time and its variance are analytically determined. Simulation results show that the proposed acquisition scheme is faster than the conventional serial receiver. A hybrid serial/parallel PN acquisition receiver is used for comparing the acquisition performance given similar hardware complexity. The hybrid receiver used the same number of parallel correlators as used in the proposed receiver's input phase estimator. Simulation results show that the proposed system provides an improved performance under normal operating conditions.     

数字差动匹配滤波器技术在PN码捕获系统中的应用

重点介绍了数字差动匹配滤波器(DDMF)的结构和原理，提出了一种采用DDMF进行PN捕获的方案。研究结果表明：此方案能实现快速捕获，与传统的数字匹配滤波器(CDMF)相比能节约硬件资源。     

基于DS扩频信号的自适应门限双积分滑动相关捕获算法

提出了一种基于直接序列扩频信号的双积分滑动相关捕获算法,同时使用两组相关器联合进行码相位的捕获,捕获的门限采用CAFR(常虚警率)自适应控制方式。文中给出了这个捕获方案的数学模型,并进行了具体分析。实验表明,利用FPGA实现这种捕获算法,不仅具有较高的性价比,而且衡量PN码捕获的最关键指标——平均捕获时间也大大少于常规捕获方法。     

Acquisition of Pseudonoise Signals by Recursion-Aided Sequential Estimation

An improved method of acquisition of pseudonoise signals (RARASE) is described and analyzed. This method is an outgrowth of the RASE method, rapid acquisition by sequential estimation. In the new method, the known recursion relation of the PN signal is used to determine if a short estimate of the state of the received PN signal is probably correct and if, consequently, an attempt should be made to track with that estimate. A high proportion of the incorrect initial state estimates can be discarded with relatively simple logic. Analyses are provided for a range of implementations from the simplest, a single 3-input modulo-2 gate, to multiple logic gates and for both a simple in-lock detector and a sequential detector. Significant improvement in acquisition time is shown for long PN signals and for the signal-to-noise range of -13 dB to +3 dB. Acquisition time reduction by a factor of 7.5 is calculated for a PN signal of length2^{15}-1bits compared to the sequential estimation (RASE) method using a simple in-lock detector. Reduction by factors of 1.5 to 3.5 is calculated using the sequential detector.     

一种快速的PN码同步捕获方法

针对直扩系统中长PN码同步捕获速度慢的问题,利用推导的串接短PN码与长PN码具有相似相关性的结论,对直扩系统中PN码同步捕获的并行匹配滤波捕获方法进行改进,得到了简单可行的串并结合捕获方法。然后,结合一个周期内PN码相关值,采用迭代的方式,选取简单、实用的自适应门限,实现了突发通信中PN码的快速同步捕获。采用该自适应门限的捕获方法无需估计噪声,计算量小。仿真实验表明所提方法捕获概率高,抗噪性能强。     

扩频通信系统中一种改进的快速编码捕捉方法

针对扩频通信系统中传统的滑动相关捕捉法对于较长的刚码序列编码捕捉时间较长的问题，提出了一种改进的编码捕捉方法，该方法采用三条相同支路同时搜索的方式来实现PN码的快速捕捉，不仅不受PN码长度限制，而且电路实现简单，可以有效的降低虚警概率。理论分析和仿真实验均表明：提出的改进方法大大缩短了系统的捕捉时间。     

低信噪比下超长PN码的快速捕获技术

直扩系统中,为了硬件实现上的简便,PN码的捕获一般都采用串行搜索的方法。但当PN码很长时,由于要搜索的相位点很多,串行搜索法将使捕获时间过长。并且当信噪比较低时,会有较高的虚警概率。这些都会使系统的捕获性能下降。文献[6]针对长码提出了分布采样的快速捕获方案(DSA)。本文就此提出了改进,利用积累使之能够适应低达-50dB的低信噪比环境。仿真结果表明,改进后的算法改善了原算法在极低信噪比下的性能,降低了平均捕获时间。     

智能天线辅助的PN 码同步捕获新方法研究

为有效解决强干扰环境下长PN 码的同步捕获问题,研究了基于自适应滤波器的PN 码同步捕获方法,给出了基于自适应滤波器权矢量范数的同步捕获判决准则,与传统的基于均方误差的判决相比,这种方法可以大幅提高判决的正确概率。在此基础上,研究了智能天线权值与PN 码同步联合捕获算法,并对其性能进行了计算机仿真验证,结果表明这种空时联合的捕获算法可以有效实现低SINR 环境下的长PN 码捕获。