平面淹没射流垂直冲刷泥沙试验研究

射流在水利工程中作为冲沙手段已有较广泛的应用,冲刷过程的射流冲坑特性与泥沙悬浮特性均是衡量冲刷效果的重要指标。通过改变射流速度、喷射靶距、泥沙粒径,进行了平面射流冲刷沙床的系列试验。结果表明:冲坑与泥沙的悬浮尺寸随时间均呈现快速增长期、缓慢发展期和动态稳定期3个发展阶段,在此过程中,泥沙悬浮尺寸会出现峰值,最终在某一数值上下波动;总体上冲坑深度与泥沙悬浮尺寸随射流速度和喷射靶距的增大而基本呈线性增大,短时间(1 s)内靶距的增加对冲坑深度的影响较小;冲坑深度与泥沙悬浮尺寸随粒径的增大有所减小;冲刷参数可以用来综合衡量射流的冲刷能力,随着射流冲刷参数的增大,无量纲化的冲坑深度、悬沙高度和悬沙宽度均呈线性增长趋势。     

射流坡度控制结构的下游冲刷

建立在二维射流扩散和泥沙颗粒稳定基础上的坡度控制结构下游局部冲刷的理论研究已由试验得到验证。紊动射流的扩散将会降低接近河床泥沙颗粒的水流流速。当冲坑中的无粘性泥沙颗粒不能被冲走时,便达到了冲刷平衡状态。平衡冲刷深度可认为是流速、水深及泥沙粒径的函数。从理论上推导出来的公式与文献中所报道的回归方程极其吻合。试验采用了大型物理模型,其单宽流量达2.5平方米每秒。冲刷深度超过1.4米。结合以前小型试验组的数据,得到了包括从附壁射流到垂直射流,从小淹没射流到大淹没射流,以及各种控制射流坡度情况下的总计231个试验冲深数据。考虑了所研究的种种射流型式,冲深的理论计算结果与试验测定结果的吻合程度是令人满意的。     

射流掺气对冲刷的影响

通过对射流掺气与不掺气时基岩冲刷的对比试验，研究了掺气对射流冲刷的影响。试验结果表明：掺气总是使冲坑减小，冲坑深度随掺气浓度的增加而递减的规律可表示为幂函数关系。当入射流速和水舌厚度相同时，随着下游水垫深度的增加，掺气对射流冲刷能力的减弱程度也增加；当水舌厚度和水垫深度相同时，对不同的入射流速，在本次试验范围内，掺气对射流冲刷能力的减弱程度是相同的。掺气对冲坑形态并没有实质性的影响，冲坑的宽深比随冲坑深度的减小而增大，无论造成冲坑深度减小的原因是掺气、降低流速还是减少入射水舌厚度，其变化规律都可用相同的直线关系表示。     

圆形射流冲刷疏松淤沙的研究

结合城市污水海洋处置工程的研究，通过模型试验，研究和探讨了水平圆形射流冲刷淤埋喷口的疏松淤沙的规律，根据试验现象，可将圆形射流对淤沙的冲刷过程分为三个阶段，即泥沙初始流化阶段，泥沙完全流化阶段和形成稳定、清晰的冲刷坑阶段。通过量纲分析和对试验数据进行回归分析，分别提出了圆形水平射流在静水环境下对淤埋喷口的疏松沙冲刷的临界射流冲淤流速、冲刷坑尺寸计算的经验公式。     

射流作用下不同沙床动态冲坑变化规律的试验研究

基于泥沙动力学和射流冲刷理论,对粗沙沙床和中沙沙床在某一流速下进行不同靶距的淹没射流实验,通过高速摄像机捕捉动态冲坑在短时间内的发展变化,分析了在前10s和前1s内的坑深发展规律。并将前1s等分成24个时间段分析其细微变化。结果表明:冲坑深度在前10s内基本呈对数规律发展;射流冲刷刚开始时中沙沙床冲坑深度的发展趋势有时滞后于粗沙沙床;冲坑深度随时间有先增加后减小的趋势,在此流速下存在一个最优靶距。此实验的研究成果在疏浚工程施工作业时具有一定的参考价值。     

垂直射流冲刷砂床的喷嘴间距试验研究

疏浚工程中常利用射流进行河道清淤和冲砂施工。为探究喷嘴间距对射流冲刷的影响,开展了一系列不同靶距、速度和间距的双喷嘴冲刷粗砂、中砂砂床试验,分析了冲刷坑形、冲坑深度和冲坑截面积的变化特性,得到了各工况下的最优喷嘴间距L_B和不利喷嘴间距L_N。结果表明,对于同一粒径砂床,改变靶距和速度冲刷时的L_B和L_N值变化较小,而与粗砂砂床相比,冲刷中砂砂床时的L_B和L_N值均有所增加。研究成果可供疏浚工程中射流系统设计作为参考。     

基于Flow-3D的水平射流冲刷泥沙数值模拟

为了模拟分析闸口水平射流对下游泥沙冲刷的全过程,基于水工模型试验,采用Flow-3D软件中的泥沙冲刷模型结合RNG模型和FAVOR方法,进行了水平射流冲刷固定底板下游泥沙的模拟试验。根据原水工模型条件,结合模型试验结果,对冲刷过程中的水面线、流速分布、冲坑深度和堆丘高度进行了对比分析。结果显示,数值模拟与原试验结果中水面线和流速分布吻合度很高,冲刷过程中的冲坑深度与堆丘的高度也很接近。分析了冲刷过程中的泥沙运动,模拟了不同粒径泥沙的冲刷过程并将结果进行对比,发现达到冲刷平衡阶段时冲坑深度与堆丘高度随泥沙粒径的增大而减小,该结论符合理论分析,证明该软件中泥沙模型可用于物理试验中的有关变量分析。     

射流冲刷试验及其在黄河潼关河段的应用

为解决黄河潼关河段射流清淤工程有关技术问题，分析其冲沙效果，利用室内水槽进行了静水、动水条件下射流冲刷试验．试验采用容重为0.0215N／cm^3、孔隙率为0．61的粉煤灰．根据水槽试验研究，提出了能较好反映不同粘性床沙的射流冲刷坑尺寸的射流能力指标F0^0.6(d／D)^-0．19，并建立了冲刷坑尺寸与F0^0.6(d／D)^-0.19的关系；同时在潼关河段进行了现场试验，研究了喷嘴距床面的最优高度。提出喷嘴距床面的最优高度在0．7m左右．并初步分析了潼关河段的射流冲刷效果，射流冲刷后，含沙量明显增加；通过5年的清淤实践，平均每年射流清淤可使潼关高程在汛期降低0．15m左右.     

挑射水流对岩基河床冲刷的探讨

 在分析水垫塘中射流特征的基础上，综合了消能和射流的观点，提出一个估算冲坑深度的新公式。该公式结构简单、包括因素较全面，并通过分析计算实测资料，给出岩石冲刷系数的推荐值。利用该公式，对三峡大坝冲刷深度进行了预报，其预报值与各家的实验值符合较好。     

射流坡度控制结构的下游冲刷

建立在二维射流扩散和泥沙颗粒稳定基础上的坡度控制结构下游局部冲刷的理论研究已由试验得到验证。紊动射流的扩散将会降低接近河床泥沙颗粒的水流流速。当冲坑中的无粘性泥沙颗粒不能被冲走时,便达到了冲刷平衡状态。平衡冲刷深度可认为是流速、水深及泥沙粒径的函数。从理论上推导出来的公式与文献中所报道的回归方程极其吻合。试验采用了大型物理模型,其单宽流量达2.5平方米每秒。冲刷深度超过1.4米。结合以前小型试验组的数据,得到了包括从附壁射流到垂直射流,从小淹没射流到大淹没射流,以及各种控制射流坡度情况下的总计231个试验冲深数据。考虑了所研究的种种射流型式,冲深的理论计算结果与试验测定结果的吻合程度是令人满意...     

泥沙粒径及射流速度对沙床冲刷的影响

射流冲刷在众多疏浚工程中应用广泛并发挥了重要作用,对其开展深入研究很有必要。基于Eulerian二相流模型和k-ε湍流模型,以粒径为0.04~0.23 mm的沙床为研究对象,进行了二维垂向淹没射流冲刷沙床的数值模拟,研究了粒径和射流速度对沙床冲刷的影响。结果表明,在研究的粒径范围内,最大冲刷深度和悬浮泥沙体积与流速成正相关,与粒径成负相关,且流速的影响更大。     

Scour process caused by multiple subvertical non-crossing jets

The scour process induced by plunging jets is an important topic for hydraulic engineers. In recent decades, several researchers have developed new strategies and methodologies to control the scour morphology, including different jet arrangements and structures located in the stilling basin. It has been found that multiple jets can cause less scouring than single plunging jets. Based on this evidence, this study aimed to investigate the equilibrium morphology caused by multiple non-crossing jets. A dedicated laboratory model was built and experimental tests were carried out under different combinations of jet inclination angles, by varying the tailwater level and the virtual crossing point location, which was set below the original channel bed level. It was experimentally shown that the equilibrium scour morphology depends on the jet discharge, the differences in non-crossing jet inclination angles, the downstream water level, and the distance of the virtual crossing point from the original channel bed level. In particular, the last parameter was found to be one of the most influential parameters, because of the resulting flow patterns inside the water body. Furthermore, the analysis of experimental evidence allowed for a complete and detailed classification of the scour hole typologies. Three different scour typologies were distinguished and classified. Finally, based on previous studies, two novel relationships have been proposed to predict both the maximum scour depth and length within a large range of hydraulic and geometric parameters.     

Engineering application of submerged water jets for sediment removal in a tidal riverbed

Sediment deposition problems have attracted the interest of engineers and researchers. Several experimental studies have been conducted on scour depth using turbulent jets. However, field observation and monitoring have rarely been reported. This study aimed to eliminate sediments on a tidal riverbed using a prototype device, which consisted of a set of submerged vertical water nozzles and submerged horizontal air nozzles. The effectiveness of the water jet in sediment removal during spring and neap tides was evaluated. The quantitative relationships of dimensionless parameters, such as (1) the relative sediment scour volume versus the number of flows from the jet exit, (2) the relative sediment scour volume versus the relative scour depth, and (3) the relative scour size versus the relative jet intensity, were analyzed. The results showed that the freshwater flowing to the sea affected the sediment scour volume during the falling cycle of spring tides. In contrast, the rising cycle of spring tides retarded the freshwater flow, resulting in a decrease in the sediment scour volume. A steep water surface slope accelerated the river flow and further influenced the cross-flow current around the study area. As a result, a highly diffusive turbulent flow was produced, causing suspended sediments to be rapidly removed from the scour hole center. An increase in the number of flows from the jets led to intensified diffusion of turbulent energy into the flow. The rapidly varying water depth caused jet energy to be dissipated before approaching the riverbed, and it significantly affected the scour process during the spring-tide period. The proposed equations can be used to estimate the scour volume, scour size, and re-suspended sediments in tidal rivers within defined ranges of parameters.     

岸边并联泄洪洞下游河道冲坑预测

挑流水舌对下游河道的冲刷关系到工程安全。根据动量方程推导了射流在下游水垫中的扩散规律,分析了下游水垫流速对射流扩散的影响,提出了动水垫下射流的临底流速计算方法。研究结果表明:动水流速增加了射流在水中的扩散距离,促进了射流扩散及射流流速衰减,降低了射流临底流速。将研究结果应用于白鹤滩岸边泄洪洞下游河道的冲坑深度预测。模型试验结果表明:在鼻坎水流参数相同的情况下,河道中水流为动水时的冲坑深度较静水时冲坑深度减小约10%,且位于河道下游侧的挑流水舌形成的冲坑深度小于上游侧挑流水舌形成的冲坑深度。与常规预测公式相比,该方法能准确预测不同位置挑流水舌的冲坑深度,研究结果可为泄洪设施下游河道消能防冲设计提供依据。     

Two-phase velocity measurement in a particle-laden jet

A horizontally discharging jet laden with solid sediment particles is investigated experimentally. The submerged jet discharges water with an initially horizontal direction into stagnant water of the same density but the presence of sediment particles produces jet effluent having a combined density greater than that of the ambient water. A modified particle-imaging velocimetry (PIV) technique is applied to estimate the velocity fields of the solid particle phase and the jet fluid liquid phase. Phase separation is achieved optically between the scattered light signals from the particles and the laser-induced fluorescence signal from the jet fluid dozed with a fluorescent dye. It is found that initial sediment concentrations below 0.1% volume fraction do not cause significant changes to the global properties of the jet flow. In jets of higher initial sediment concentrations, settling of sand particles are observed to drag the jet to spread with a downward-bending mean trajectory. Intensive particle–flow interaction is also observed in jets of high sediment concentrations.     

FLOOD DISCHARGE AND ENERGY DISSIPATION BY JETS FROM OUTLETS IN HIGH ARCH DAM

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裸露穿河管道在压重块保护下的冲刷特性

水流冲刷引起河床变形的不确定性对水下穿越管道的安全运行造成威胁.为了探究裸露穿河管道在压重块保护措施下的冲刷特性,通过水槽模型试验,研究压重块长度、压重块布置间距、水流流速、河道水深等因素对管道周围河床地形和冲刷深度的影响.试验结果表明:水下穿越管道在压重块保护措施下的冲刷过程可分为冲刷坑形成、压重块迎流侧悬空、管道迎...