关于柏林的公共空间

公共空间,包括可见的和不可见的,包括建筑物和它周围的环境。在公共空间中,人类可以找到特定时代的表现形式。以柏林为例,作者考察人们在特定时期的想法及其表达方式是如何改变和影响公共空间的。上个世纪,柏林经历了破坏与重建的更替,建设思想与意识的转换,这种变化大概是世界上唯一的。各种城市和规划建筑模式都在柏林进行了尝试———似乎整个城市就是一个大工厂———而且这些尝试在城市空间的破坏与重建中都留下了它们的痕迹。     

Aspects of decision support in water management--example Berlin and Potsdam (Germany) I--spatially differentiated evaluation

Decisions about sustainable development demand spatially differentiated evaluations. As an example, we demonstrate the evaluation of water management strategies in the cities of Berlin and Potsdam (Germany) with respect to their ecological effects in 14 sections of the surface water system. Two decision support systems were compared, namely PROMETHEE, which is designed to obtain a clear decision (linear ranking), and Hasse Diagram Technique (HDT), normally providing more than one favourable solution (partial order). By PROMETHEE, the spatial differentiation had unwanted effects on the result, negating the stakeholders determined weighting of indicators. Therefore, the stakeholder can barely benefit from the convenience of obtaining a clear decision (linear ranking). In contrast, the result obtained by HDT was not influenced by spatial differentiation. Furthermore, HDT provided helpful tools to analyse the evaluation result, such as the concept of antagonistic indicators to discover conflicts in the evaluation process.     

Aspects of decision support in water management--example Berlin and Potsdam (Germany) II--improvement of management strategies

Methods related to partial order theory such as the Hasse diagram technique (HDT) are increasingly used in the field of multi-criteria decision support. The HDT has the advantage of being a transparent evaluation tool, supported by several data analysis tools such as the concept of antagonistic indicators. However, the evaluation usually does not lead to a clear decision, because more than one possible solution is offered. In the example presented here, three of the nine water management strategies (scenarios) evaluated by HDT were identified as winners. However, these strategies were not comparable with each other because of the conflicting evaluation of at least two different indicators. Such antagonisms describe the advantage and disadvantage of each scenario. Based on this background information, a new innovative approach is demonstrated, enabling the stakeholders to design new, modified management strategies, with reduced negative effects. After improvement of the three potential solutions, one clear winner scenario could be identified.     

Polycyclic musk fragrances in different environmental compartments in Berlin (Germany)

The aim of this study was to obtain data about the contamination of different environmental compartments (102 surface water samples, 59 sediment samples and 165 eel samples) by polycyclic musks (HHCB, AHTN, ADBI, AHMI, and ATII) within the framework of an exposure monitoring program. Results for HHCB (Galaxolide) gave the following mean values in areas strongly polluted with sewage: surface water 1.59 micrograms l-1; sediment 0.92 mg kg-1 d.w. and eel 1513 micrograms kg-1 f.w. (in the edible portion) (6471 micrograms kg-1 lipid). The following average concentrations were found in waters hardly contaminated with sewage: surface water 0.07 microgram l-1, sediment < 0.02 mg kg-1 and eel 52 micrograms kg-1 f.w. (445 micrograms kg-1 lipid). Mean concentrations of 6.85 micrograms l-1 (maximum: 13.3 micrograms/l) could be measured at sewage treatment plants' outlets. It could be shown that these polycyclics are highly suited to use as indicators of the degree of contamination of waters with organic substances originating from sewage. A mean bioconcentration factor (BCF) on wet weight of 862 (HHCB) and 1069 (AHTN) for the transfer from water to eel under natural conditions could be calculated. The corresponding BCF-values based on the lipid content of eel were 3504 (HHCB) and 5017 (AHTN).     

Conventional and decentralized urban stormwater management: A comparison through case studies of Singapore and Berlin,Germany

Urban stormwater runoff is both a significant pollution source and a potentially valuable resource. This study compares stormwater management in two cities: Singapore and Berlin, Germany. In comparing the strategies for stormwater management, we illustrate how differences in geography (e.g., land and water availability), urban infrastructure, regulatory regimes, legislation and intensives between the two cities have led to different solutions for stormwater management. Singapore, faced with a serious issue of water scarcity, has placed an increasing emphasis on stormwater management through developing a comprehensive network of drains and canals, mainly with the aim of controlling flooding and potable water supply. In contrast, in Berlin, concerns for the protection of surface water quality and non-potable water supply in the urban areas have resulted in a shift in management goals towards a low impact solution based on source control. The cost analysis indicated that the decentralized rainwater harvesting as practiced in Berlin leads to a higher economic efficiency where potable water can be substituted by stormwater, compared to the centralized drainage system in Singapore. Additionally, green roofs result in energy savings by serving as mitigation strategies against the effect of urban heat islands and global warming. In the near future, it is envisioned that a combination of both conventional and decentralized urban stormwater management will prove to be the most practical solution for most cities.     

德国柏林波茨坦广场的城市设计

波茨坦广场的规划建设很好地反映了现代城市设计实施的全过程。本文简述了波茨坦广场由总体城市设计到区块城市设计，再到最后的建筑设计的步骤，在不同阶段中规划师、建筑师的分工、合作，以及与普通群众的交流沟通．并把上海浦东陆家嘴地区与波茨坦广场的城市设计做了简要的横向比较旨在更深入地了解波茨坦广场设计的启示和城市规划师、建筑师的责任。     

Modelling the removal of p-TSA (para-toluenesulfonamide) during rapid sand filtration used for drinking water treatment

A finite element model was set-up to determine degradation rate constants for p-TSA during rapid sand filtration (RSF). Data used for the model originated from a column experiment carried out in the filter hall of a drinking water treatment plant in Berlin (Germany). Aerated abstracted groundwater was passed through a 1.6 m long column-shaped experimental sand filter applying infiltration rates from 2 to 6 m h⁻¹. Model results were fitted to measured profiles and breakthrough curves of p-TSA for different infiltration rates using both first-order reaction kinetics and Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Both approaches showed that degradation rates varied both in space and time. Higher degradation rates were observed in the upper part of the column, probably related to higher microbial activity in this zone. Measured and simulated breakthrough curves revealed an adaption phase with lower degradation rates after infiltration rates were changed, followed by an adapted phase with more elevated degradation rates. Irrespective of the mathematical approach and the infiltration rate, degradation rates were very high, probably owing to the fact that filter sands have been in operation for decades, receiving high p-TSA concentrations with the raw water.     

印度共和国驻柏林大使馆，柏林，德国

印度大使馆是坐落于蒂尔加腾大街的一排独立式别墅型建筑之一。它的临街立面平整，只审美观点代共入口处的中庭圆柱所打断，过往行为可通过这晨向内一瞥。从街道上看建筑，它像一个巨大的石块，然而，在它的内部，空间秩序的安排却相当复杂，在建筑中部还有一个葱翠的绿色花园天井。同为方形平面的建筑与花园相互对应，正如入口中庭与环绕其四周的柱墙一样，体现着虚与实的空间关系。，运用在外墙上的来自印度的红色沙岩使建筑的方形外观极富表现力。公众通过临街入口的圆柱中庭进入大使馆。在这里，来访者可以进入围绕着中庭的所有不对外开放的区域，其中包括另有专门入口的领事馆，以及与其领接的可由守卫监控的主厅。从这里，访客可以直接进入礼堂，它的室外通向花园天井。公共区还包括一个展览馆，邻接着一个图书馆和正值商务中心。这个项目的设计意图，是将传统的印度艺术与手工艺转化为一种现代的建筑语言。     

Occurrence of phthalates and musk fragrances in indoor air and dust from apartments and kindergartens in Berlin (Germany)

In this study, the occurrence of persistent environmental contaminants room air samples from 59 apartments and 74 kindergartens in Berlin were tested in 2000 and 2001 for the presence of phthalates and musk fragrances (polycyclic musks in particular). These substances were also measured in household dust from 30 apartments. The aim of the study was to measure exposure levels in typical central borough apartments, kindergartens and estimate their effects on health. Of phthalates, dibutyl phthalate had the highest concentrations in room air, with median values of 1083 ng/m(3) in apartments and 1188 ng/m(3) in kindergartens. With around 80% of all values, the main phthalate in house dust was diethylhexyl phthalate, with median values of 703 mg/kg (range: 231-1763 mg/kg). No statistically significant correlation could be found between air and dust concentration. Musk compounds were detected in the indoor air of kindergartens with median values of 101 ng/m(3) [1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8- hexamethylcyclopenta-(g) 2-benzopyrane (HHCB)] and 44 ng/m(3) [7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-tetraline (AHTN)] and maximum concentrations of up to 299 and 107 ng/m(3) respectively. In household dust HHCB and AHTN were detected in 63 and 83% of the samples with median values of 0.7 and 0.9 mg/kg (Maximum: 11.4 and 3.1 mg/kg) each. On comparing the above phthalate concentrations with presently acceptable tolerable daily intake values (TDI), we are talking about only a small average intake [di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and diethyl phthalate less than 1 and 8% of the TDI] by indoor air for children. The dominant intake path was the ingestion of foodstuffs. For certain subsets of the population, notably premature infants (through migration from soft polyvinyl chloride products), children and other patients undergoing medical treatment like dialysis, exchange transfusion, an important additional intake of phthalates must taken into account. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The phthalate and musk compounds load in a sample of apartments and kindergartens were low with a typical distribution pattern in air and household dust, but without a significant correlation between air and dust concentration. The largest source of general population exposure to phthalates is dietary. For certain subsets of the general population non-dietary ingestion (medical and occupational) is important.     

德国柏林墙遗址地区公共空间的保护与规划研究

柏林墙是柏林近代史上重要的一段政治事件遗迹与历史见证。从1990年6月至今,柏林政府对柏林墙遗址地区进行了不同层面的保护和开发。梳理了柏林墙与柏林城市发展的关系,从政府工作、遗址构筑物与户外公共空间3个方面,研究了柏林墙遗址地区的保护与规划内容,认为针对柏林墙遗址地区,德国政府及人民对历史予以足够的尊重,以政府为主导的多维度、持续性的规划工作对遗址地区起到了重要的保护作用。灵活多样、高品质的公共空间营造方式与丰富的纪念性活动,使得衰败的地区得以激活和复兴,为中国遗址地区保护与规划设计提供借鉴。     

Government Policy,the Local State,and Gentrification: The Case of Prenzlauer Berg (Berlin), Germany

Abstract: Since reunification, Berlin planners have sought to find a niche for a post‐industrial New Berlin integrated into Europe. While great scholarly attention has focused on the grand projects that have dominated the reconstruction of the city's government and downtown commercial districts, only lesser attention has been paid to the city's housing and social policies. This article seeks to identify the extent to which Berlin planners have permitted unabated market‐led redevelopment to proceed and to what extent local policy has sought more balanced redevelopment and the “European city” ideal. The article looks at gentrifying Prenzlauer Berg, in eastern Berlin, to assess the extent to which public policy measures can be expected to constrain and temper, and not just promote, gentrification. The role played by community development organizations in mediating development is observed. The impact of the city's fiscal crisis and slack housing market are also noted.     

Elemental carbon and respirable particulate matter in the indoor air of apartments and nursery schools and ambient air in Berlin (Germany)

This study was performed to examine exposure to typical carcinogenic traffic air pollutants in the city center of an urban area. In all, 123 apartments and 74 nursery schools were analyzed with and without tobacco smoke interference and the households in two measuring periods. Simultaneously, the air outside 61 apartment windows as well as the average daily traffic volume were measured. Elemental carbon (EC), the marker for particulate diesel exhaust and respirable particulate matter (RPM) were determined. The thermographic EC analysis was conducted with and without prior solvent extraction of the soluble carbon fraction. Comparison of these two thermographic EC measurements clearly showed that method-related differences in the results, especially for indoor measurements, when high background loads of organic material were present (e.g. tobacco smoke), existed. Solvent extraction prior to EC determination was therefore appropriate. For the first winter measuring period, the EC concentration levels without solvent extraction in the indoor air were about 50% higher than those measured in the spring/summer period. In the second measuring period (i.e. spring/summer), the median EC concentrations after solvent extraction were 1.9 microg/m3 for smokers' apartments and 2.1 microg/m3 for non-smokers' apartments, with RPM concentrations of 57 and 27 microg/m3, respectively. Nursery schools showed high concentrations with median values of 53 microg/m3 for RPM and 2.9 microg/m3 for EC after solvent extraction. A significant correlation between the fine dust and EC concentrations (after solvent extraction) in the indoor and ambient air was determined. Outdoor EC values were also correlated with the average daily traffic volume. The EC ratios between indoor and ambient concentration showed a median of 0.8 (range: 0.3-4.2) in non-smoker households and 0.9 (range: 0.4-1.5) in smoker apartments. Furthermore, the EC/RPM ratio in indoor and ambient air was 0.01-0.15 (median 0.06) and 0.04-0.37 (median 0.09), respectively. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: In the absence of indoor sources a significant correlation with regard to respirable particulate matter (RPM) and elemental carbon concentrations between the indoor and ambient air of apartments was observed. The high degree of certainty resulting from this correlation underscores the importance of ambient air concentrations for indoor air quality. In nursery schools we found higher concentrations of RPM. An explanation of these results could be the high number of occupants in the room, their activity and the cleaning intensity.     

“色彩的海洋”—2017德国柏林国际花园博览会

<正>德国是世界上定期举办大规模园林展最为频繁的国家之一,其持久的生命力与城市发展进程相适应,取得了显著的成果[1]。除了2年一届的"联邦园林展"(Bundesgartenschau,简称BUGA),德国每隔10年会将联邦展升级为一次世界性的"国际花园博览会"(Internationale Garten Ausstellung,简称IGA)[2]。历届国际花园博览会不仅展示了最新的花园     

Groundwater quality and modelled chemical composition of water in lignite overburden dump aquifers (surface mine Inden, Germany)

The future chemical composition of water in a lignite mining dump aquifer (surface mine Inden II) and in a proposed mine pit lake are modelled. The conceptual geochemical model was verified by means of measured data, which were obtained from a nearby overburden heap. The investigations indicate a decomposition of geogenic pyrites, which is caused by a change in redox conditions and which affects 14?% of the total pyrite content (approx. 0.07 wt.?%). Furthermore, the decomposition results in sulphate concentrations in the groundwater from 1,300 to 1,500 mg/l. The dissolution of calcite and dolomite prevents acidification of the groundwater. Under near-neutral pH-conditions, the dissolution of feldspars is less important and provides only about 1/65 of the alkalinity allocated by carbonate weathering. Precipitation of siderite retains up to 85?% of the liberated ferrous iron, so that iron concentrations in the proposed dump lake should be low and should be accompanied by neutral pH-values.     

Berlin,Moscow, Warsaw: a century of sibling rivalry expressed in urban form

The troubled, historical relationship between Russia, Poland and Germany is revealed in their struggles for dominance over borderland territories. Berlin, Moscow and Warsaw boast scars left by dynastic wars and cultural skirmishes between these nations before 1914. The final Partition of Poland (1795), making Warsaw the third largest city in the Russian empire, and its destruction in 1944–5, epitomise their deadly rivalry. WWI was a watershed: Imperialism and the belle époque in architecture were replaced by socialism and modernism; the urban working class demanded security against a system founded on the ‘callous cash nexus’. This socialist phase was, like its predecessor, memorialised in monuments and statues, buildings, architecture and urban design. The fall of the Berlin Wall symbolised the opening of the era of choice, quintessentially expressed in the Mallification of public spaces. The concomitant of choice is risk, whose antidote may not be sought in class-based actions but in pre-socialist, nationalist narratives.     

应用GM（1,1）模型预测城市中长期用水量

阐述了GM（1,1）模型的建模思路以及模型模拟预测精度的检验方法,应用所建立的GM（1,1）模型对某市的中长期规划用水量进行了预测,结果表明,模型模拟预测精度为一级,预测效果良好。     

Comparative housing,urban crisis and political economy: an ethnographically based ‘long view’ from Auckland,Singapore and Berlin

Abstract

This paper follows a call for a ‘long view’ perspective on contemporary housing problems and policy. It applies this longitudinal lens to a multi-city comparative ethnographical study that investigates and relates place-specific and common trajectories and policies in regard to contemporary urban housing. By comparing Auckland, Singapore and Berlin from a heterodox political economy perspective, it demonstrates how contemporary challenges and proposed solutions over housing have deep-seated historical and geographical roots that are usually overlooked. It suggests that comprehending current housing issues as cumulative effects of developments and policy (non)-action taken in the past, and relating and evaluating those constitutive trajectories and transformations across (disparate) cities, current academic and policy debates can be enriched and deepened. One lesson is that ‘learning from the past’ may be a more promising crisis response than nowadays’ politically fetishised learning via global best practice and spatially mobilised policy.     

Sources and concentrations of indoor nitrogen dioxide in Hamburg (west Germany) and Erfurt (east Germany)

Here we report indoor and outdoor concentrations of NO2 for Erfurt and Hamburg and assess the contribution of the most important indoor sources (e.g. the presence of gas cooking ranges, smoking) and outdoor sources (traffic exhaust emissions). We examined the relative contribution of the different sources of NO2 to the total indoor NO2 levels in Erfurt and Hamburg. NO2 indoor concentrations in Hamburg were slightly higher than those in Erfurt (i.e. living room: 15 microg m(-3) for Erfurt and 17 microg m(-3) for Hamburg). A linear regression model including the variables, place of residence, season and outdoor NO2 levels, location of the home within the city, housing and occupant characteristics accounted for 38% of the NO2 variance. The most important predictors of indoor NO2 concentrations were gas in cooking followed by other characteristics, such as ventilation or outdoor NO2 level. Residences in which gas was used for cooking, or in which occupants smoked, had substantially higher indoor NO2 concentrations (41 or 18% increase, respectively). An increase in the outdoor NO2 concentration from the 25th to the 75th-percentile (17 microg m(-3)) was associated with a 33% increase in the living room NO2 concentration. Multiple regression analysis for both cities separately illustrated that use of gas for cooking was the major indoor source of NO2. This variable caused a similar increase in the indoor NO2 levels in each city (43% in Erfurt and 47% in Hamburg). However, outdoor sources of NO2 (motor vehicle traffic) contributed more to indoor NO2 levels in Hamburg than in Erfurt.     

Increase of platinum group element concentrations in soils and airborne dust in an urban area in Germany

Since 1993, all new cars sold in the European Union had to be fitted with catalytic converters. Undoubtedly, these measures brought about a great progress concerning traffic emission controls. However, this technology also led to new emissions. A rapid accumulation of the catalytic active noble metals Pt, Pd, and Rh in the environment was observed and concern arose about potential environmental and health risks. This work aimed at a contribution to a monitoring of platinum group element (PGE) emission and accumulation by comparing analytical data, all generated in 1999 and in 2005 in an urban area in Germany. Oriented at the 1999 sampling strategy, soil and airborne dust samples were taken in 2005 at the same sampling sites located mainly close to heavily used roads in the region of Braunschweig. For the enrichment of the analytes, conditioned soil samples as well as loaded glass fiber filters from air sampling were transferred to the nickel sulphide fire assay. For analyses, the ICP-MS technique was applied. High Pt, Pd, and Rh concentrations were detected especially in top soil layers (0-2 cm) directly at the roadsides or on center strips. At one road outside the city, where traffic moved with a constant speed of about 80 km/h, maximum concentrations in soil were found to be 50.4 microg/kg for Pt, 43.3 microg/kg for Pd, and 10.7 microg/kg for Rh. PGE concentrations were the highest close to that road and exponentially declined with growing distance. At a second road, where vehicles run with a constant speed of 50 km/h, the highest concentrations were detected in the center strip soil: 88.9 microg/kg (Pt), 77.8 microg/kg (Pd), and 17.6 microg/kg (Rh). At a third crowded street in the centre of Braunschweig with stop and go traffic, the highest soil concentrations were determined, namely 261 microg/kg for Pt, 124 microg/kg for Pd and 38.9 microg/kg for Rh. The sampling of airborne dust at this roadside revealed for Pt 159 pg/m(3) air or 1730 microg/kg dust, for Pd 37.8 pg/m(3) air or 410 microg/kg dust, and for Rh 10.0 pg/m(3) air or 110 microg/kg dust. A comparison of analytical results of 2005 with those of 1999 revealed a distinct increase of PGE concentrations in soils closely along heavy traffic roads by a factor of 2.1 to 8.9; once even a factor of 15 was determined. The findings also document, that especially Pt and Rh concentrations were elevated in airborne dust.