加拿大木结构住宅的结构与施工

PFC是加拿大木结构住宅应用最广泛的结构形式。该系统具有结构简洁合理、施工快捷等特点，已经成为国外木结构住宅发展最快的结构形式和建造方法。     

21世纪住宅观念的契合点—木制住宅的悄然兴起

本文以木结构住宅的优点出发,以木结构住宅与现有建筑建造形式比较为主线,结合笔者所在公司实践,扼要表述了木结构住宅将成为21世纪住宅观念契合点,并必将在国内悄然流行的原因。     

一幢梁柱式木结构示范住宅的建造实例

介绍了一幢梁柱式木结构示范住宅的工程概况，详细地描述了该梁柱式木结构示范住宅的建造过程，指出了梁柱式木结构住宅在防潮方面的独特设计，最后提出梁柱式木结构住宅的验收和管理办法。     

现代框架式木结构住宅建造技术

本文首先介绍了框架式木结构的特点,然后详细地对框架式木结构住宅建造过程进行了描述,指出了框架式木结构住宅在防腐防蚁方面的独特设计,最后提出框架式木结构住宅的验收和管理办法.     

日本的“绿色住宅”

日本正在成批建造一种称为“绿色住宅”的居民住宅。所谓“绿色住宅”,就是把过去的木结构住宅,经过改造,使其更适合现代要求的一种住宅。它的特点是:施工工期短,坚固耐用,造价低廉,居住舒适。“绿色住宅”的所有构件全部由工厂加工生产,构件具有固定的规格,质量管理严格,可以根据各种不同的设计要求进行生产,因系机械化生产,所以生产效率高,产品规格化。     

日本的绿色住宅

日本正在成批建造一种称为“绿色住宅”的居民住宅。所谓“绿色住宅”,就是把过去的木结构住宅,经过改善,使其更适合现代要求的一种住宅。它的特点是:施工期短,坚固耐用,造价低廉,居住舒适。 “绿色住宅”的所有构件,全部由工厂加工生产,构件具有固定的规格,质量管理严格,可以根据各种不同的设计要求进行生产。因系机械化生产,所以生产效率高,产品规格化。     

某木结构房屋的施工技术

木结构住宅具有其他结构无法比拟的绿色节能优势,是世界建筑发展的潮流。美国、加拿大、欧洲、澳洲、日本以及我国的台湾地区,都在快速发展木结构建筑。随着人们环保意识的增强,以及汶川地震后人们对抗震防灾意识的提高,轻型木结构住宅作为节能环保、耐久抗震、可持续性发展的建筑型式,已成为一种新的选择。以某小区别墅为例,通过施工实践,介绍了轻型木结构住宅的施工技术。     

现代木结构绿色建筑工程实践

我国每年新增建筑总量大约20亿平方米,而住宅占了绝大部分,探索生态可循环建筑刻不容缓。在北美、欧洲、日本等很多地区和国家,木结构是最常见的住宅形式。木结构住宅在中国有着几千年的历史,现代木结构是最优秀的生态建筑形式之一,但在国内木结构住宅的优点和特性还没有为普通百姓所认识和体验。     

木结构房屋——我国住宅的盲点

由于我国森林资源缺乏,限制了木材的使用以致发达国家普遍建造的木结构住宅在我国是个盲点。本文通过对木结构性能,材料来源,环境效益,建造技术的分析,阐述其对我国的意义。     

上海碧云别墅采用的加拿大轻型木结构施工技术

基于从北美地区全套引进的加拿大轻型木结构住宅,结合上海地区的地理、气候、环境等特点,通过工程实例,介绍了此种轻型木结构的钉连接方式、外墙通风排水空腔构造、坡屋面安全施工、吊挂式门窗安装等关键技术措施,指出轻型木结构住宅在设计与施工中具有独特的技术特点,以期对上海乃至沿海地区轻型木结构住宅施工起一定的借鉴参考作用。     

Void Metabolism

Since the Second World War, the urban fabric of Tokyo has been shaped by individual landownership and the proliferation of the detached house. For most Japanese architectural offices, domestic practice provides the mainstay of their work. This focus on the single private house, though, also limits the range of possibilities for urban interventions. Yoshiharu Tsukamoto of Atelier Bow-Wow explains how through its development of ‘Void Metabolism’, the studio has been able to turn its focus on the residential into a positive, breaking down the barriers between private and shared space in the city.     

Life cycle assessment: A case study of a dwelling home in Scotland

The article provides a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a 3-bed room semi detached house in Scotland. Detailed LCA of five main construction materials i.e. wood, aluminium, glass, concrete and ceramic tiles have been provided to determine their respective embodied energy and associated environmental impacts. Embodied energy of various construction materials involved has been estimated to be equal to 227.4 GJ. It is found that concrete, timber and ceramic tiles are the three major energy expensive materials involved. It as been calculated that concrete alone consumes 65% of the total embodied energy of the home while its share of environmental impacts is even more crucial.     

长城脚下的“森林小屋”

"森林小屋"是位于八达岭的"长城脚下的公社"中的高档别墅之一,由日本建筑师古谷诚章设计。小屋依山而建,并依地势高低形成了错落有致的格局。在屋内的不同地方都可以透过玻璃窗欣赏到森林中的别样景致。小屋以当地木材作为建筑材料,在建筑色彩上也只采用了简单的白、黄两种颜色,不仅使小屋与环境达到很好的融合,更给人以简单、温馨的感觉。以"森林小屋"来命名这幢别墅是最为贴切的了。     

Simulation of the heating performance of the Kang system in one Chinese detached house using biomass

A traditional Chinese heating system, the Chinese Kang, is used by 175 million people in detached houses in the rural regions of China, especially in Northeast China. This system utilizes biomass such as corn stalks, straw, corncob and energy plants as the heat sources. The objective of this paper is to establish a set of models to simulate the energy performance of the Kang heating system in one Chinese detached house. An experimental field study was carried out to collect practical parameters in a newly constructed Chinese detached house. The dynamic performance of the Kang heating system was simulated by using IDA-ICE 4.0 embedded with an empirical model built in the field study. The results show that the simulation can obtain good overall agreement with the field measurement results. It was confirmed that the Kang model created by IDA-ICE 4.0 is capable of simulating the performance of the Kang system and of calculating energy consumption in the detached house. Moreover, the result reveals that the thermal environment in the present Chinese detached house is still poor during the severe cold season if only the Kang system is used to heat the whole house.     

Evaluation of energy-related and economic aspects of heating a family house with dendromass in the north-east of Poland

This paper presents an evaluation of energy-related and economic aspects of production of thermal energy to heat a family house with wood briquette. The object of the study was a detached house with an area of 247 m², situated in Olsztyn, in the north-east of Poland. The study lasted three years, from October 2006 to September 2009. The highest monthly consumption of wood briquette for thermal energy production: heating water for the central heating system and hot utility water production were recorded in January (1052–1333 kg/month). The average annual briquette consumption ranged from 6.36 to 6.72 t/year. With the mean lower heating value of briquette of 17.99 GJ/t, the mean consumption of energy in the fuel ranged from 114 to 121 GJ/year. The annual cost of heat production for a family house with briquette as fuel ranged from €572 to €651, during the 2006/2007 and 2008/2009 seasons, respectively. It would have been cheaper by €187–228 year^?1 to heat the house with seasoned willow chips, whereas using alternative fuels, such as hard coal (fraction 0.5–2.5 cm) oak pellets, natural gas and heating oil would have increased the cost of heat production. If the last of those fuels had been used, it would have increased the cost 3.5-fold as compared with wood briquette.     

Building leakage,infiltration, and energy performance analyses for Finnish detached houses

This study focuses on the relation between the airtightness of a building envelope, infiltration, and energy use of a typical modern Finnish detached house in the cold climate of Finland. The study is conducted with an empirically tested dynamic IDA-ICE simulation model of a detached house. The effect of several factors, such as Finnish climate and wind conditions, balance of ventilation system and leakage distribution, on infiltration was studied and a simple adapted model for the rough estimation of annual infiltration in Finnish detached houses was determined from the numerical simulation results. The energy impact of infiltration is also studied, taking into account the infiltration heat recovery effect. According to the results, infiltration causes about 15–30% of the energy use of space heating including ventilation in the typical Finnish detached house. The average infiltration rate and heat energy use increase almost linearly with the building leakage rate n₅₀. Finland can be roughly divided into two zones based on the average infiltration rate of detached houses, for which stack-induced infiltration is typically dominant, regardless of the climate zone. The infiltration heat recovery effect is minor in the studied detached house.     

Unprotected Floor Assemblies and Tenability Conditions in a Test House Under Two Basement Fire Scenarios

A full-scale experimental program was undertaken to study the impact of two basement fire scenarios on the structural integrity of unprotected floor assemblies above a basement and the tenability conditions in a test facility representing a typical two-storey detached single-family house with a basement. The experiments utilized relatively severe, fast-growing fires set in the basement, which had an unprotected (unfinished) ceiling, to challenge the structural integrity of the floor system above the basement, which provides the normal egress route on the first storey for occupants. A range of floor assemblies constructed with various types of engineered floor joists and trusses (including wood I-joists, steel C-joists, metal plate wood trusses and metal web wood trusses) and with solid-wood joists, were used in the experiments with the basement side unprotected (unsheathed). Potential exposure to toxic gases, heat and smoke obscuration under the test conditions was analyzed to estimate the time available for escape. The results help establish the sequence of fire events such as fire initiation, smoke alarm activation, onset of untenable conditions, and structural failure of the floor assembly above the basement to understand how these factors affect the ability of occupants on the upper storeys to escape in the event of a basement fire.     

The influence of the concealed pollution sources upon the indoor air quality in houses

This report presents the results of investigations on the indoor air quality of common Japanese detached houses. It is necessary to control the emission rates from the interior materials and the ventilation rates to keep indoor concentration of VOC enough low. And it is also necessary to consider the influence of the pollution sources in the concealed spaces for better indoor air quality in some kinds of building structures and some kinds of ventilation systems. In this study the influences of the concealed pollution sources upon the indoor concentrations of pollutants were investigated using three detached houses with four ventilation systems and the following results were obtained. When the ventilation system was changed from the air-supply type to the air-exhaust type, the indoor concentrations of formaldehyde increased. The infiltration ratios: the ratios of the infiltration rate to the indoor space toward the emission rate of a pollutant in the concealed space were measured using the tracer-gas method. The ratios from the beam spaces and the partition were about 100% in most cases. The ratios from the crawl space under the first floor and the truss space under the roof were lower than those from the beam space and partitions in most cases, because those spaces have ventilation openings. But the ratio from the crawl space reached about 100% in the house without ventilation openings at the crawl space. And even in the house with ventilation openings at crawl space, the ratio reached 50% in the house with the exhaust-ventilation system. Therefore, it became clear that the use of the medicine to prevent the deterioration of the wooden structure and the white ants in the crawl spaces must be limited. The ratio from the envelope wall was changed with the pressure difference between inside and outside. These results showed that it is necessary to prevent infiltration from the concealed spaces and to control the emission rate from the concealed pollution sources.     

Modeling of Alkane Emissions from a Wood Stain

Full-scale residential house tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of organic emissions from a wood finishing product – wood stain – on indoor air quality (IAQ). The test house concentrations of three alkane species, nonane, decane, and undecane, were measured as a function of time after the application of the wood stain. It was found that the test house concentrations can be simulated by an integrated IAQ model which takes into consideration source, sink and ventilation effects. The alkane emissions were controlled by an evaporation-like process. Data analysis indicated that there were significant sink effects in the test house. Different sink strengths were estimated by the model for the three alkane species. An inverse relationship between the test house sink strength and the alkane volatility was found.     

Housing design in relation to environmental comfort

The School of Architecture has undertaken several research projects on improving the characteristics of local building materials and some of these materials have been tested in a low cost detached house which was used to monitor and measure air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity and air velocity. Comparisons are made between cluster, terraced, walk-up and detached housing.