松土覆盖时土壤内水,汽,热传输的模拟

本文根据Ｐｈｉｌｉｐ、ＤｅＶｒｉｅｓ和Ｍｉｌｌｙ的多孔介质中水、汽、热传递的理论，给出了冬小麦苗期松土耕作时的土壤内水热分布的耦合模型，将其数值解结果与实测值进行了对比验证，表明该模型较准确地模拟了土壤水热动态。对土壤内水分动态的模拟表明，松土时土壤内水汽流动在整体水分流动中所占比例较小，但用等温模型与水、汽、热耦合模型模拟，仅开始时用等温模型简化对水分流动的差异较小，随着进一步蒸发，差异将较大，需考虑水汽运动的热效应。因此，在松土保墒条件下，连续蒸发时用非等温模型模拟土壤水分运动状态是十分必要的。     

Modeling Transient Evaporation from Descending Shallow Groundwater Table Based on Brooks–Corey Retention Function

In arid and semi-arid regions a large amount of rainfall and irrigation water that enters into the soil is lost through soil surface via evaporation. In such regions, there are some areas with shallow groundwater table, evaporating huge amounts of water and accumulating salts at the soil surface. Thus, the evaporation phenomenon not only is responsible for water loss but also is a major reason for soil salinization. The objective of this study was to develop and verify an analytical model for one dimensional transient unsaturated upward flow from water table to soil surface. Consequently, an analytical solution was developed based on the Richards equation with initial and boundary conditions governing evaporation phenomenon. The parametric Brooks and Corey retention function was used to describe water status in the vadose zone. Based on the proposed model, the saccumulative evaporation is estimated as function of water table drawdown and soil retention parameters. To collect the data required for model verification, nine large lysimeters were constructed and packed with sandy loam, silty clay loam, and silty clay soil textures. The results indicated reasonable agreements between the experimental data and those predicted with the proposed model. Although the overall predicted results were well resemble the real conditions, there were some underestimations for a certain period. This can be attributed to evaporation from side gap of columns, upward flow due to vapor phase movement of moisture, and the collapse of macropores resulting from soil packing.     

Vadose-zone moisture dynamics under radiation boundary conditions during a drying process

In order to better understand the soil moisture dynamics during a drying process, a soil column experiment is conducted in the laboratory, followed by the numerical modeling with consideration of the coupled liquid water, water vapor and heat transport in the vadose zone. Results show that there are three distinct subzones above the water table according to the temporally dynamic variation of the water content profiles. Zone 1 sees a decrease in the water contents in the upper profiles （0 m-0.05 m） due to a negative net water flux in this zone where the upward isothermal water vapor flux becomes the main flow mechanism in the soils. Irl contrast, the water content within Zone 2 in the depth ranging from 0.05 m to 0.37 m sees an apparent increase over the, resulting from the positive net thermal water-vapor and isothermal liquid-water fluxes into this layer. Zone 3 （0.37 m-0.65 m） also sees an apparent decrease in the water content since the isothermal liquid water flux carries the liquid water either upward out of this region for vaporization or downward to the water table as a recharge to the groundwater.     

气候对森林-径流关系的影响

为了揭示气候对森林-径流关系的影响,利用已有的不同地区森林集水区试验结果分析森林-径流关系空间变化规律,然后在生物物理/动态植被模型SSi B4/TRIFFID与TOPMODEL的耦合模型对长江上游梭磨河流域不同温度下植被演替及蒸发与径流的动态变化过程的模拟结果基础上,通过分析水热条件对净光合速率、冠层湿润分数、蒸腾、冠层截留蒸发以及土壤蒸发的影响,分析水热条件对森林-径流关系的影响。主要结论有:水热条件通过控制森林的净光合速率、蒸腾、冠层截留蒸发和土壤蒸发影响森林-径流关系;随着温度增加,森林蒸散发增加幅度大于其它植被类型和裸地,使森林-径流关系发生变化,水热条件的空间变化决定了森林-径流关系和水分利用效率的空间变化;受气候垂直地带性和水平地带性影响,随着海拔高度下降或从北到南随着温度增加,水分利用效率减小,森林-径流关系存在从增加径流量到对径流量没有明显影响再到减小径流量的变化,水分胁迫或高温将抑制森林蒸腾从而减小森林对径流量减少的作用,森林集水区比较试验结果体现了森林-径流关系这种空间变化规律。     

Hanks蒸发试验的模拟与分析

本文建立了非饱和土壤中水、汽、热运移的耦合模型，并对Ｈａｎｋｓ蒸发试验进行了模拟，结果表明：所建模型可用于分析多孔介质中水、汽、热的运移规律；较等温模型而言，非等温模型的模拟结果更符合实际；由于“热”蒸发条件下的温度梯度较“冷”蒸发时的大，因而水汽对于“热”蒸发过程有着较大的影响，是分析地表附近水分运移规律不可忽视的因素。     

运用温度示踪法确定稳定入渗补给速率

开展不同水位埋深条件下的地中渗透仪入渗实验,分析包气带温度场变化规律及其控制因素,进而采用多层介质热传导解析方程评价入渗补给速率,探讨了温度示踪法评价包气带入渗补给问题的适用性。结果表明:气温控制包气带温度场整体特征,其对温度场的影响随深度增加逐渐减弱。水位埋深影响土壤含水率,控制包气带介质比热,决定了温度场波动性。灌水改变介质热导率从而影响包气带温度场;灌水量小且灌水温差小,灌水本身的热状态对温度场的影响可以忽略。水位埋深浅时,基于多层介质热传导解析方程的入渗补给速率评价结果更为准确,旱季相对雨季,评价结果准确性整体更高;浅部包气带含水率波动性强是造成评价误差的重要原因,选取更短的评价周期和更深的计算剖面可相对提高评价结果准确性。含水率在时间尺度上的波动是温度示踪法在非饱和带应用的难点及关键。     

分散性黏土导热系数试验与预测方法研究

分散性黏土冻融循环导致的破坏非常普遍,在我国东北地区水利工程中尤为严重。开放系统中分散性黏土冻融特性有别于非分散性黏土,土体导热系数是土体热分析最重要的参数之一。本文以分散性黏土为研究对象,阐明了影响分散性黏土导热系数的因素;基于Johansen法的改进,建立了适合分散性黏土特点的导热系数预测方法。研究表明,分散性黏土导热系数的影响因素主要为矿物成分、含水率、孔隙率(干密度)和温度。土体温度为负温时,温度越低,土的导热系数越大。初始含水率低于10%,土的导热系数不受温度的影响;初始含水率大于15%,土的导热系数受温度影响较大。饱和状态下的分散性黏土导热系数有别于非分散性黏土,采用串联/并联预测模型方法来计算。所提出的分散性黏土导热系数预测方法和公式,可反映土体温度、土体矿物成分、含水率、干密度的影响,与试验结果吻合,并可为分散性黏土研究和工程应用提供参考和指导。     

STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF UNSATURATED FLOW WITH THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY

Stochastic approaches are useful to quantitatively describe transport behavior over large temporal and spatial scales while accounting for the influence of small-scale variabilities. Numerous solutions have been developed for unsatu-rated soil water flow based on the lognormal distribution of soil hydraulic conductivity. To our knowledge, no available stochastic solutions for unsaturated flow have been derived on the basis of the normal distribution of hydraulic conductivity. In this paper, stochastic solutions were developed for unsaturated flow by assuming the normal distribution of saturated hydraulic conductivity ( K,). Under the assumption that soil hydraulic properties are second-order stationary, analytical expressions for capillary tension head variance (σh2) and effective hydraulic conductivity (Kii*) in stratified soils were derived using the perturbation method. The dependence of σh2 and K," on soil variability and mean flow variables (the mean capillary tension head and its temporal and sp     

水平土柱法测定非饱和土壤水力扩散度实验

水力扩散度是非饱和土壤水分运动的一个重要指标,对于地表水—土壤水—地下水转化规律的研究、农田土壤水分预测预报、区域水盐运动规律的研究等,它是一个必不可少的参数。介绍了水平土柱法测定土壤水力扩散度的实验方法、实验装置和实验步骤,并对某区土样详细记录了试验的全过程和结论数据,并对实验结果进行了分析比较。     

脱湿过程中红黏土热导率的变化试验研究

自然状态下岩土体中的三相组成处于动态变化之中,对土体热传导性能的准确测试造成困难,通过热导率脱湿曲线(TCDC)可间接获取土体的传热性能。为此,以桂林红黏土为研究对象,采用压力板仪和KD2 Pro土壤热特性分析仪,研究了红黏土在脱湿过程中热导率的变化规律。试验结果表明:在进气值之前,土体饱和度不变,3种干密度的土体热导率都有小幅度增加,此阶段主要与吸力变化引起的土体密实度变化有关;当吸力超过进气值后,热导率随饱和度减小逐渐减小,此阶段含水率为影响热导率的主要因素。基于热导率试验结果,采用Lu模型和William模型对红黏土脱湿过程中热导率变化曲线进行拟合,整体上2模型对试验结果拟合较好,可以用于红黏土脱湿过程中热导率变化的模拟。     

秸杆条带状覆盖条件下土壤水分运动的实验研究及数值计算

本文在开展了一系列室内外试验研究基础上，建立了有效根量密度分布函数，得到了较为切合实际的二维根系吸水率模型.同时通过田间不同条件下水面蒸发试验资料分析，得到了条带状覆盖时棵间无麦秸覆盖地和棵间麦秸覆盖地水面蒸发量(各布设20cm蒸发皿所观测的值)与大气水面蒸发量(试验场气象站位置布设的20cm蒸发皿观测值)之间的关系式.通过农田作物生理指标观测，得到了作物叶面积指数与水面蒸发量之间的关系.从而更合理地处理了条带状覆盖下上边界条件.并以此为基础，建立相应的数学模型，进行了数值模拟，实测值与计算值吻合较好，表明所建立的数学模型是可靠的，数值分析是可行的。     

蒸发条件下土壤水分再分布的动力学研究

通过测定和拟合土壤水分特征曲线中的主脱水线和主吸水线，用Mualem滞后模型计算各扫描线的比水容量和导水率，对蒸发条件下土壤水分再分布进行了动力学模拟。研究表明，考虑滞后作用有效地提高了水分再分布的模拟精度，充分显示了水势梯度是土壤水分迁移的动力，而不完全是含水量的差异；土壤水分含量的大小不能体现水分利用的有效性；滞后作用减缓了湿润锋的前进速度和表层的干燥速率，考虑滞后作用数学模型更能反映土壤水分运动的动力学微观特征。     

排水期沟渠附近潜水非稳定流解析解及参数反演

将潜水蒸发等垂向水量补排作用离散成逐日的阶梯函数,将排水沟渠概化为水位稳定不变的第一类边界,建立含阶梯函数型源汇项的沟渠附近潜水非稳定渗流模型.依据Boussinesq方程第一线性化方法,应用Laplace变换的"积分性质"、阶梯函数的Laplace变换性质,求出模型解析解,利用数值法验证解析解的可靠性,并讨论特定解及...     

苯系物在不同下垫面的挥发机理研究

用粉土、沙土及纯净水模拟下垫面,对苯系物的挥发行为进行试验研究,得到了不同类型下垫面中苯系物单组分及其混合物的挥发动力学曲线、挥发动力学模型和最优拟合公式。结果表明:苯系物单组分及混合物在同一下垫面上的挥发速率不同;不同下垫面上,苯系物在静水面上的挥发最快,粉土上挥发最慢;3种下垫面中苯系物的挥发速率常数与蒸汽压呈线性关系。     

无压条件下微孔陶瓷灌水器入渗特性模拟

为探究微孔陶瓷灌水器在地下灌溉的入渗特性,基于土壤水动力学原理,在前人对微孔陶瓷灌水器周围土壤水势分析的基础上,建立了无压条件下微孔陶瓷灌水器在土壤中的出流模型,并通过室内土桶试验验证了模型的准确性。结果表明:该文提出的出流模型可以较好地模拟无压条件下微孔陶瓷灌水器土壤中的出流现象。在0m工作水头下,灌水器周围土壤含水率变化是造成灌水器流量变化的根本原因,土壤含水率较低时,灌水器可以较大流量出流;随着灌溉的进行,土壤含水率逐渐增加,使得灌水器流量减小;当土壤含水率达到饱和后,灌水器就会停止出流。而当土壤水分耗散时,灌水器又可恢复出流,灌水器出流量与土壤水分耗散量基本相当,因此灌水器出流可以实时补充土壤水分。本研究可为微孔陶瓷灌水器的推广应用提供参考。     

A second-order Finite Volume Method for pipe flow with water column separation

A second-order explicit Finite Volume Method (FVM) based on Godunov-type schemes is presented and applied to water column separation (WCS) in pipelines. The treatment of two-phase fluid in the model is similar to the ideas of the classic discrete vapor cavity model (DVCM) based on method of characteristics (MOC). The challenge in using the FVM is how to capture vapor cavities and predict their growth and collapse. The FVM introduced here assumes the vaporous cavity is concentrated at the middle of control volume, and divides the local control volume into two equal halves, in order to calculate the vapor cavity volume. The proposed model is based on the exact Reimann solution of the coupled continuity and momentum equations, and second-order accuracy is achieved by means of data reconstruction based on slope limiter, an approach which prevents the development of spurious oscillations near in the vicinity of high gradients. Predictions of FVM-DVCM for transient pressures caused by WCS and rejoining are compared to published experimental data and to numerical results from the classic DVCM. Pressure results from FVM-DVCM show considerably better agreement with experimental data and significantly avoid unrealistic artificial spikiness with finer grids.     

土壤蒸发强度随土壤溶液盐分的变化研究

采用室内试验方法,研究不同种类盐分在相同土质、相同供水条件以及相同外界环境条件下,土壤蒸发强度随土壤溶液盐分的种类和浓度的变化规律。研究结果表明:在同等条件下,含盐土壤蒸发强度小于不含盐土壤,而且随着盐分浓度的增加,其蒸发强度逐渐减小,但各试验组蒸发强度随盐分浓度的变化规律有所差异;在一定的浓度条件下盐分浓度的增加对蒸发速率影响不大,超过了一定浓度范围,盐分浓度越大,蒸发速率越小。不同种类含盐试验组处于相同的初始盐分浓度情况下,蒸发速率呈现出比较明显的差异,即KCl > CaCl₂ > NaCl > MgSO₄。     

覆盖面积和网围结构对水面蒸发抑制率的影响

新疆地处僻远的西北内陆地区,气候干旱少雨,蒸发损失严重,对于水资源短缺的西北内陆地区来说,减少水资源的不必要损失迫在眉睫。为此开展了专项试验研究,研究过程中,以减少水面蒸发、节约水资源为研究目标,选择极性浮球作为防蒸发材料,以探究不同覆盖面积和网围结构对蒸发抑制率的影响。为了便于观察和管理,将浮球分成两组布置在水库库边,每组各设5种不同的覆盖面积,依次为0.28,0.43,0.60,0.79 m~2和1.02 m~2(覆盖面积不包括白色网围),记录试验期内不同风速下浮球的湿润面积,并计算浮球的蒸发抑制率。试验结果表明:蒸发抑制率与覆盖面积和网围结构有关,当采用三角形网围且覆盖面积为1.02 m~2时,蒸发抑制率最优,可达到83.8%;随着覆盖面积的增加,蒸发抑制率逐渐提高,当蒸发抑制率接近91%时,兼顾到结构的稳定性,就需要采用4.48 m~2的三角形网围作为一个覆盖单元来进行局部铺设。     

热参数对冻土温度场的影响及敏感性分析

为评估热参数取值对冻土温度场的影响,将导热系数、比热、潜热作为冻土温度场的影响因素进行试验设计。通过室内试验测定了饱和粉质粘土在不同负温下的导热系数、比热及潜热值,并基于Johansen法提出了考虑冻土未冻水含量的热参数修正算法,按照变参数和常参数形式代入数值分析软件ABAQUS,获取了不同的温度场计算值。将不同负温下的热参数和某负温阶段的平均热参数代入数值分析软件,分析热参数变化对冻土温度场的影响。依据冻结试验获取了冻结150 h的模型箱温度场实测值,并将计算值与实测值进行了比较。结果表明:不同的热参数对冻结初期影响较大,随着冻结的深入各计算值间的差值逐渐缩小。采用一定负温阶段的平均热参数作为恒定热参数进行数值计算,从微观上不能满足精度要求。潜热是影响冻结温度场计算精度的主要因素,考虑不同负温土体导热系数、比热、潜热的计算更接近于实测值。研究成果为寒区水利工程设计和施工提供参考。     

Comparison and analysis of bare soil evaporation models combined with ASTER data in Heihe River Basin

Based on ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) remote sensing data, bare soil evaporation was estimated with the Penman-Monteith model, the Priestley-Taylor model, and the aerodynamics model. Evaporation estimated by each of the three models was compared with actual evaporation, and error sources of the three models were analyzed. The mean absolute relative error was 9% for the Penman-Monteith model, 14% for the Priestley-Taylor model, and 32% for the aerodynamics model; the Penman-Monteith model was the best of these three models for estimating bare soil evaporation. The error source of the Penman-Monteith model is the neglect of the advection estimation. The error source of the Priestley-Taylor model is the simplification of the component of aerodynamics as 0.72 times the net radiation. The error source of the aerodynamics model is the difference of vapor pressure and neglect of the radiometric component. The spatial distribution of bare soil evaporation is evident, and its main factors are soil water content and elevation.