模型姿态按给定成形方向定向定位方法

在金属板材数控渐进成形中模型姿态决定着成形半锥角,因而对成形件的厚度减薄率和分布具有较大的影响。为了按照能使板材件厚度均匀化的最佳方向或防止某一局部区域板材减薄量过大的方向成形,需要将待成形件CAD模型通过模型变换的方法,按照所希望的成形方向重新定向和定位。提出待成形件CAD模型的三维变换算法和定位算法,使用户能够根据自己所希望的方向进行成形加工。     

五轴数控渐进成形中挤压工具姿态的确定

在基于STL模型的五轴数控渐进成形中,为了避免三角面片边界处挤压工具的姿态发生突变现象,提出一种挤压工具姿态确定方法。首先,根据挤压工具头中心点与三角面片的位置关系,将工具头中心点分为位于三角面片顶点、三角面片边和三角面片内部3种类型;然后,对不同类型的工具头中心点,分别采用不同的距离加权算法,计算工具头中心点的法向量;最后,根据工具头中心点的法向量和挤压工具轴相对于工具头中心点法向量的引导角和倾斜角,确定挤压工具姿态。采用VC++和OPENGL完成算法的系统实现。算法应用实例表明,所确定的挤压工具姿态变化平缓,在三角面片的边界处,没有发生挤压工具姿态突变现象,软件运行稳定可靠。     

基于STL模型的渐进成形支撑体的离散化设计

板料数控渐进成形中不同成形角位置的厚度不同,简单利用零件曲面或者等距偏置无法保证得到工具头与支撑体的合理间隙。利用渐进成形厚度减薄余弦定理δ=δ0cosθ,将加工件的表面离散为STL模型,提取STL各三角面片顶点坐标,x、y坐标保持不变,z坐标在Z轴负向偏置一个原始板材厚度,偏置后保持三角片拓扑关系不变,在此基础上生成支撑体表面模型。该方法依据零件模型不同成形角部位的厚度变化规律,可以得到合理的加工间隙。选择球冠型零件进行实验,获得了较好的加工件表面质量,对成形零件变形区厚度进行了测量,并对所得数据进行分析。     

数控渐进成形板料尺寸自动确定方法研究

在板材数控渐进成形中,为满足节省材料、降低成形加工载荷的要求,提出了基于STL(Sterolithography)模型的数控渐进成形板料尺寸自动确定方法。利用板材件底面边界多边形的最小矩形包围盒确定了板料的长、宽;根据板材件厚度的正弦减薄规律确定了板料的厚度,并生成了板材件厚度分布颜色云图。通过对不同形状的板材件比较分析表明,本方法较传统方法能够节省板料9.4%~23.5%。基于有限元分析的数字模拟结果表明,采用本方法确定的板料尺寸完全可以加工成形出预期的板材件。     

基于 ＵＧ 的五轴数控渐进成形轨迹生成研究

针对金属板材五轴数控渐进成形轨迹生成的需求,研究了基于UG的五轴数控渐进成形轨迹生成方法.为使挤压工具能够按照用户所希望的方向挤压板材,给出了五轴数控渐进成形中基于前倾角和侧倾角的挤压工具姿态定义方法.研究了基于等残留高度的五轴不等层间距等高线轨迹生成方法以及交错运动轨迹生成方法,并给出了五轴数控渐进成形加工轨迹应用实例仿真.     

数控渐进成形中挤压方向对钣金件厚度均匀化影响

针对数控渐进成形中钣金件厚度不均匀的问题,提出一种新的挤压方向与水平面成一定角度的倾斜挤压成形方式。该方法采用根据成形角优化的倾斜轨迹,并沿着垂直于该倾斜轨迹的方向挤压板材。而传统方法多采用挤压工具沿Z轴方向的竖直挤压成形方式。采用数值模拟和实际成形实验相结合,对比分析了倾斜挤压方式和竖直挤压方式对成形件厚度均匀化的影响。数值模拟结果表明:竖直挤压时板材件厚度差为0.4011 mm,倾斜挤压时板材件厚度差为0.3883 mm,即倾斜挤压时板材件厚度差较竖直挤压时小,说明倾斜挤压时板材件厚度更均匀一些。成形实验结果也表明:竖直挤压时板材件厚度标准差为0.099 mm,倾斜挤压时板材件厚度标准差为0.0933 mm,因此,倾斜挤压成形较竖直挤压成形能够使板材件厚度分布更均匀。     

面向板料姿态多方位调整式数控渐进成形的成形轨迹生成

为了解决大成形角板材件的数控渐进成形问题,提出一种面向板料姿态多方位调整的成形轨迹的生成方法。研究出通过板料姿态面与刀位面求交方式生成出能够调整板料姿态面的成形轨迹生成算法,并利用C++语言在Windows 7环境下完成了算法实现,并给出了算法应用实例。算法应用实例表明,该算法能够生成出可应用于板料姿态多方位调整的成形轨迹。最后,采用实际成形实验,对所提板料姿态多方位调整的成形轨迹生成算法进行了验证和评估。实验结果表明,该成形轨迹在数控渐进成形中能够多方位调整板料姿态,使得包含有大成形角的板材件能够顺利成形,最大厚度为0. 872 mm、最小厚度为0. 204 mm、平均厚度为0. 729 mm。     

基于冲压与数控渐进成形的复合成形

针对冲压工艺难以成形形状复杂板材件、冲压模具难以制造或加工成本高以及单独采用数控渐进成形加工效率低的问题,提出基于冲压工艺与数控渐进成形工艺相结合的复合成形方法,并给出了基于冲压与数控渐进成形的复合成形的数值模拟方法。采用冲压成形、数控渐进成形和复合成形3种成形方式,以有限元分析软件数值模拟分析同一形状板材件,对比分析数值模拟后的板材件的轮廓尺寸精度与厚度分布。结果可知,采用复合成形得到的板材件轮廓尺寸精度与厚度分布能够满足实际应用,所提出的复合成形方法具有可应用性。     

双凸板材件的数控渐进成形研究

针对数控渐进反向成形中无法直接成形加工双凸板材件的问题,提出了基于双面挤压的双凸板材件数控渐进反向成形方法。该方法通过设计从正反两面可接近各形体的支撑模,并把板材用两个支撑模装夹,从正反两面挤压板材来实现双凸板材件成形。给出了双凸板材件的成形工艺方案和支撑模设计方法,研究了双凸板材件数控渐进反向成形过程数字模拟分析的方法并运用数值模拟分析了该方案的可行性,并且通过成形试验,完成了双凸板材件的制作。研究结果表明,基于双面挤压的数控渐进反向方法可应用于双凸板材件的制作。     

1060铝板圆台件凸模支撑渐进成形临界成形角的研究

基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA分析平台构建凸模支撑单道次渐进成形圆台件的有限元模型,利用数值模拟和实验方法研究凸模支撑渐进成形圆台件的壁厚均匀临界成形角。以高径比为0.5的圆台件为对象,研究不同圆台直径和原始坯料厚度的圆台件的临界成形角,分析了圆台直径和原始坯料厚度对临界成形角的影响。结果表明,随着圆台直径增大,其临界成形角逐渐减小;随着原始坯料厚度增大,其临界成形角逐渐增大。通过多元线性回归求解临界成形角关于原始坯料厚度和圆台直径的推算公式,经实验验证依据该公式可在一定范围内快速获得圆台临界成形角,为实际生产中获得壁厚分布均匀的制件的工艺设计提供依据。     

连续挤压变形力学模型与接触应力分布规律

在连续挤压技术研究的基础上,通过观测挤压轮槽金属的变形形貌,提出了“五分区”的连续挤压变形过程描述模型,构成了连续挤压轮沟槽变形区系统、完整、准确的表征。根据各分区的变形特点,利用塑性力学理论得出接触应力的解析表达式,讨论连续挤压变形区接触应力的分布特点与规律。通过深入分析,得出了个分区关键参数的设计准则与确定方法,探讨了提高挤压力的措施,最后通过与实验结果的比较验证了其工程应用价值。     

金属塑性成形中摩擦模型的研究进展

详细论述了当前有关塑性成形摩擦建模现状的几点研究展望。摩擦是塑性成形中一项重要且复杂的边界条件,直接影响成形过程。鉴于目前塑性成形摩擦模型的发展状况,将它们分为经典摩擦模型、基于粘附理论的摩擦模型、引入相对滑动速度的摩擦模型、考虑表面粗糙度的摩擦模型和基于专用测试装置的摩擦模型等五类进行总结,并对各模型的构成、特点和适用范围进行了较为详细的论述。经典摩擦模型由于经典理论的自身不足,很难准确描述塑性成形中的摩擦行为;粘附理论从微观层面更好地解释了摩擦现象,General摩擦模型改善了摩擦模型适用性,但植入有限元程序较为困难;反正切修正提高了摩擦模型的可植入性,IFUM摩擦模型较为真实地反映了相对滑动速度的影响,这类模型已经作为商业化软件中的可选模型;与基于粘附理论的摩擦模型相比,考虑表面粗糙度的摩擦模型更细致地描述了真实接触表面对摩擦的影响。     

等离子熔积成形热输入数学模型研究

研究金属零件熔积成形中的热输入有利于预测和避免熔积层中出现流淌和坍塌现象。由熔池最小热焓原理,推导一定工艺条件下的熔积热效率。结合Fuerschbach ＆ Knorovsky经验公式,建立了熔池尺寸和扫描速度与表征热输入的特征电流间的预测数学模型。实验结果表明,由模型估算的特征电流值与实验所采用的值相吻合。     

Validation of a modified material model for use with shell elements to improve the predictive accuracy of the thickness distribution in superplastic forming of sheet metals

The automotive industry has recently begun using the superplastic forming (SPF) process to fabricate complex aluminum and magnesium alloy panels that cannot be formed at room temperature due to insufficient formability. One of the manufacturing problems encountered during SPF is excessive thinning in the form of a localized neck; which can lead to fracture. Localized necking can be predicted with the use of continuum elements in finite element analysis (FEA); however, the use of these elements in simulating SPF of large automotive panels is computationally intensive and often computationally prohibitive due to convergence issues. This paper examines the use of a modified material model (developed by engineers at Livermore Software Technology Corporation (LSTC) that can be used with conventional Belytschko-Tsay shell elements. This model considers normal stresses during SPF, which is needed to predict necking locations. The paper reports the results on investigating means for improving computational efficiency with this new formulation (i.e. element size, mass scaling, and adaptive meshing) and compares the performance of the normal stress element formulation with that of Belytschko-Tsay shell element in simulating the SPF process. The findings indicate that the newly developed formulation can be used for predicting localized thinning under SPF conditions.     

板料成形中材料模型的研究进展

介绍了板料成形数值模拟中材料模型的研究进展。将材料模型的理论研究分为屈服准则、强化模型、流动法则、加卸载历史4个方面,并进行简要综述;对材料在循环加载条件下应力应变曲线的实验获取方法进行了探讨,重点介绍了板料压缩、三点弯曲实验确定材料反向加载应力应变曲线的原理和方法;对当前屈服准则、强化模型的研究热点和发展方向进行了分析。     

Analysis of the levelling process based upon an analytic forming model

Roller levelling is a complex forming process to minimize flatness imperfections and residual stresses by repeated forming of a sheet.At the Institute for Metal Forming and Metal Forming Machine Tools at the University of Hanover an analytic forming model is being developed which analyses the levelling process with sufficient precision in a shorter time than is possible with the finite element method (FEM).With this analytic forming model, the states of multiple forming under bending conditions during the levelling process can be investigated. The residual stresses and the residual bend of the sheet metal are calculated. Additionally, the forces acting on the rollers during levelling are determined. The controlling system assures setting of rollers automatically.     

微成形工艺数值模拟多晶体模型

从坯料的多晶体结构角度考虑自由表面影响构建多晶体模型。该模型中将坯料分为自由表面层、过渡层和内部层三部分。将自由表面层中的晶粒看作单晶体,通过引入晶体取向考虑晶体变形的各向异性,解释塑性变形的非均匀性;在过渡层中,考虑相邻晶粒的影响;在内部层中,将晶粒看作类似多晶体材料变形。使用建立的模型,采用MSC Superform软件模拟镦粗变形过程。模型分析结果表明,坯料塑性变形出现了流动应力的分散性和变形的非均匀性。计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,这说明建立的模型是有效的。     

A new theoretical model of material inhomogeneity for prediction of surface roughening in micro metal forming

For prediction and prevention of surface roughening in micro metal formings, a new model to represent material inhomogeneity and an original method to determine the material inhomogeneous parameters were proposed. A series of micro deep drawing were carried out by employing metal foils with thickness of 0.05 mm and average grain size of 16.7 μm. The validity of the proposed model and method were verified with respect to prediction of surface roughening in the tested micro deep drawings. It has become clear that the proposed model and method for predicting product accuracy in manufacturing medical and electrical micro parts.     

Development of an analytical 3D-simulation model of the levelling process

Sheet metal often shows shape defects, which is not complying with the increasing requirements for the quality of the products needed to satisfy the highest demands on finer tolerances. Due to the market's high requirements on the quality of products, new high-technology levelling machines were developed. The adjustment of these levellers is very complicated and a successful adjustment depends mainly on the experience of the line operator. As the computational power has developed over the past years, simulation becomes more important in the production process and is used in analysing the effects of leveller adjustments on the unflattened sheet metal. In this study, edge- and centre waves are investigated. In order to find a suitable adjustment of the leveller to reach a flat sheet metal, an analytical 3D simulation model has been developed using the Matlab programming environment. The sheet metal will be firstly analyzed and visualized before and after deformation. A user-friendly interface has been developed to enter the required parameters before starting the simulation. Different methods have been used to investigate the effect of the levelling process on the sheet metal and to calculate the remaining shape defects after levelling. The simulation results were validated by experiments and are represented in this paper.     

A geometrical model of the kinematics of incremental sheet forming for the prediction of membrane strains and sheet thickness

The sine law is a simple geometrical model for incremental sheet metal forming (ISF). It is based on the assumption that the deformation is a projection of the undeformed sheet onto the surface of the final part. The sine law provides approximations of sheet thinning for shear spinning and ISF at negligible computational cost, but as a plane strain model it can be applied only when plane strain deformation prevails.