内折香茶菜叶挥发油的化学成分

用水蒸气蒸馏法、两相溶剂萃取法从新鲜内折香茶菜叶中提取挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对挥发油的化学成分进行了分析,用气相色谱面积归一法测定了各个成分的相对质量分数。共分离出16个峰,鉴定出16个化学成分。内折香茶菜挥发油中的主要成分为香芹酚(相对质量分数76.45%)、石竹烯(5.65%)、1-甲基-4-(1-异丙基)-1,4-环己二烯(3.68%)和2,6-二甲基-6-(4-甲基-3-戊烯基)-双环[3.1.1]2-庚烷(2.74%)。     

素心蜡梅和红心蜡梅鲜花挥发油成分分析

用同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)提取了素心蜡梅和红心蜡梅鲜花的挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对其挥发油的化学成分进行了分析鉴定。从素心蜡梅挥发油中鉴定出38种化学成分,占挥发油色谱总峰面积的92.214%;红心蜡梅中鉴定出42种化学成分,占挥发油色谱总峰面积的93.689%。素心蜡梅挥发油中相对质量分数较高的成分是z-木罗烯(18.128%)、z-榄香烯(13.640%)、L-乙酸龙脑酯(8.577%)、tau-杜松醇(7.771%)、β-荜澄茄烯(6.588%)等;红心蜡梅挥发油中相对质量分数较高的是榄香醇(16.171%)、z-榄香烯(12.758%)、β-荜澄茄烯(11.501%)、tau-杜松醇(4.649%)、石竹烯(3.947%)等。     

多香果挥发油成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法,对多香果中挥发油进行提取,测得多香果中含挥发油的质量分数为1.3%。并用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对挥发油进行分析鉴定,鉴定出20种化学成分,应用峰面积归一化法确定了各成分的峰面积相对百分比。水蒸气蒸馏法提取的多香果挥发油主要含甲基丁香酚(67.48%)、丁香酚(8.06%)、月桂烯(4.86%)、桉叶油醇(2.23%)、α-松油醇(1.53%)、反式石竹烯(1.48%)等成分。     

鲜、干品红丝线叶挥发油化学成分的GC - MS分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法分别得到新鲜和干燥红丝线叶挥发油,并结合GC-MS对所得样品的化学成分进行了分析和鉴定,用气相色谱峰面积归一化法测定各组分的相对质量分数。结果显示,从鲜叶挥发油中鉴定出32种成分,占挥发油总峰面积的98.81%,主要成分是反式植醇(43.29%)、橙花叔醇(7.07%)、石竹烯(4.91%)、亚麻酸甲酯(3.81%)和植酮(3.74%)等;从干叶挥发油中鉴定出42种成分,占挥发油总峰面积的96.23%,反式植醇(33.50%)、橙花叔醇(7.75%)、石竹烯(5.14%)、1-辛烯-3-醇(7.20%)、植酮(4.45%)和樟脑(4.07%)等为主要成分。两者的共有成分有23种,其他化学成分及其相对质量分数存在一定差异。     

南刘寄奴挥发油的固相微萃取/气相色谱/质谱分析

用固相微萃取法从南刘寄奴中提取挥发油,并用气相色谱-质谱法(GC/MS)对化学成分进行了分析鉴定,共鉴定出57个成分。用峰面积归一化法测定了相对质量分数,各组分质量占挥发油总质量的96.17%,相对质量分数最高的成分是芳-香姜黄烯(36.39%)、反式-β-金合欢烯(11.37%)和反式-丁香烯(5.76%)。     

蒲桃茎、叶和花挥发油化学成分的气相色谱-质谱分析

为扩大蒲桃的药用部位,用水蒸气蒸馏分别提取了蒲桃鲜叶、干叶、花及茎的挥发油,用毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用法结合计算机检索,对其化学成分进行分析和鉴定,结果表明,从蒲桃鲜叶、干叶、花及茎挥发油中分别鉴定出了39、35、34和23种化合物。用气相色谱峰面积归一法测定了各组分的相对质量分数,各占总峰面积的87.51%、87.53%、84.24%及96.84%。4种挥发油化学组成各有异同,但主要成分是丁香烯-5-醇、葎草-5,8-二烯-3-醇、十六酸和植醇。     

不同方法提取鸦胆子挥发油化学成分的GC-MS分析

分别采用水蒸气蒸馏法(HD)和微波辅助水蒸气蒸馏法(MAHD)提取鸦胆子挥发油。运用毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用仪结合计算机检索对所得挥发油成分进行分析和鉴定,用气相色谱面积归一法测定各组分的相对质量分数。结果显示,两种方法分别从鸦胆子挥发油中鉴定出42种和37种化合物,分别占总峰面积的94.09%和94.13%。不同方法所得鸦胆子挥发油化学组成不同,但主要成分是黄樟脑、(+)-4-蒈烯、β-香叶烯、丁香油酚甲醚、2,6-二甲氧基甲苯、柠檬烯和甲基胡椒酚。     

艾叶挥发油及其热裂解物成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法,对干艾叶中挥发油进行提取,测得干艾叶中含挥发油的质量分数为2.6%,并用气相色谱-质谱联用技术进行分析鉴定,鉴定出48种化学成分,应用峰面积归一法确定了各成分的相对质量分数。水蒸气蒸馏法提取的艾叶挥发油主要含桉树脑(21.90%)、2-莰醇(6.04%)、樟脑(5.97%)、2-蒎烯(5.52%)、β-石竹烯(4.80%)等。采用热裂解-气相色谱-质谱联用方法对干艾叶挥发油在900℃的条件下进行热裂解,并分析其热裂解物的化学组成,鉴定出44种化学成分,主要包括(+)-γ-古芸烯(9.58%)、β-石竹烯(6.91%)、α-松油醇(6.89%)、马鞭烯醇(6.61%)、4-萜品醇(6.35%)等。     

超声波法提取黔南产石楠藤茎中的挥发油

利用超声波法提取黔南产石楠藤茎中挥发油,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)鉴定了挥发油的有效成分。结果表明,分离出色谱峰有64个,鉴定出化学成分45种,这些化学成分的峰面积占挥发油总峰面积的91.57%。含量较高的为β-桉叶油醇(11.12%)、2,5,9-三甲基环十一烷基-4,8-二烯酮(9.54%)和6-芹子烯-4醇(6.97%)。     

茶用香花珠兰的香气成分分析

用水蒸气蒸馏法提取珠兰挥发油,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对珠兰挥发油的化学成分进行了分离和鉴定,分离并鉴定出27个组分,占峰面积的85.89%,并用峰面积归一化法测定了各成分的质量分数。其主要挥发性成分为:w(反-罗勒烯)=5.71%、w(3,6二-甲基-4,5二-乙基-3,5-辛二烯)=4.61%,w〔1-(1,4二-甲基-3环-己烯基)乙酮〕=3.53%、w(2,6二-甲基-2,4,6辛-三烯)=1.45%、w(大根香叶烯B)=1.44%、w(顺-罗勒烯)=1.43%、w(大根香叶烯D)=1.40%、w(3蒈-烯)=1.25%、w(杜松醇)=1.02%。     

香椿挥发性化学成分的研究

用水蒸气蒸馏法提取香椿挥发油,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对香椿挥发油的化学成分进行了分离和鉴定,分离并鉴定出53个组分,占峰面积的92.34%,并用峰面积归一化法测定了各成分的质量分数。其主要挥发性成分为:α-荜茄醇(4.89%)、桉叶烯(5.67%)、杜松烯(5.49%)、8-异丙烯基-1,5-二甲基-1,5-环癸二烯(5.37%)、1-异丙基-4,7-二甲基-1,2,3,5,8a-六氢化萘(5.88%)、2,4,4-三甲基-3-甲醇-5-(3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-基)环己烯(5.65%)、橙花叔醇(4.97%)、1-异丙基-4-甲基-7-亚甲基-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7-八氢化萘(5.87%)、叶绿醇(4.86%)、2,5,6-三甲基-1,3,6-庚三烯(4.31%)、5,7-二乙基-5,6-癸二烯-3-炔(3.14%)、2-甲基-3-乙基-1-戊烯(2.86%)、4-戊烯-2-醇(2.09%)、2-甲基-2-丁烯(2.83%)、2-甲基-5-己烯-3-醇(2.99%)、β-丙内酯(2.63%)、3-己烯-1-醇(2.41%)、3,4-二甲基-1-戊醇(2.34%)。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱/质谱法分析狭叶红景天挥发性成分

利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用技术研究狭叶红景天的挥发性成分,探讨了不同纤维头吸附对分析检测结果的影响。结果表明,DVB/CAR/PDMS纤维头能够有效地吸附红景天的挥发性成分;其主要挥发性成分为香叶醇（14.38%）、正辛醇（10.99%）、顺式氧化芳樟醇（8.10%）、反式氧化芳樟醇（3.44%）、3-戊烯-2-醇（3.08%）、4,8-二甲基-1,7-二烯-4-醇（2.96%）、苯乙醇（2.7%）、正癸醇（2.42%）等醇类化合物以及橙花醇乙酸酯（3.84%）、3,7-二甲基癸烷（3.52%）、二十一烷（3.2%）等酯类或烷烃类化合物。     

Lipase specificity toward some acetylenic and olefinic alcohols in the esterification of pentanoic and stearic acids

The esterification of five medium- and long-chain acetylenic alcohols (2-nonyn-1-ol, 10-undecyn-1-ol, 6-octadecyn-1-ol, 9-octadecyn-1-ol, and 13-docosyn-1-ol), seven olefinic alcohols (cis-3-nonen-1-ol, 10-undecen-1-ol, cis-6-octadecen-1-ol, cis-9-octadecen-1-ol, trans-9-octadecen-1-ol, trans-9, trans-11-octadecadien-1-ol, cis-9, cis-12-octadecadien-1-ol), and four short-chain unsaturated alcohols (allyl alcohol, 3-butyn-1-ol, 3-pentyn-1-ol, and cis-2-penten-1-ol) with pentanoic or stearic acid in the presence of various lipase preparations was studied. With the exception of 2-nonyn-1-ol, where Lipase AY-30 (Candida rugosa) was used as the biocatalyst, the esterification of C₁₁, C₁₈, and C₂₂ acetylenic alcohols with pentanoic acid appeared to be generally unaffected by the presence of an acetylenic bond in the alcohol as relatively high yields of the corresponding esters (78–97%) were obtained. However, medium- and long-chain olefinic alcohols were discriminated by Lipase AY-30, Lipolase 100T (Rhizomucor miehei), and especially by porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL), when esterification was conducted with pentanoic acid. Esterification of medium-and long-chain acetylenic or olefinic alcohols with a long-chain fatty acid, stearic acid, was very efficient except when Lipase AY-30 and Lipolase 100T were used. Short-chain unsaturated alcohols were much more readily discriminated. 3-Pentyn-1-ol and 3-butyn-1-ol were difficult (<5% yield) to esterify with pentanoic or stearic acid in the presence of Lipase AY-30 and PPL, respectively. Very low yields (<26%) of esters were produced when 3-butyn-1-ol and 3-pentyn-1-ol were reacted with pentanoic or stearic acid, when catalyzed by lipase from Candida cylindracea, No reaction took place between 3-butyn-1-ol and stearic acid in the presence of Lipase AY-30. Esterification of short-chain acetylenic and olefinic alcohols was most efficiently achieved with Lipolase 100T (Rhizomucor miehei), Lipozyme IM20 (Rh. miehei), or Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) as the biocatalyst.     

Codling moth (Cydia pomonella): Disruptants of sex pheromonal communication

In a small section of an apple orchard, six traps were placed each in control and test areas and baited with live virgin female codling moths. Gray elastomer septa were used to dispense communication disruptants around the traps. Dyed male codling moths were released in control and test areas, and the numbers of males captured in control and test traps were compared. In 1991, linear regression curves of percent communication disruption versus logarithm of dose were obtained for three compositions: (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, codlemone (1); codlemone + dodecan-1-ol + tetradecan-1-ol (2); and an equilibrium mixture of the four isomers of 8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (30, (61%EE, 14%ZE, 20%EZ, and 5%ZZ). All three regressions gaver ² values greater than 0.90. At the 95% confidence limits, slopes and intercepts of compositions 1 and 2 were equivalent, and different from that of composition 3, which produced the greatest percentages of disruption at all doses. In 1992, five treatments were compared at a single dose: 1, 3, none (4), (Z,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (5), (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (6). Compositions 5 and 6 gave the greatest and similar percentages of disruption and were different from codlemone (1) and 4 (95% confidence), but not from composition 3. Communication disruption produced by composition 3 was greater than (codlemone), which was greater than 4.     

Cooccurrence of C-24 alkylated Δ7- and Δ5-Sterols in the leaves ofBeta vulgarisin the leaves ofBeta vulgaris

The 4-desmethylsterols from the leaves ofBeta vulgaris are a mixture of Δ⁷-sterols (71%) and Δ⁵-sterols (29%). The Δ⁷-sterols isolated are spinasterol (24α-ethylcholesta-7,22-dien-3β-ol; 45%), 22-dihydrospinasterol (24α-ethylcholest-7-en-3β-ol; 24%), and avenasterol (24-ethylcholesta-7,24(28)-dien-3β-ol; 1.5%). The Δ⁵-sterols isolated are sitosterol (24α-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol; 15%), 24ζ-ethylcholesta-5,22-dien-3β-ol (7.5%), and 24ζ-methylcholest-5-en-3β-ol (7%).     

赣南脐橙花挥发油的化学成分分析

用常规水蒸气蒸馏法提取出赣南脐橙鲜花的挥发油,经气相色谱-质谱联机分析,共分离出40多个峰,鉴定出了其中35种化合物。挥发油主要成分是3,7-二甲基-1,6-己二烯-3-醇(质量分数20.16%,以下均为质量分数)、3,7,11-三甲基-1,6,10-十二碳-三烯-3-醇(12.75%)、3,7,11-三甲基-2,6,10-十二碳三烯-1-醇(9.63%)、吲哚(5.34%)、2-氨基苯甲酸甲酯(3.81%)、二十三烷(3.58%)、4-亚甲基-1-(1-甲基乙基)-双环[3,1,0]己烷(3.49%)、(R)-1,4-二甲基-3-环己烯-1-醇(3.48%),所鉴定的成分占挥发油总质量的94.58%。     

Identification of volatile sex pheromone components released by the southern armyworm,Spodoptera eridania (Cramer)

Analysis of sex pheromone gland extracts and volatile pheromone components collected from the calling female southern armyworm,Spodoptera eridania (Cramer), by high-resolution capillary gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy indicated that a number of 14-carbon mono- and diunsaturated acetates and a monounsaturated 16-carbon acetate were produced. Gland extracts also indicated the presence of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol. However, this compound was not found in collections of volatiles. Field trapping studies indicated that the volatile blend composed of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (60%), (Z)-9-(E)-12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate (17%), (Z)-9-(Z)-12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate (15%), (Z)-9-(E)-11-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate (5%), and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (3 %) was an effective trap bait for males of this species. The addition of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol to the acetate blends tested resulted in the capture of beet armyworm,S. exigua (Hubner), males which provides further evidence that the alcohol is a pheromone component of this species.     

Reactive extraction and LSER model consideration of lactic acid with tripropylamine+organic solvent systems from aqueous solution at room temperature

The extraction of lactic acid was done by tripropylamine (TPA) dissolved in seven single solvents (isoamyl alcohol, heptan-1-ol, hexan-1-ol, octan-1-ol, nonan-1-ol, decan-1-ol, and dodecanol). All measurements were carried out at 298.15 K. The extent to which the organic phase may be loaded with lactic acid is expressed as loading ratio, Z, its value extraction efficiencies, E, and overall particular distribution coefficients, D, were calculated. Equilibrium complexation constants for (acid:amine) (1:1), (1:2) have been determined according to Bizek's approach. The maximum removal of lactic acid accomplished was about 81% with isoamyl alcohol having 1.935 mol dm^− 3 initial concentration of TPA. All of the obtained data have been correlated by linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) model. LSER model results were compared with the experimental results and well agreement between them was observed. Regression coefficient (R²) of LSER model is 0.972.     

The lipids of the common house cricket,Acheta domesticus L. III. Sterols

Sterols constitute 1.95% of the total extractable lipids ofAcheta domesticus L., of which 18% are esterified. The free sterols consist of cholestane-3β-ol (0.5%), Δ⁵-cholestene-3β-ol (83.5%), Δ⁷-cholestene-3β-ol (2.3%) Δ^5,7-cholestadiene-3β-ol (3%), Δ^5,22-cholestadiene-3β-ol (4%), Δ^5,7,22-cholestatriene-3β-ol (0.2%), campestane-3β-ol (0.03%), Δ⁵-campestene-3β-ol (1.0%), Δ⁷-campestene-3β-ol (trace), Δ^5,7-campestadiene-3β-ol (0.2%), stigmastane-3β-ol (0.09%), Δ⁵-stigmastene-3β-ol (2.1%), Δ⁷-stigmastene-3β-ol (0.04%), Δ^5,7-stigmastadiene-3β-ol (0.4%), Δ^5,22-stigmastadiene-3βol (0.1%). The same sterols are present in the esterified sterol fraction. Δ⁷-Sterols and Δ^5,7-sterols are present in significantly larger amounts in the esterified fraction than in the free sterol fraction. By a comparison with the sterols of the cricket food, it is clear thatA. domesticus is capable of removing methyl and ethyl groups from C-24 of sterols of the campestane and stigmastane type. The ability to introduce a Δ⁷ double bond into saturated and Δ⁵-sterols is indicated, and it is suggested that Δ⁷-sterols of the C₂₇, C₂₈, and C₂₉ sterol series may be intermediates in the conversion of Δ⁵-sterols to Δ^5,7-sterols. Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellow, 1968–68. Public Health Service Predoctoral Fellow, 1968–67.     

Green Leaf Volatiles Interrupt Pheromone Response of Spruce Bark Beetle, Ips typographus

A synthetic mixture of nine green leaf volatiles (GLVs) including linalool was tested on antennae of Ips typographus (L.) with coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). Strong responses were found to 1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, and (E)-2-hexen-1-ol. Weak responses were recorded to (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol and linalool, while hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-3-hexenyl acetate elicited no EAD responses. In a laboratory walking bioassay, the attraction of I. typographus females to a synthetic pheromone source was significantly reduced when a mixture of the three most EAD-active GLV alcohols was added to the source. Further reduction in response was obtained when these three alcohols were combined with verbenone (Vn). In field trapping experiments, a blend of 1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, and (E)-2-hexen-1-ol reduced I. typographus trap catches by 85%, while ca. 70% reduction of trap catch was achieved by Vn or a blend of (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, and linalool. The strongest disruptive effect was found when Vn plus a blend of the three most EAD active GLV alcohols was added to the pheromone trap (95% catch reduction). Adding the blend of the three most EAD active alcohols to pheromone-baited traps significantly reduced the proportion of males captured. These three GLV alcohols were also disruptive in the laboratory and in the field when tested individually. Hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate were inactive both in the lab and in the field. Our results suggest that these nonhost green leaf alcohols may explain part of the host selection behavior of conifer-attacking bark beetles and may offer a source of inhibitory signals for alternative management strategy for forest protection.