新能源汽车电池架空心铝型材挤压模设计

针对新能源汽车电池架空心铝型材,设计分流挤压模,结合有限元模拟技术获得铝型材挤压过程中铝合金的流动速度分布情况。分析模拟得到的数据,针对铝合金挤出速度的不均匀性,对模具的芯模结构提出改进方案,改进后的模拟结果显示型材出口处金属流速均匀,试模试验与有限元模拟结果相符,为相关型材的模具结构设计和改进提供了指导。     

大宽厚比大尺寸空心铝型材的模具优化设计

大宽厚比大尺寸空心铝型材模具结构复杂,针对传统单纯依赖设计者的经验的模具设计方法周期长成本高的问题,提出采用任意拉格朗日欧拉算法的HyperXtrude软件对一种大宽厚比大尺寸空心铝型材初始模具的挤压过程进行了数值模拟,通过型材模具出口速度场和变形场的分析,提出了采用调整导流孔、增设阻流坎、开设引流槽的方法对金属的流动情况进行粗调,然后通过调整工作带长度的方法对金属流速进行细调的模具优化方法,使金属在模具内的流动更加均匀顺畅,型材的截面出口速度更加均匀,变形量显著减小。对比了模具优化前后的型材出口的温度场和应力场,发现优化后型材出口温度和应力有所减小,且分布更加均匀。按照仿真模具和工艺参数在90 MN挤压机上进行验证,结果基本和仿真效果一致,型材的质量符合要求。     

分流组合模挤压铝合金口琴管的数值模拟

采用刚粘塑性有限元法,在DEFORM-3D有限元商业软件上成功实现了铝合金口琴管分流组合模挤压过程的三维数值模拟,获得了分流组合模挤压过程中材料的流动规律,挤压力、应力场、应变场和温度场的分布,以及模具出口处金属流速的分布情况。通过数值模拟发现,型材出口流速不均匀,造成端面不齐,对此,提出了模具修改方案,通过调节模具工作带的长度,实现了型材挤压出口流速均匀的目的,从而保障了型材的产品质量。模拟结果为模具的优化设计及工艺参数的选取提供了理论参考。     

铝合金空心型材挤压截面内凹变形有限元分析及模具结构优化设计

截面变形是复杂空心型材挤压过程中经常遇到的难题,实际生产中需通过反复试模、修模才能得到合格的产品。针对6063铝合金空心型材截面内凹问题,采用数值模拟方法获得了挤压过程中不同方向上的金属流速及模具焊合室内不同高度的压力分布,分析与讨论了产生缺陷的原因,并优化了模具结构。模拟仿真结果表明,添加阻流块后挤压过程中型材不同位置和不同方向上的流动速度更加均匀,挤出型材向内凹的现象得到改善。实测结果显示,采用改进后的模具结构,挤压型材最大内凹量减小为0.15 mm,可以满足实际应用要求。     

工艺参数对铝型材挤压变形规律的影响

通过引进一个反映金属流速不均衡性的参数———流速均方差 ,有效地控制型材挤压成形时金属流动的不均匀性。采用有限变形弹塑性有限元方法 ,对不同挤压参数 (挤压比、摩擦因子 )下铝型材挤压过程进行了数值模拟研究 ,获得了挤压压力、流速均方差和型材件内部应力应变场随挤压参数变化的规律 ,为铝型材挤压工艺参数优化提供了理论参考。     

防撞梁用空心铝型材挤压模设计及结构改进

以防撞梁空心铝型材为研究对象,根据相关设计标准设计挤压模,利用数值模拟技术获得连续挤压过程中金属流动速度分布情况以及型材截面新旧坯料的变化过程,计算型材横向焊缝的长度,根据模拟结果,针对金属流动速度的不合理性,对分流桥、焊合室以及工作带等结构进行改进。改进后,型材出口处金属流速均匀,横向焊缝长度降低,试模试验与数值模拟结果吻合,为模具结构的设计和改进提供了指导。     

镁合金薄壁空心型材挤压壁厚减薄问题的有限元分析及解决方案

对镁合金薄壁空心型材在实际生产过程中出现壁厚减薄的缺陷,采用数值模拟方法进行研究,分析了挤压过程中金属流速和压力分布情况,模拟结果表明,焊合室内压力不均及出模口处沿挤压方向金属流动速度差异,是导致型材壁厚减薄的主要原因,且模拟得到的壁厚值与实际测量值基本吻合。提出了控制型材壁厚的改进方案,对型材挤压模具结构进行改进,即增加焊合室高度和修改分流孔尺寸。其中修改分流孔尺寸的方案能得到壁厚较均匀的型材,是可行的方案。研究结果表明,有限元方法对复杂型材挤压生产中挤压模具和挤压工艺的优化有直接的指导意义。     

空心管坯挤制铝型材的数值模拟和实验分析

提出空心管坯挤压型材的方法,设计了满足空心管坯生产要求的新型挤压杆。在此基础上应用HyperXtrude有限元软件,分别对实心棒料和空心管坯挤制铝合金型材进行了稳态的模拟分析,获得了挤压力、应变场以及型材出口处金属的流速分布情况。通过分析比较后发现:采用空心管坯挤制铝合金型材时,金属流动平缓,模具前端无死区形成,型材出口处金属流速更为均匀,速度均方差值减小了87.85%,挤压力降低了42.13%,模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合。     

多孔模焊合室结构对型材挤压成形过程的影响

以矩形型材为例,采用有限元软件HyperXtrude对不同焊合室结构的多孔挤压模在稳定挤压过程中的速度场、温度场和应力场进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明,增加焊合室级数可以有效地改善金属流动均匀性、提高型材焊缝质量、降低下模应力和变形量。为了进一步研究焊合室高度对金属流动均匀性的影响,当下模带有三级焊合结构时,通过分别改变各级焊合深度发现:各级深度相同时金属流动最为均匀,前进型模具次之,后退型模具最差。     

CPU散热片挤压过程的数值模拟及模具优化

采用刚粘塑性有限元法,利用Deform-3D有限元软件实现了铝合金CPU散热片导流模挤压过程的数值模拟。获得了挤压过程中材料的流动规律、挤压力、模具应力以及模具出口处流速的分布。通过数值模拟发现,型材出口流速很不均匀,远离型材中心的散热片齿部流速过慢。通过对导流模结构的调节,使得型材出口流速基本均匀,模具应力降低,提高了模具的使用寿命。模拟结果为导流模优化设计提供了依据。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。