带摩擦的弹塑性接触问题变分不等原理的简化证明

在弹塑性摩擦接触问题中 ,从变分原理出发来研究接触问题 ,可以将摩擦力纳入问题的能量泛函。为了得到摩擦约束弹塑性接触问题的能量泛函 ,日前大多是用拉格朗日乘子法 ,但拉格朗日方法用在变分不等问题中 ,要利用非线性泛涵分析和凸分析来证明 ,证明很复杂。本文利用向量分析的工具及巧妙的变换 ,对带摩擦约束的弹塑性接触问题的广义变分不等原理进行了严格的证明 ,由于只用到向量分析 ,简化了证明     

板料冲压成形CAD数字化分析基本理论

板料成形过程是涉及几何非线性、材料非线性和边界条件非线性等的多重非线性问题。介绍了板料冲压成形CAD数字化分析所涉及到的基本理论——非线性弹塑性材料的本构关系、板壳成形单元模型、接触问题、有限元方程及求解。     

弹塑性体冲击脉冲数值与实验研究

以弹塑性体冲击接触过程中冲击脉冲的估算为研究目标,采用非线性阻尼弹簧接触模型模拟弹塑性材料的冲击与接触.以铝合金为研究对象,将数值计算结果与实验结果进行对比,发现两者差异较大.根据实验结果得到修正模型,建立了一种弹塑性体的冲击力修正计算模型.修正模型与实验结果吻合较好,该模型对进一步研究弹塑性体的冲击过程和冲击脉冲的预测具有指导意义.     

平行刃剪切机剪切过程的有限元仿真模拟分析

金属剪切过程是一种复杂的弹塑性大变形过程,同时还存在着应力与应变之间的物理非线性、位移与应变之间的几何非线性以及工具与试件之间的接触边界非线性等多重非线性关系。本文用计算机辅助工程(CAE)软件——高度非线性结构有限元分析软件MARC对平等刃剪切机的剪切过程进行了三维弹塑性大变形仿真模拟,探索出一种求平行刃剪切机力能参数的数值仿真模拟方法。     

薄板轧制的接触摩擦及其对轧制力的影响

借助非线性有限元软件Marc,采用弹塑性有限元方法对轧制力进行了模拟,模拟结果与实测值对比说明计算模型是精确可靠的。利用此模型,在压下量及其他条件不变情况下只改变接触摩擦,计算了接触摩擦的改变对轧制力的影响。得出了轧制力沿接触弧的分布、摩擦力沿接触弧的分布及接触摩擦与轧制力的关系等一些有意义的结果。     

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借助非线性有限元软件Marc,采用弹塑性有限元方法对十八辊轧机辊系进行了模拟,计算模型对辊系的弹性变形与带钢的弹塑性变形按照接触问题进行耦合分析。利用此模型,得出了轧制力对辊系弯曲变形的影响以及辊系弯曲变形沿轧件宽度方向的分布,并分析了轧机工作辊的不同方向弯曲变形情况,由对计算结果的分析可以为该轧机的辊系设计提供理论依据。     

基于动态子结构的三维焊接残余应力变形数值模拟

焊接残余应力和变形三维弹塑性有限元模拟由于是高度非线性的热力耦合过程而计算非常耗时.为提高计算效率,采用动态子结构方法来计算焊接残余应力和变形.考虑焊接过程中只有焊缝和热影响区的小部分区域在焊接热源作用下呈现高度非线性,而其余区域受热源的影响小,将整个模型的三维弹塑性计算问题处理为窄小的焊缝和热影响区为局部非线性弹塑性区,其余大部分非焊接区域作弹性子结构的计算问题;且随焊接热源的移动,子结构不断变化.结果表明,动态子结构方法能显著提高计算效率,并能保证焊缝和热影响区的残余应力分布与全模型计算结果接近.     

超薄快速铸轧轧制压力分布计算

针对快速超薄铸轧材料、几何、摩擦等多重非线性,将铸轧辊与板坯之间的力学行为视为热弹塑性接触问题,应用无网格-有限元耦合方法建立了计算模型,该模型较好地解决了板坯剧烈变形有限元网格畸变问题.对轧制过程中轧制压力分布进行了分析,得到其分布规律为轧制压力在变形区中间区达到最大值,而在入口和出口处逐渐减少.计算结果基本与实测结果吻合,说明该计算模型和计算是比较有效和可靠的.     

港口起重机轮轨接触应力有限元分析

利用ANSYS10．0软件进行轮轨弹塑性接触有限元分析。文章分别对点接触和线接触状态轮轨的弹性和弹塑性两种情况进行有限元分析,得出了轮轨间弹性接触和弹塑性接触应力的分布情况。接触点及车轮圆角过渡处应力较大,线接触较点接触的应力分布更平缓。     

结合面法向接触阻尼能量耗散弹塑性分形模型

结合面法向接触阻尼能量耗散建模时,只考虑微凸体弹性变形时的储能和塑性变形时的耗能是不完全的,因为微凸体存在弹塑性变形情况。通过引入微凸体加卸载模型,分离了处于弹塑性变形的微凸体的能量储存与耗散,建立了更加符合实际情况的结合面法向接触阻尼能量耗散及其损耗因子模型。通过仿真发现,结合面法向接触阻尼能量耗散及其损耗因子随着分形粗糙度参数的增大而增大,随着分形维数的增大先减小后增大,且在1.2附近出现最小值;结合面法向接触阻尼能量耗散随着法向接触载荷的增大而增大,损耗因子随着法向接触载荷的增大而减小;考虑弹塑性过渡机制情况下法向阻尼能耗低于仅考虑弹性和塑性机制情况下的法向阻尼能耗。     

型砂压实过程的非线性有限元数值模拟

在粘土砂湿型铸造生产的造型方法中,型砂压实过程是型砂最终紧实的主要途径。在射压造型、静压造型等主要的现代造型方法中型砂紧实都采用了压实。对压实过程进行数值模拟,可以预测型砂紧实分布情况,为优化压实工艺和提高铸型质量提供依据。但是粘土砂湿型造型的紧实过程是涉及离散材料体系以及材料非线性、几何非线性、接触非线性等问题共存的一个复杂的力学过程,因此对造型紧实过程进行数值模拟具有相当难度,常用软件如ANSYS、ABAQUS等无法直接对紧实过程进行模拟分析。本文在商用ANSYS软件中采用APDL语言二次开发编程的方法,编写了相应的计算程序并耦合到ANSYS中对型砂压实过程进行了数值模拟,取得了较好的效果。     

A new technique for measuring the acoustic nonlinearity of materials using Rayleigh waves

This note presents a procedure to generate nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves without having to drive the transmitting piezoelectric transducer at high voltages; driving at low voltages limits the excitation of the intrinsic nonlinearity of the piezoelectric transducer element, and enables an efficient measurement procedure to isolate inherent material nonlinearity. The capabilities of this proposed technique are demonstrated by measuring the material nonlinearity of aluminum alloy 2024 and 6061 plates with Rayleigh surface waves.     

Measurement of the ultrasonic nonlinearity of kissing bonds in adhesive joints

This paper presents a study of the detectability of kissing bonds in adhesive joints using an ultrasonic inspection technique to measure nonlinearity. Kissing bonds are defined as adhesive bonding defects in which the adhesive and the substrate are not fully bonded together but are in some way connected, for example, through contact between disbonded surfaces or through coupling via a very thin layer of contaminant. The result is a region that exhibits reduced normal or shear stiffness and is difficult to detect using conventional non-destructive testing techniques. It is hypothesised that when an ultrasonic wave of large magnitude propagates through the kissing bond area, the system will behave nonlinearly. This hypothesis is the starting point for this paper, and it is tested by measuring the degree of nonlinearity exhibited by perfectly and imperfectly bonded specimens. Perfectly disbonded adhesive joints are tested over a range of compressive loads from an initial zero-load ‘open’ condition to a final highly loaded ‘closed’ condition and the degree of nonlinear behaviour measured. It is shown that adhesive joints exhibit significant nonlinearity under light compressive loads and that the level of nonlinearity decreases rapidly with compressive load. Good agreement is also observed between experimental results and a nonlinear spring model of the adhesive joint, based on its quasi-static interfacial stiffness.     

齿啮式谐波传动中短环型柔轮变形及应力

柔轮的疲劳断裂破坏是影响其使用寿命的主要原因,对柔轮的变形和应力分布规律进行研究,是谐波齿轮研究的重点。齿啮式谐波传动中短环型柔轮具有独特的结构特点,可有效解决杯型和钟型柔轮加工困难以及在筒底转角处应力集中的问题,从而延长谐波传动的使用寿命。文章利用弹性力学和材料力学理论,建立了短环型柔轮的数学模型,并对其变形和应力进行理论分析;在考虑几何非线性基础上,利用有限元方法,建立了谐波齿轮的接触非线性有限元实体模型,对其进行有限元仿真分析,并与理论分析结果进行比较,得到了短环型柔轮的初始变形和应力分布规律,为研究齿啮式谐波传动问题提供了理论依据。     

In situ indentation testing of elastomers

The development of the contact is crucial in indentation testing, yet only limited knowledge exists on the true contact size for compliant materials. In this investigation the contact evolution and the deformation behavior of polydimethylsiloxane was studied during indentation in situ inside a scanning electron microscope and by observation in a light microscope. Since detailed information on the true contact area and the amount of sink-in can be acquired from finite element analysis, simulations on the indentation process have been performed in order to complement the in situ testing. Comparison of results revealed that the contact areas calculated according to the standard Oliver–Pharr procedure deviated from the real contact size by approximately 10% for the elastomeric PDMS material.     

H13淬硬模具钢正交切削的有限元模拟与分析

高速切削加工涉及到材料非线性、几何非线性及边界非线性问题.运用大型通用非线性有限元软件对H13淬硬模具钢正交切削加工过程进行非线性弹塑性有限元分析与模拟,研究了不同切削速度、进给量、刀尖半径等工艺参数对加工过程中切屑形状、应力分布、温度分布及工件表面精度的影响.研究结果表明,选取合理的工艺参数能提高工件表面精度和减少刀具的磨损.将模拟结果与实验结果进行比较,两者吻合较好,对实际加工具有一定的指导意义.     

Depth-sensing indentation of low-density brittle nanoporous solids

Many applications of low-density nanoporous dielectrics are limited by their poor mechanical properties. Although nanoindentation is often used to evaluate the mechanical behavior of such materials, the physical meaning of the inelastic parameters measured by various indentation methods is not clear. Here, we study low-density nanoporous silica monoliths (aerogels) by nanoindentation using the most common indenter geometries (spherical, pyramidal and flat punches) and discuss the parameters measured. Results suggest that the deformation of the nanoporous silica monoliths studied in this work is controlled by elastic bending and fracture of nanoligaments with no signs of plasticity. The contact pressure (Meyer hardness) increases with increasing strain and does not represent the foam “crushing pressure”. The critical load for Hertzian fracture obeys the Auerbach law, and the formation of radial cracks and brittleness are strongly suppressed by the presence of nanopores. We also discuss the choice of indenter geometry and provide recommendations that can be used to overcome some typical challenges of indentation studies of low-density nanoporous solids, including very low contact stiffness for indenters with small contact areas, large surface roughness inherent to this class of materials, spatial non-uniformity (skin layers on monoliths), viscoelasticity and elastic nonlinearity.     

Characterization of stress corrosion cracking in carbon steel using nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves

This research uses nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves to characterize stress corrosion cracking (SCC) damage in carbon steel. Cold rolled carbon steel is widely used for buried fuel pipelines; the environment surrounding these pipelines creates a mildly corrosive environment, which, in combination with an applied stress, can cause SCC. To ensure the safe operation of these structures, it is crucial that damage due to SCC be detected before their structural integrity is reduced by large cracks. In the early stages of SCC, microstructural changes such as dislocation formation and microcrack initiation occur, which have shown to considerably increase the acoustic nonlinearity of a material. These microstructural changes distort and generate higher harmonics in an initially monochromatic ultrasonic wave. This research considers four different levels of SCC induced in four separate 1018 steel specimens, a material which has a similar susceptibility to SCC as steel used for buried fuel pipelines. Then nonlinear ultrasonic measurements are performed before and after the SCC damage is induced. Nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves are utilized to detect the SCC damage that is concentrated near the material surface. The amplitudes of the fundamental and second harmonic waves are measured with contact wedge transducers at varying propagation distances to obtain the acoustic nonlinearity of the specimens as a function of SCC damage. The results show an increase in the measured acoustic nonlinearity in the early stages of SCC, indicating the feasibility of using this nonlinear ultrasonic method to detect the initiation of SCC in carbon steels.     

Empirical model of effects of pressure and temperature on electrical contact resistance of metals

Abstract

An important input property in the development of process models for resistance spot welding is electrical contact resistance. A model for the pressure and temperature dependence of electrical contact resistance was developed from established concepts of contact resistance. The key to developing the desired relationship is determining surface roughness characteristics, which is experimentally problematic. To overcome this difficulty the electrical resistance of contacting interfaces was measured as a function of the pressure applied across the interfaces. Using known information about the temperature dependence of bulk resistivity and mechanical properties, a curve fitting procedure was used to establish the desired relationship of contact resistance to pressure and temperature. This empirical model agrees well with experimental measurements in the regime of low applied pressure. At high pressures, predictions underestimate contact resistance, and this was attributed to strain hardening of asperities at the contacting interface. The model also predicts that the competing effects of bulk resistance and contact resistance will produce a peak in the variation of contact resistance with temperature. The model provides a suitable means for incorporating the pressure and temperature dependence of contact resistance into process models of the resistance spot welding process.     

液压支架销轴连接接触应力及失效分析

销轴连接是液压支架结构件的主要连接形式,其可靠性对液压支架的正常使用具有重要影响。基于赫兹接触理论,建立销孔处接触应力理论模型;采用ADAMS对液压支架各结构件受力分析,得到销孔受力情况;基于有限元法分析销孔处接触应力、变形及塑性应变。结果表明：在顶梁扭转、底座扭转工况下,销轴连接接触应力超过材料的屈服极限,其接触应力分布结果具有较强的非线性;销孔应力主要集中在销孔前端接触部位,销孔塑性应变集中在销孔前端接触部位,表现为挤堆效应,在正拉力下销孔两侧塑性应变更为明显。