南方地区复杂条件下的耕地面积遥感提取方法

针对我国南方地区植被类型复杂、地形复杂和地块破碎等原因导致耕地信息提取精度较低问题,提出了一种面向对象和CART决策树结合的复杂条件下耕地面积提取方法。以广西南宁市隆安县与武鸣县地区为研究区,采用Sentinel-2A影像,结合数字高程数据（Digital Elevation Model,DEM）及归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）等多源数据,利用面向对象分割技术识别地块信息,然后以地块为单位采用CART（Classification And Regression Tree,CART）决策树分类法,依据不同地类的形状、光谱特征,提取研究区的耕地。结果表明：面向对象的CART决策树分类方法分类总体精度和Kappa系数分别为96.1%和0.94,相比较于未加入面向对象分割的CART决策树耕地信息提取总体精度提高Kappa系数提高0.54,面向对象的分割方法有利于减少复杂背景对耕地提取的影响。基于面向对象的CART决策树分类方法相比较于传统方法对研究区耕地信息的提取有较好的精确性,能够提高耕地信息的提取精度。     

一种基于植被指数的遥感影像决策树分类方法

以江苏省徐州市为研究区,采用2000年ETM+多光谱影像作为遥感信息源,选择影像的光谱特征和归一化植被指数（NDVI）、绿度植被指数（GVI）、比值植被指数（RVI）等10种植被指数作为分类特征,基于See5决策树学习软件构建分类决策树,实现了研究区景观格局的遥感分类。研究结果表明,决策树分类法易于综合多种特征进行遥感影像的分类,植被指数参与到决策树分类中能够提高分类的总体精度。     

基于GEE云平台和Sentinel-2数据的普洱市森林覆盖制图

快速准确获取森林的空间分布对评估森林资源和生态环境状况具有重要的意义。以云南省普洱市为研究区,基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台和Sentinel-2影像数据,结合实地调查数据、机载遥感数据及地形辅助数据,提取影像的光谱特征、纹理特征以及地形特征,通过特征筛选,得到适合森林分类的最优特征数据集。结合简单线性非迭代聚类（SimpleNon-Iterative Clustering,SNIC）超像素分割算法,探究不同分类方法、特征变量等因素对分类精度的影响。结果表明：面向对象分类方法的分类精度要优于基于像元分类方法,分类总体精度为88.21%,Kappa系数为0.87,可以较为准确地对普洱市进行森林覆盖制图。面向对象方法可以有效减轻“椒盐现象”,特征优选避免了冗余信息对分类结果的影响,有效提高了分类效率。GEE平台与面向对象方法结合可以提供大区域、高精度的森林覆盖遥感快速制图。     

基于改进决策树分类算法的遥感影像分类研究

针对现有分类器对遥感影像分类结果存不准确的问题,本文提出了一种基于决策树分类器的遥感影像分类方法,该方法以复合决策树Boost Tree思想为基础,首先利用分形理论中的毯模型提取遥感影像的纹理特征,根据遥感影像分类的特点,构造新的单棵决策树生成算法对遥感影像进行分类。以北京市五环内区域为研究区,使用landsat7 ETM数据源,实现了基于分形纹理特征、光谱特征的改进决策树分类。实验结果表明：通过毯模型提取的纹理特征可以很好地表达表面特征,辅以该纹理信息的改进决策树分类精度相比于只用光谱信息进行分类的精度有一定的提高,改善了分类效果。     

基于面向对象的遥感影像分类研究——以河北省柏乡县为例

遥感作为提取土地覆盖类型的主要手段对监测土地利用变化和制定国家政策具有重要意义。通过利用影像的光谱、形状和纹理信息,面向对象分类方法能够比基于像元的分类方法提供更高精度的数据。基于高分一号卫星数据提出一种自动计算最优尺度的方法,基于多尺度分割和3种监督型机器学习算法对研究区典型地物类型(农田、裸地、居民区和道路)进行面向对象分类,并用总体精度和Kappa系数对分类结果进行精度评价,分析了分类精度与训练样本占总样本比例的关系。研究表明,面向对象分类方法在训练样本占总样本比例较小的情况下就可以取得较高的分类精度,总体精度高于94%。总体来看,支持向量的分类精度比神经网络和决策树的分类精度高。     

利用辅助数据的荒漠区高分辨率遥感分类研究

使用美国NAIP高分辨率航空遥感影像,在多尺度、多变量影像分割的基础上,采用决策树方法建立干旱区半干旱区的荒漠分类规则,并结合水系、道路等辅助地理数据进行干旱区半干旱区面向对象遥感分类.选择位于美国亚利桑那州菲尼克斯大都市区的周边典型荒漠地区为实验区,利用河流、道路等辅助数据进行面向对象遥感分类效果要优于单纯依靠遥感影像的分类,能够有效地提取季节性河流和简易道路.研究对美国亚利桑那州菲尼克斯都市区周边的同一荒漠地区进行了实验,利用决策规则有效提取植被和荒地,以及提取简易道路和土壤,分类总精度从常规面向对象分类方法的82.85％提高到92.45％.研究结果表明:本文提出的分类方法对荒漠地区的泥土路和灌木及其整体分类精度有较大提高.利用辅助数据进行遥感分类可以改善特定研究区的高分辨率遥感影像分类精度.     

基于决策树C4.5算法的面向对象分类方法研究

提出了基于决策树C4.5算法的面向对象分类方法.首先利用多尺度分割方法对遥感影像进行分割;然后提取对象的特征信息,包括光谱特征、纹理特征、形状特征、图层特征等,对提取的众多的对象特征,利用决策树C4.5算法对其进行知识挖掘,自动建立分类规则;最后利用建立的分类规则,将C4.5算法作为一种分类器对分割后的遥感影像进行分类,并以南充市城市土地利用为例进行了分类实验.实验验证了该方法的可行性.实验结果表明利用决策树C4.5算法建立的分类规则准确率高,利用该分类规则进行的面向对象分类效果较好.     

面向对象高分辨遥感影像分类研究

高空间分辨率遥感影像采用传统基于像元分类方法精度较低,本文通过分析高分辨遥感影像特征,采用面向对象的最近邻监督分类方法对QuickBird影像进行分类研究,首先对影像进行对象分割,然后将分割对象信息、形状特征与及上下文联系等特征构成特征空间进行最近邻监督分类,并与传统的基于像元最近邻分类方法分类进行比较分析,结果表明,本方法能够较好的识别高分辨率地物类型,总精度为92.19%,Kappa系数为0.8835,较好地改善分类效果,适合高分辨遥感影像分类。     

竹资源专题信息提取纹理特征量构建研究

在"同物异谱""异物同谱"问题较为严重的区域,单纯利用光谱信息难以有效地提取出竹资源专题信息。研究以ALOS影像为数据源,以南方多山县顺昌为试验区域,在考虑海拔、坡向、坡度等地形因子的前提下,通过分析竹、马尾松、杉木和其他树种等典型植被的纹理特征差异,构建了最佳纹理量,在此基础上,分别利用基于像元与面向对象的监督分类方法进行竹资源专题信息提取。经精度验证,提取的总体精度分别为71.5%、74.0%,说明:单纯利用纹理特征量亦能使竹资源专题信息的提取精度达到与单纯利用光谱信息相当的水平;通过最佳纹理量的构建,可以较有效地利用地物的纹理信息,从而更有效地利用遥感影像丰富的信息;实践证明了纹理特征量用于竹资源专题信息提取的可行性,为综合利用光谱与纹理信息进行专题信息提取的研究提供了实例支撑和技术参考,可以预见,基于光谱、纹理特征和地形因子的竹资源专题信息提取精度将得到进一步提高;在纹理特征量构建基础上进行竹资源专题信息提取,面向对象的监督分类较之于传统基于像元的监督分类的精度稍高,连续性更好。     

基于纹理信息CART决策树的林芝县森林植被面向对象分类

以西藏自治区林芝县的Landsat-8影像、地形图为信息源,结合样地调查数据及森林资源二类调查数据,研究基于纹理信息的CART决策树的面向对象分类对研究区内的森林地物类别进行提取,分类的总体精度和Kappa系数分别为82.53%和0.768,相较于不利用纹理信息的决策树分类和基于最大似然分类法的研究区地物类别的提取总体精度均高近10%,Kappa系数分别高0.12和0.111。结果表明:基于纹理信息的CART决策树面向对象分类方法对研究区Landsat-8影像进行植被类型提取,分类结果较好,能够满足研究要求。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.