共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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N. P. Katz D. C. Buse S. H. Budman S. Wing Venuti K. C. Fernandez C. Benoit 《Drug development and industrial pharmacy》2013,39(6):727-746
AbstractOne important factor in the abuse potential of an opioid product is the ease with which active drug can be extracted. There are currently no standards for testing or reporting extractability. This article describes the development of an Extractability Rating System for use by the pharmaceutical industry and regulators. Despite several limitations, this effort serves as a call for standardized testing and reporting so that products can be accurately rated, and should help establish goals for drug developers who wish to develop “abuse-resistant” opioid products. 相似文献
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Few studies have evaluated the impact of workplace substance abuse prevention programs on occupational injury, despite this being a justification for these programs. This paper estimates the effectiveness and benefit-cost ratio of a peer-based substance abuse prevention program at a U.S. transportation company, implemented in phases from 1988 to 1990. The program focuses on changing workplace attitudes toward on-the-job substance use in addition to training workers to recognize and intervene with coworkers who have a problem. The program was strengthened by federally mandated random drug and alcohol testing (implemented, respectively, in 1990 and 1994). With time-series analysis, we analyzed the association of monthly injury rates and costs with phased program implementation, controlling for industry injury trend. The combination of the peer-based program and testing was associated with an approximate one-third reduction in injury rate, avoiding an estimated $48 million in employer costs in 1999. That year, the peer-based program cost the company $35 and testing cost another $35 per employee. The program avoided an estimated $1850 in employer injury costs per employee in 1999, corresponding to a benefit-cost ratio of 26:1. The findings suggest that peer-based programs buttressed by random testing can be cost-effective in the workplace. 相似文献
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The aim of this paper is to present the development of a very specific ultra-high vacuum system for the space application PHARAO. In order to reach the specified pressure (2.6×10−8 Pa) during 3 years in a self-contained system, specific solutions have been developed. A calculation of partial pressures of different chemical species (typically hydrogen, rare gases and cesium) in the different areas of the vacuum tube has been computed. Experiments have been also performed in order to verify the possibility of using different kind of materials (outgassing rates of bulk and porous titanium, silicon carbide reinforced aluminum, graphite, etc.) and pumping systems such as getters and a specially developed ion pump. 相似文献
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This paper presents a feasibility study of an ejector cooling system (ECS) that utilizes a multi-function generator (MFG) to eliminate the mechanical pump. The MFG serves as both a pump and a vapor generator. The MFG is designed based on the pressure equilibration between high and low pressures through heating and cooling process. In this design, an ECS that contains no moving components and is entirely powered by heat can be practicable. A prototype using refrigerant R141b as working fluid was constructed and tested in the present study. The experimental results showed that the system coefficient of performance (COPo) was 0.218 and the cooling capacity was 0.786 kW at generating temperature (TG) 90 °C, condensing temperature (TC) 32.4 °C and evaporating temperature (TE) 8.2 °C. While taking into account the extra heat needed for the MFG operation, the total coefficient of performance (COPt) is 0.185. It is shown that a continuous operation for the generation of cooling effect in an ECS with MFG can be achieved. This cooling machine can be very reliable since there is no moving part. 相似文献
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Yasuhiro Hamada Tsutomu NagataHideki Kubota Takayuki OnoYoshiaki Hashimoto 《Cold Regions Science and Technology》2011,68(3):106-112
In this study, a system for the simple cooling of temporary spaces using ice was evaluated with the two cooling methods of natural and forced circulation. First, the predicted cooling capacity was calculated. The results indicated the suitability of the forced circulation type for buildings with high cooling loads and the natural circulation type for those with low cooling loads. The outcomes of preliminary experiments for verification of applicability to actual space cooling were also examined, and roughly confirmed the accuracy of the calculated cooling capacity. This system was actually introduced for space cooling at a real exhibition, and its performance was monitored. The results of the measurements taken indicated that it is capable of providing sufficient cooling capacity for temporary prefabricated buildings. 相似文献
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Si-Shen Feng Li Mu Bing-Hung Chen Daniel Pack 《Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications》2002,20(1-2):85-92
Paclitaxel (Taxol®) is one of the most effective anticancer drugs found from nature in recent decades, which can treat various cancers including ovarian, breast, brain, colon and lung cancer, and AIDS-related cancer. Due to its low aqueous solubility, adjuvants such as Cremophor EL, which causes serious side effects, have to be used in its administration. Our aim is to develop an alternative delivery system to achieve better therapeutic effects with minimum side effects. Paclitaxel-loaded nanospheres of biodegradable polymers were prepared by an improved solvent extraction/evaporation technique. Phospholipids, cholesterol and vitamins were used to replace traditional chemical emulsifiers to achieve high encapsulation efficiency (EE) and desired release rate of the drug. Nanospheres prepared under various conditions are characterized by the light scattering for size and size distribution, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the atomic force microscopy (AFM) for surface morphology; differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for the physical status of the drug within the polymeric matrix; the zeta-potential measurement for the surface charge properties; and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for the surface chemistry. In-vitro release kinetics were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Best design was pursued to develop a product for cancer chemotherapy. 相似文献
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A new procedure for automatic separation and preconcentration of 241Am and 239+240Pu from interfering matrixes using transuranide (TRU)-resin is proposed. Combination of the multisyringe flow injection analysis and multipumping flow system techniques with the TRU-resin allows carrying out the sampling treatment and separation in a short time using large sample volumes. Americium is eluted from the column with 4 mol L(-1) hydrochloric acid, and then plutonium is separated via on-column Pu(IV) reduction to Pu(III) with titanium(III) chloride. The corresponding alpha activities are measured off-line, with a relative standard deviation of 3% and a lower limit of detection of 0.004 Bq mL(-1), by using a multiplanchet low-background proportional counter. 相似文献
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This paper deals with the problem of joint production, setup and subcontracting control of unreliable manufacturing systems producing two product types. The production requires setups each time it switches from one product type to another. Subcontracting is an integral part of the decision-making process due to limited production capacity in existing facility. The objective is to propose an effective control policy for the considered system which simultaneously manages production, setup and subcontracting activities. The complexity of the problem lies in the interaction between internal manufacturing decisions and subcontracting that outsource a part of the production, in a dynamic and stochastic environment. An experimental optimisation approach is adopted to determine the optimal control parameters which minimise the average total cost. Extensive sensitivity analyses are performed to illustrate the robustness and the usefulness of the adopted approach. An in-depth study comparing five control policies across a wide range of system parameters is also conducted. Extended cases closer to reality are also investigated considering elements such as the preventive maintenance and the production of non-conforming products. The best control policy in terms of economic performance is then obtained. Valuable insights providing a better understanding of interactions involving production, setup, and subcontracting are discussed. 相似文献
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针对新建小区地板辐射采暖系统漏水事故,从施工图设计、安装施工、工程验收、采暖试运行到正式运行各个环节对事故进行全方面的分析研究。分析结果表明,地板辐射采暖系统对施工质量的要求很高,系统爆管、漏水的原因主要来自施工过程,按照《地面辐射供暖技术规程》标准选择的管材不存在漏水的问题,施工和验收是质量控制的重点工作。 相似文献
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Development of a magnetron sputtering system with an extraordinary strong magnetic field near the target 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We have developed a planar sputtering device that uses a melt-processed bulk superconductor to generate the magnetic field. The magnetic field that confines the plasma above the sputtering target is about 1.0 T, which is about 20 times larger than the field normally used for magnetron sputtering. Because of the large magnetic field, discharge at an Ar gas pressure as low as 10−3 Pa was possible. In this study, we used the ultra-strong-field sputtering technique for depositing Ga-doped ZnO which is attracting interest as a transparent electrode material. We also studied the effect of employing an auxiliary coil to tailor the magnetic field distribution and discuss how the discharge characteristic had changed. 相似文献
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This paper investigates the problem of ordering and pricing over a finite time planning horizon for an inventory system with
advance sales and spot sales. It is assumed that the planning horizon is divided into several sales cycles each of which is
divided into an advance sales period and a spot sales period. During the advance sales period, all customers are required
to make reservations for their orders and will receive them at the arrival time of the replenishment orders. In the case of
the spot sales periods, all customers receive their orders at the time of the purchase. In actual practice, since customers
with reservations may cancel their orders before receiving them, this paper considers this phenomenon and develops a continuous
time inventory model to deal with the proposed problem. This paper maximizes the total profit over a finite time planning
horizon by determining the optimal advance sales price, spot sales price, order size, and replenishment frequency. Analysis
of results shows that a simple algorithm can be developed to arrive at an optimal decision. 相似文献
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This paper describes the design and implementation of an Automated Process Planning and Production Activity Control system for a make-to-order business and presents a formal methodology for the development of integrated manufacturing systems. The research is based on concepts developed in a project undertaken in a job shop Case Study facility, producing precision-engineered work surfaces. Industry today is facing numerous challenges on many fronts demanding improved availability and dissemination of processing information. On the demand side there is increased pressure on the manufacturer to meet deadlines and provide the customer with a prompt, efficient service, with accurate lead-time information, and a product of the utmost quality, on time. On the supply side there is increasing competition, variety in the market, a diverse product range, varying processing times and extremely short lead times. The nature of today's business world means that real-time information is a requirement and not an extra. This paper documents the design, structure and implementation of an Automated Process Planning system, which completely automates and integrates Order Entry stages from order receipt to order release. The developed system, namely the Manufacturing Optimization Information System, or MOIS, relays information to and from shop floor operators via a Production Activity Control system at each of the manufacturing stations. The MOIS is part of ongoing research endeavouring to integrate order processing, Process Planning and production control activities with a combined dynamic scheduling and material optimization module in a holistic manufacturing optimization system. The two specific aims of this paper are very clear; first, to bridge the theory-practice gap between theoretical concepts and real industrial issues surrounding Process Planning and Production Control. Secondly, to outline the design, structure and evolution of an integrated Automatic Process Planning and Production Activity Control system, installed in a make-to-order enterprise. 相似文献
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Novel, controlled-release formulations for high drug load, highly water soluble compound niacin based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) matrices were developed and investigated. The effect of sodium bicarbonate as a modulator of swelling, erosion, and drug release and its impact on changes in the kinetics of axial swelling and gel strength were evaluated by textural analysis during dissolution study. The drug release rate from PEO-based matrices was faster and correlated with lower gel strength, greater water uptake, and greater matrix erosion. Slower release rate and greater release duration correlated significantly with greater matrix swelling with negligible matrix erosion for the HPMC-based matrix system. Inclusion of sodium bicarbonate in the polymeric matrix salted out the macromolecules and increased gel strength and gel viscosity, especially in the vicinity of the swelling fronts. An in vivo study in human subjects after administration of the formulations and a commercial product exhibited similar plasma concentrations. For the formulation of interest, the mean drug fraction absorbed by the body was calculated by the Wagner-Nelson technique, and a level A “in vitro-in vivo correlation” was observed between the percent released in vitro and percent absorbed in vivo. The developed formulations appear to be robust and easy to manufacture with maximum flexibility with respect to drug dose, polymeric carriers, duration, and kinetics of drug release. 相似文献
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Development of an active packaging with molecularly imprinted polymers for beef preservation 下载免费PDF全文
Yun'an Huang Xuefeng Zeng Qiujin Zhu Kuan Lu Qian Xu Chun Ye 《Packaging Technology and Science》2018,31(4):213-220
To develop molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for new food packaging material, a new active antibacterial packaging material was prepared with allyl isothiocyanate MIPs (AITC‐MIPs) and chitosan (CS) for beef preservation. AITC‐MIPs were prepared with AITC as template, β‐CD as the functional monomer, and TDI as the cross‐linker by the non‐covalent method, and the release characteristics were evaluated under different relative humidities and temperatures. The AITC‐MIPs active packaging film was obtained by uniform coating with CS coating solution and AITC‐MIPs based on the surface of the original low‐density polyethylene packaging film, and its role in delaying muscle metamorphism was thoroughly explored. According to the N‐hexane extraction method, the AITC content in AITC‐MIPs was determined to be 73.9 μL/g. The release behaviors of AITC‐MIPs under different humidities could be obtained by fitting with Avrami's Equation. The release of AITC‐MIPs under the relative humidities of 98% and 75% is a restricted dynamic diffusion process, while the release behaviors of AITC‐MIPs under the relative humidity of 50% are between those of a diffusion process and those of a first‐order mode dynamic process. The AITC‐MIPs could endure the heat stress, and the lower temperature was conducive to the stability of the AITC‐MIPs. A series of physicochemical and microbiological indicators fully illustrated that muscle deterioration could be significantly (P < 0.05) postponed by AITC‐MIPs active packaging film compared with the original low‐density polyethylene packaging film. 相似文献
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介绍室温磁制冷系统的流程。在往复式室温磁制冷系统实验台中用模块化方法分别开发针对电磁阀、步进电机和变频器的控制系统以及温度、流量和压力的采集系统,并集成开发采集控制的软件系统。 相似文献