放射性气溶胶监测仪校准

为对放射性气溶胶监测仪PIPS探测器进行效率校准,制作了~(241)Am、~(239)Pu、~(90)Sr-~(90)Y、~(204)Tl、~(60)Co及~(137)Cs电镀平面源。用准确定值的平面源对放射性气溶胶监测仪进行效率校准,分析各参数对测量结果不确定度的影响。结果表明:得到的α、β放射性气溶胶监测仪效率校准因子的测量不确定度分别为2.8%和2.6%。     

塑料闪烁体β气溶胶连续监测仪MDA计算分析

最小可探测活度浓度(MDA)为放射性气溶胶连续监测仪的重要性能指标.通过理论推导和数值计算的方法,建立了基于塑料闪烁体的β气溶胶连续监测仪MDA的计算方法,并分析了各因素对MDA的影响.计算结果表明,降低本底水平、增加测量时间或增大取样流量,均可降低监测仪的MDA.该计算方法可为塑料闪烁体β气溶胶连续监测仪在设计和使用...     

α/β放射性气溶胶的小流量采样快速测量技术研究

针对放射性气溶胶监测仪的便携要求,设计了一套小流量采样快速测量系统和测量方法。采用累积采样累积测量的方式,联合利用能量甄别修正法与α/β比值法去除Rn子体的干扰,实现小流量采样条件下的α/β放射性气溶胶的同时监测。通过对探测下限的分析,表明该方法可满足应急监测的需求,为便携式α/β放射性气溶胶监测仪设计提供了参考。     

高灵敏度的放射性气溶胶连续监测仪

介绍了一种高灵敏度的放射性气溶胶连续监测仪（CAM-1型）。该监测仪利用人工放射性气溶胶和天然放射性气溶胶粒度分布特性的不同,采用气溶胶粒度分离采样的方法,在采样过程中首先去除了天然放射性本底的大部分;进而在样品测量中利用a能谱分析法和改进a/β比值法,进一步消除了天然放射性本底的影响。通过上述措施,不仅实现了a气溶胶和β气溶胶的同时监测,而且极大地提高了仪器的监测灵敏度。介绍了CAM-1型放射性气溶胶连续监测仪的工作原理、结构设计、运行实验和监测灵敏度的估算。实验表明,在普通天然本底条件下,仪器的监测灵敏度为0.015Bq/m^3(对a放射性气溶胶）和1.0Bq/m^3(对β放射性气溶胶）;在高氡本底（10^3～10^4Bq/m^3）情况下,仪器的监测灵敏度则分别为0.15Bq/m^3（对a放射性气溶胶）和10Bq/m^3(对β放射性气溶胶）。监测仪报告数据的时间间隔通常30min,了可按需要任意设置。仪器具有各项自动报警功能。     

γ谱法测量气溶胶中~(210)Pb的不确定度评定

为进一步落实放射性气溶胶检测的标准化要求,对γ能谱法测量气溶胶样品中~(210)Pb的不确定度进行评定。根据样品制备与测量的实验过程,建立数学模型,分析影响测量结果的不确定度来源主要有标准源活度,特征峰计数率,采样效率、采样体积,相对自吸收校正。通过对各项不确定度分量进行评定,得到相对扩展不确定度为13%(k=2)。     

空气中放射性氙活度浓度监测的不确定度评定

为确定某核裂变活动后泄漏到空气中的放射性氙的活度浓度及其不确定度,在假设放射性氙泄漏为瞬时泄漏、泄漏到一封闭空间且分布均匀的情况下,通过衰变校正和平均活度物理测量的理论计算值与测量值一致的原则下,推导出空气中放射性氙监测的数学模型,并通过分析不确定度来源和各不确定度分量评定及合成的思路,评定了该数学模型在一定条件下的不确定度。在不确定度来源中,放射性测量的效率刻度是不确定度的主要来源,空气中氙的浓度、氙体积和γ射线的发射率的不确定度分量次之,衰变常数和时间计量的不确定度分量小,峰净计数率引入的不确定度分量和影响程度依赖于全能峰计数的相对标准不确定度σN。降低测量结果的不确定度要着重降低效率刻度、峰计数率和氙体积引入的不确定度分量。     

氡(气)子体气溶胶分离器的研制

为提高放射性气溶胶监测仪的灵敏度,消除天然本底即氡子体气溶胶的干扰是极为重要的。氡子体气溶胶分离器是利用氡子体气溶胶与人工放射性气溶胶的粒度特征的不同进行粒度分离采样的采样装置。将这种分离采样装置用于放射性气溶胶监测仪,在采样过程中将天然本底气溶胶预选掉大部分甚至绝大部分,这对于提高放射性气溶胶监测仪的灵敏度有极大的意义。本文对分离器的工作原理、刻度方法、实验结果以及需要注意的问题进行了介绍和讨论。     

基于神经网络的人工放射性气溶胶中氡子体扣除算法

介绍和分析了人工放射性气溶胶在线监测仪氡子体扣除算法中比例系数扣除法,现有算法存在分类粗糙、扣除准确度不高以及适应性不强等不足。为进一步提高扣除的准确度,降低检测限,提出了利用聚类分析先对谱线进行分类,然后在每个类中利用神经网络进行计算,最后进行扣除的方法。测试结果证明了聚类分析和神经网络扣除方法均能明显降低人工放射性气溶胶在线监测仪的检测限。     

氡Tu子体气溶胶分离器的研制

为提高放射性气溶胶监测仪的灵敏度，消除天然本底即氡Tu子体气溶胶的干扰是极为重要的。氡Tu子体气溶胶分离器是利用氡Tu子体气溶胶与人工放射性气溶胶的粒度特征的不同进行粒度分离采样的采样装置。将这种分离采样装置用于放射性气溶胶监测仪，在采样过程中将天然本底气溶胶预选掉大部分甚至绝大部分，这对于提高放射性气溶胶监测仪的灵敏度有极大的意义。本文对分离器的工作原理、刻度方法、实验结果以及需要注意的问题进行了介绍和讨论。     

α－β放射性气溶胶快速监测仪的研制

文章介绍１种能即时并同时测量气溶胶样品中α与β放射性活度的放射性气溶胶监测仪。仪器在采样后２０ｍｉｎ内给出结果。采样时间为２０ｍｉｎ。活度测量、计算和结果打印由单板机控制的数据处理器完成。在所建议的采样条件、仪表工作条件及在常规的Ｒｎ、Ｔｈ子体天然本底条件下，仪器对长寿命核素形成的α与β气溶胶能同时给出测量结果，其探测下限值较低，适于常规监测使用。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.