超临界水冷堆研发进展

超临界水冷堆（SCWR）是第四代核能系统国际论坛（GIF）确定的6种堆型中唯一的水冷堆。本文描述了SCWR的技术特点,回顾了我国SCWR的研发历程,简要梳理了国际上加拿大、欧盟、日本等在SCWR方面的最新研发情况。最后,本文总结了SCWR的技术优势、面临的技术挑战和发展机遇。      

超临界水冷堆燃料管理经济性比较与分析

超临界水冷堆热效率高,其预期的燃料经济性高。本文将超临界水冷堆CSR1000与目前主流的压水堆、沸水堆进行燃料管理经济性比较,给出了超临界水冷堆燃料经济性更低的意外结论。因此超临界水冷堆能否真的成为第4代核能系统还有待商榷。     

超临界水冷堆开发现状与前景展望

超临界水冷堆是被国际上选定为第四代核能系统长远开发的6种堆型之一,是在现有LWR和超临界火电技术基础上发展起来的革新型设计.在技术上,超临界水冷堆可以借鉴现有PWR和超临界火电的设计、建造和运行经验,不存在不可逾越的技术障碍.我国近期和中期目标都是采用压水堆技术,考虑到技术的继承性和可持续发展的要求,开发和研制超临界水冷堆核能系统是必然的选择.     

超临界水冷堆堆芯子通道稳态热工分析

超临界水冷堆(SCWR)作为6种第四代未来堆型中唯一的水冷堆,冷却剂出口温度可达500℃,具有良好的经济性.本文采用改进的COBRA-IV程序对超临界水冷堆方形组件子通道进行稳态热工分析.对计算结果进行分析可知:减小慢化剂通道中给水质量流量份额和加大慢化剂通道与相邻子通道之间的热阻,可以降低热管焓升,后者还可以得到较好的慢化效果.通过热通道的传热恶化分析发现,超临界水冷堆的设计不能避免传热恶化,必须精确计算传热恶化条件下的包壳温度才能确定包壳能否保证其完整性.     

超临界水冷堆CSR150概念设计

超临界水冷堆（SCWR）是第IV代核能系统候选堆芯之一。在中国核动力研究设计院提出的中国超临界水冷堆（CSR1000）概念设计方案的基础上，提出了超临界技术示范堆（CSR150）概念设计方案。本文开展了CSR150堆芯设计研究，堆芯采用45盒燃料组件设计，通过燃料富集度分区及双流程冷却剂流动方案设计，提升冷却剂出口温度并降低燃料包壳温度。研究分析表明，本文方案中功率分布、燃料包壳温度等关键参数满足CSR150设计目标和设计准则要求。     

超临界水通道内压降特性分析

超临界水冷堆是以超临界水作为冷却剂和慢化剂的第4代核能系统之一，超临界水在拟临界区附近剧烈的物性变化会给通道内的压降特性带来影响。本文分析了超临界条件下重力压降、加速压降和摩擦压降的特点，并对具体的计算方式提供了一些建议和参考：重力压降需考虑沿程的积分效应；基于隐式PKN公式得到了显式PKN公式，用于求解等温流动摩擦系数；采用CFD数值分析工具比较了超临界条件下不同摩擦关系式的异同，发现Kirillov公式与CFD计算结果较为接近。     

美国超临界水冷堆的概念设计与研究

超临界水冷堆(SCWR)是第四代国际论坛(GIF）选定的需要进行研究开发的六种反应堆之一。由于SCWR的热效率比较高(大约为45％，比目前的轻水堆33％的效率要高得多)，并且可以使电厂显著地简化，所以，SCWR被认为是一种比较有前途的先进核能系     

展望第四代核能系统之一：超临界水冷堆——专访彭士禄院士

近年来，世界各国提出了许多新核反应堆设计和核燃料循环方案。2001年，美国、法国、日本等10个国家组成了“第四代国际核能论坛”（简称GIF），约定共同研发第四代核能系统，使其在安全性、经济性、可持续发展、防核扩散等方面都有显著的先进性和竞争力。2002年，GIF在法国巴黎举行研讨会，选定了6种堆型作为第四代核能系统优先研发对象，这其中就包括超临界水冷堆。近日，本刊记者就相关问题专访了彭士禄院士。     

超临界水堆子通道分析

超临界水堆作为6种第4代未来堆型中唯一的水冷堆,具有一些独特的特点,受到了广泛重视。本工作以上海核工程研究设计院的常规压水堆子通道程序为基础,开发编制了适用于超临界水堆的子通道程序,并对典型带有慢化剂水棒的超临界水堆燃料组件进行了模拟计算,得到了堆芯子通道内的温度、燃料棒包壳温度、表面传热系数等参数的分布规律。此外,研究了不同超临界流体换热关系式对计算结果的影响,结果显示,各传热关系式的计算结果存在一定差异。     

典型事故工况下超临界水堆CSR1000的非能动安全特性研究

超临界水堆是第四代反应堆中仅有的水冷堆,具有热效率高、系统简化、经济性好、有效防止核扩散等特点.本文结合压力容器式超临界水堆 CSR1000 的特点,设计了一套完全非能动的安全系统,用以提升CSR1000 反应堆的安全性,系统包括堆芯补水箱、余热排出系统、自动泄压系统、重力驱动冷却系统和非能动安全壳冷却系统.将这套非能...     

超临界水堆的瞬态分析程序开发

超临界水堆（SCWR）是第4代核反应堆的优先发展对象之一,它在经济性上的明显优势使其受到广泛关注。本文以混合谱超临界水堆（SCWR-M）为研究对象,建立合理的数学模型,开发了针对超临界水堆系统的瞬态分析程序TACOS。运用TACOS程序对SCWR-M进行了稳态计算和部分失流事故的瞬态分析。稳态计算的结果与设计值符合良好。部分失流事故的分析结果表明,事故中包壳表面最高温度为702.6 ℃,与安全限值相比有很大裕度。部分失流事故过程中不需采取特殊的安全措施,堆芯可自行回到安全状态。     

Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer of Supercritical Fluids in Fuel Bundles

A supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR) was proposed as a kind of generation IV reactor in order to improve the efficiency of nuclear reactors. Although investigations on the thermal-hydraulic behavior in SCWR have attracted much attention, there is still a lack of CFD study on the heat transfer of supercritical water in fuel channels. In order to understand the thermal-hydraulic behavior of supercritical fluids in nuclear reactors, the local fluid flow and heat transfer of supercritical water in a 37-element fuel bundle has been studied numerically in this work. Results show that secondary flow appears and the cladding surface temperature (CST) is very nonuniform in the fuel bundle. The maximum cladding surface temperature (MaxCST), which is an important design parameter for SCWR, can be predicted and analyzed using the CFD method. Due to a very large circumferential temperature gradient in cladding surfaces of the fuel bundle, the precise cladding temperature distributions using the CFD method is highly recommended.     

Accident analysis on supercritical water-cooled reactor during design basis and beyond design-basis condition

Supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR) is the only water-cooled reactor among six Generation IV reactor concepts. Safety analysis is one of the most important tasks for SCWR design. A typical thermal spectrum SCWR with passive safety system during design-basis accident (DBA) and beyond design-basis accident (BDBA) is performed. For DBA, reactor system is modeled based on a revised code ATHLET-SC. Loss of coolant accident is chosen to perform safety analysis and sensitive analysis. The results achieved demonstrate the feasibility of proposed passive cooling system to provide sufficient cooling. However, it should be noted that if one of safety systems fails to actuate during loss of coolant accident, although the likelihood is fairly low, there is potential risk of cladding failure. Consequently, the DBA will develop into the BDBA. For BDBA, a postulated severe accident is analyzed after melt pool is formed in the lower plenum. Heat transfer behavior in the melt pool as well as two-dimensional heat transfer effect in the lower head wall is discussed. Then, key parameters are chosen to perform parametric analysis. Results show that the safety margin to critical heat flux is significant. After considering two-dimensional heat conduction effect in the lower head, the safety margin could be further increased.     

Numerical investigation of supercritical water-cooled nuclear reactor in horizontal rod bundles

The commercial CFD code STAR-CD v4.02 is used as a numerical simulation tool for flows in the supercritical water-cooled nuclear reactor (SCWR). The basic heat transfer element in the reactor core can be considered as round rods and rod bundles. Reactors with vertical or horizontal flow in the core can be found. In vertically oriented core, symmetric characters of flow and heat transfer can be found and two-dimensional analyses are often performed. However, in horizontally oriented core the flow and heat transfer are fully three-dimensional due to the buoyancy effect. In this paper, horizontal rods and rod bundles at SCWR conditions are studied. Special STAR-CD subroutines were developed by the authors to correctly represent the dramatic change in physical properties of the supercritical water with temperature. In the rod bundle simulations, it is found that the geometry and orientation of the rod bundle have strong effects on the wall temperature distributions and heat transfers. In one orientation the square bundle has a higher wall temperature difference than other bundles. However, when the bundles are rotated by 90° the highest wall temperature difference is found in the hexagon bundle. Similar analysis could be useful in design and safety studies to obtain optimum fuel rod arrangement in a SCWR.     

Thermo-hydraulic analysis for SCWR during power-raising phase of startup

The study of thermal characteristics during startup is one of the most important aspects for safety analysis of supercritical water-cooled reactor(SCWR).According to the given sliding pressure mode of SCWR,thermal analysis on temperature-raising phase and power-raising phase of startup are carried out.Considering the radial heterogeneity of power distribution,thermal characteristics for different assemblies during startup are also put forward.The results show that,during temperature-raising phase with core power increased only,the temperature of moderator,coolant and fuel cladding in inner assemblies are increased with little amplitude.During power-raising phase with core power and feed-water flow rate increased,the coolant temperature keeps unchanged,but the moderator temperature is decreased.With a greater variation of power,fuel cladding temperature shows a greater increase.Furthermore,considering the uneven distribution of radial power,thermo-hydraulic characteristics with uneven cladding temperature distribution shows a certain horizontal heterogeneity for different fuel assemblies,which becomes serious as flow rate and power increase.By adjusting flow rate distribution in different fuel assemblies or changing power setting during startup,the cladding temperature difference could be effectively reduced,which provides a certain reference for startup optimization of SCWR.     

超临界水堆系统分析程序的改进

针对超临界水堆特殊的水物性参数和独立的慢化剂通道设计,对堆芯计算程序PARCS和热工水力程序RELAP5进行了适应性改造。使用改造后的耦合程序PARCS/RELAP5分析了美国超临界水冷参考堆,发现了慢化剂逆向流动和最高功率组件不同于最高外表面包层温度组件的现象,根据这些经验,对中国的超临界水堆分析程序的改进和研发提出了相关意见。     

超临界流体的泄压过程研究

超临界水堆(SCWR)的LOCA研究是安全分析的重点和难点,其中压力容器的喷放泄压过程的研究至关重要。本文通过对反应堆压力容器进行简化,建立了简单容器喷放的数学物理模型,开发了超临界流体的喷放瞬态计算程序。将该程序的计算结果与超临界二氧化碳的泄压喷放过程的实验数据进行了比较,计算值与实验结果吻合良好,验证了模型的正确性。运用该验证后的程序对超临界水的容器喷放过程进行了深入研究和分析,分析了不同初始条件、破口面积及加热功率等对泄压过程瞬态特性的影响。结果表明,本文建立的简单容器模型能模拟从超临界到亚临界压力的喷放泄压过程。计算结果可为超临界水堆的LOCA分析提供理论基础。