On pattern classification of EMG signals for walking motions

We present a method to calssify electromyogram (EMG) signals which are utilized as control signals for a patient-responsive walker-supported system for paraplegics. Patterns of EMG signals for different walking motions are classified via adequate filtering, real EMG signal extraction, AR-modeling, and a modified self-organizing feature map (MSOFM). In particular, a data-reducing extraction algorithm is employed for real EMG signals. Moreover, MSOFM classifies and determines the results automatically using a fixed map. Finally, the experimental results are presented for validation.     

应用小波变换和ICA方法的肌电信号分解

基于单通道、短时真实肌电（EMG）记录和模拟EMG信号，提出一种改进的肌电信号分解方法。首先应用小波滤波、硬阈值估计等方法去除背景噪声和白噪声，并将独立成分分析（ICA）方法和小波滤波方法相结合去除工频干扰信号，然后再进行幅度滤波，从而提高了系统的速度和强健性。在运动单元动作电位（MUAP）聚类以及从原始信号中去除已识别的MUAP波形等方面也进行了改进。与已有的EMG分解方法相比，本文方法更快速、稳定。     

基于统计聚类方法的儿童下肢肌电信号周期识别

为运用肌电信号分析髋脱位儿童和正常儿童的差异,提出一种基于统计的聚类方法,识别步态中下肢肌电信号的周期起始时刻。使用非参数贝叶斯模型将肌电信号序列聚类为状态序列,并通过k均值聚类算法将该状态序列标记为肌肉活跃和不活跃两种状态,将肌肉活跃状态的起始时刻作为肌电信号周期的起始位置,并且利用窗函数方法提高预测准确性。实验结果表明,该方法对于预测正常儿童周期起始位置的识别误差较小,平均值为2.15%,并且在5%的置信度水平下与SampEN、SNEO和IP等检测算法相比具有较高的预测准确率。     

基于肌电信号和加速度信号的动态手势识别方法

为了增强手势识别的多样性和简便性,提出了一种基于肌电信号（EMG）和加速度（ACC）信息融合的方法来识别动态手势。首先,利用MYO传感器采集EMG和ACC的手势动作信息;然后分别对ACC和EMG信号作特征降维和预处理;最后,为减少训练样本数,提出用协作稀疏表示分类器来识别基于ACC信号的姿态手势,用动态时间规整（DTW）算法和K-最邻近分类器（KNN）来分类EMG信号的手形手势。其中在利用协作稀疏表示分类器识别ACC姿态信号时,通过对创建字典最佳样本个数以及特征降维的维数进行研究来降低手势识别的复杂度。实验结果表明,手形手势的平均识别率达到了99.17%,对于向上向下、向左向右4种姿态手势平均识别率达到 96.88%,而且计算速度快;对于总体的12个动态手势,其平均识别率达到96.11%。该方法对动态手势的识别率较高,计算速度快。     

Classification of EMG signals using combined features and soft computing techniques

The motor unit action potentials (MUPs) in an electromyographic (EMG) signal provide a significant source of information for the assessment of neuromuscular disorders. Since recently there were different types of developments in computer-aided EMG equipment, different methodologies in the time domain and frequency domain has been followed for quantitative analysis of EMG signals. In this study, the usefulness of the different feature extraction methods for describing MUP morphology is investigated. Besides, soft computing techniques were presented for the classification of intramuscular EMG signals. The proposed method automatically classifies the EMG signals into normal, neurogenic or myopathic. Also, multilayer perceptron neural networks (MLPNN), dynamic fuzzy neural network (DFNN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) based classifiers were compared in relation to their accuracy in the classification of EMG signals. Concerning the impacts of features on the EMG signal classification, different results were obtained through analysis of the soft computing techniques. The comparative analysis suggests that the ANFIS modelling is superior to the DFNN and MLPNN in at least three points: slightly higher recognition rate; insensitivity to overtraining; and consistent outputs demonstrating higher reliability.     

下肢表面肌电信号的降维和映射分析

肌电信号的采集和分析是外骨骼式康复机器人关节预测控制的重要基础之一.肌电信号数据量大并且复杂,相关性较高,信号处理通用性和高效性低,分析和预测人体运动信息误差大.采用最大自主等长收缩标准化处理算法,大大提高了表面肌电信号的通用性和泛化能力,并基于主成分分析方法,对肌电信号降维处理,利用神经网络实现与下肢的映射分析.实验结果表明,通过对比分析不同的降维处理方式,主成分降维后处理的肌电信号平均相关性达0.93,利用神经网络预测人体正常行走的下肢三关节运动角度,具有良好的可重复性和较高的精度,可以实现人体下肢肌电信号和各关节的映射控制.     

基于EMG信号的无声语音识别应用及实现

提出了基于肌电信号（EMG）的无声语音识别系统。由于该系统是通过EMG信号而非声音信号进行识别,因此可应用于高噪声环境和帮助失去发音能力的人实现无声交流,有着良好的应用前景。关于该系统的实现,提出了以下方法：实验时使用0—9十个中文数字,由受试者不发声地重复说出,从三块面部肌肉采集EMG信号;对EMG信号进行小波变换,获取变换系数矩阵后提取其能量值,构造特征矢量送入BP神经网络分类器分类。实验表明,基于小波变换的特征提取方法是一种有效的方法．适用于类似EMC信号的非平稳生理信号。     

Real-time gait subphase detection using an EMG signal graph matching (ESGM) algorithm based on EMG signals

This study presents a gait subphase recognition method using an electromyogram (EMG) with a signal graph matching (ESGM) algorithm. Existing pattern recognition and machine learning using EMG signals has several innate problems in gait subphase detection. With respect to time domain features, their feature values may be analogous because two different gait steps may have similar muscle activation. In addition, the current gait subphase might not be recognized until the next gait subphase passes because the window size needed for feature extraction is larger than the period of the gait subphase. The ESGM algorithm is a new approach that compares reference EMG signals and input EMG signals according to time variance to solve these problems and considers variations of physiological muscle activity. We also determined all the elements of the ESGM algorithm using kinematic gait analysis and optimized the algorithm using experiments. Therefore, the ESGM algorithm reflects better timing characteristics of EMG signals than the time domain feature extraction algorithm. In addition, it can provide real-time and user-adaptive recognition of the gait subphase by using only EMG signals. Experimental results show that the average accuracy of the proposed method is 13% better than existing methods and the average detection latency of the proposed method was 5.5 times lower than existing methods.     

Filter design for cancellation of baseline-fluctuation in needle EMG recordings

Appropriate cancellation of the baseline fluctuation (BLF) is an important issue when recording EMG signals as it may degrade signal quality and distort qualitative and quantitative analysis. We present a novel filter-design approach for automatic cancellation of the BLF based on several signal processing techniques used sequentially. The methodology is to estimate the spectral content of the BLF, and then to use this estimation to design a high-pass FIR filter that cancel the BLF present in the signal. Two merit figures are devised for measuring the degree of BLF present in an EMG record. These figures are used to compare our method with the conventional approach, which naively considers the baseline course to be of constant (without any fluctuation) potential shift. Applications of the technique on real and simulated EMG signals show the superior performance of our approach in terms of both visual inspection and the merit figures.     

基于有限长脉冲响应滤波器和aTrous算法的小波心电信号去噪

微弱低频的心电信号采集中容易受到外界环境的干扰,必须先对其进行预处理才能用于心脏疾病的诊断。Mallat算法的小波分解重构法不能有效滤除心电信号中的工频和肌电干扰;小波阈值法不能有效滤除心电信号中的工频和基线漂移,重构的心电信号会产生伪吉布斯现象。针对以上情况,提出了一种基于有限长脉冲响应滤波器(FIR)和aTrous算法的小波去噪方法。该方法综合运用了50Hz陷波器、aTrous算法小波分解重构法和小波阈值法。仿真郑州大学第二附属医院和MIT-BIH心率失常数据库的心电信号表明,该方法能够有效去除心电信号中的工频和基线漂移,大幅度衰减肌电干扰,同时有效消除伪吉布斯现象。     

基于相干性的多频段脑肌电信号双向耦合分析

针对皮层肌肉相干性分析时不能确定耦合方向的局限性,根据神经肌肉信息的双向传递性,提出利用不同大脑功能区的脑电信号和动作相关的肌电信号,实现了相干函数对脑肌电信号的双向耦合分析.本文对不同握力模式下同步采集的脑肌电信号进行了多频段耦合分析.通过下行(EEG—>EMG)和上行(EMG—>EEG)分析发现,随着握力的增大,EEG能量、相干幅值和耦合强度均向高频段转移.与基于新型格兰杰因果关系的耦合方法进行比较,验证了相干性方法进行皮层肌肉双向耦合分析的可行性和优势.研究结果为探索基于皮层肌肉相干性的双向手部运动信息解码和上肢运动功能障碍分析提供了依据.     

Identification of EMG signals using discriminant analysis and SVM classifier

The electromyography (EMG) signal is a bioelectrical signal variation, generated in muscles during voluntary or involuntary muscle activities. The muscle activities such as contraction or relaxation are always controlled by the nervous system. The EMG signal is a complicated biomedical signal due to anatomical/physiological properties of the muscles and its noisy environment. In this paper, a classification technique is proposed to classify signals required for a prosperous arm prosthesis control by using surface EMG signals. This work uses recorded EMG signals generated by biceps and triceps muscles for four different movements. Each signal has one single pattern and it is essential to separate and classify these patterns properly. Discriminant analysis and support vector machine (SVM) classifier have been used to classify four different arm movement signals. Prior to classification, proper feature vectors are derived from the signal. The feature vectors are generated by using mean absolute value (MAV). These feature vectors are provided as inputs to the identification/classification system. Discriminant analysis using five different approaches, classification accuracy rates achieved from very good (98%) to poor (96%) by using 10-fold cross validation. SVM classifier gives a very good average accuracy rate (99%) for four movements with the classification error rate 1%. Correct classification rates of the applied techniques are very high which can be used to classify EMG signals for prosperous arm prosthesis control studies.     

A comparative study of wavelet families for classification of wrist motions

The selection of most suitable mother wavelet function is still an open research problem in various signal and image processing applications. This paper presents a comparative study of different wavelet families (Daubechies, Symlets, Coiflets, and Biorthogonal) for analysis of wrist motions from electromyography (EMG) signals. EMG signals are decomposed into three levels using discrete wavelet packet transform. From the decomposed EMG signals, root mean square (RMS) value, autoregressive (AR) model coefficients (4th order) and waveform length (WL) are extracted. Two data projection methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and linear disciminant analysis (LDA) are used to reduce the dimensionality of the extracted features. Probabilistic neural network (PNN) and general regression neural network (GRNN) are employed to classify the different types of wrist motions, which gives a promising accuracy of above 99%. From the analysis, we inferred that ‘Biorthogonal’ and ‘Coiflets’ wavelet families are more suitable for accurate classification of EMG signals of different wrist motions.     

基于典型相关分析与低通滤波的肌电伪迹去除

提出了一种基于典型相关分析(CCA)和低通滤波的盲源分离方法去除脑电信号(EEG)中的肌电伪迹.该方法首先将混入了肌电伪迹的EEG信号分解为不相关的CCA分量,然后对与伪迹源相关的分量进行低通滤波处理,去除这些分量中的高频伪迹成分,最后利用与EEG相关的CCA分量和滤波处理后的新分量重构信号,消除肌电伪迹的影响.实验结果表明,采用CCA能够有效地分离出肌电伪迹,而结合低通滤波技术能够更有效地保留EEG信息.该方法取得了较好的去除肌电伪迹的效果.     

An efficient soft-computing technique for extraction of EEG signal from tainted EEG signal

Electroencephalography (EEG) is the recording of electrical activity of neurons within the brain and is used for the evaluation of brain disorders. But, EEG signals are contaminated with various artifacts which make interpretation of EEGs clinically difficult. In this research paper, we use a soft-computing technique called ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) for the removal of EOG artifact, combined EOG and EMG artifact. Improvement in the output signal to noise ratio and minimum mean square error are used as the performance measures. The outputs of the proposed technique are compared with the outputs of techniques such as neural network, based on ADALINE (Adaptive Linear Neuron) and adaptive filtering method, which makes use of RLS (Recursive Least Squares) algorithm through wavelet transform (RLS-Wavelet). The obtained results show that the proposed method could significantly detect and suppress the artifacts.     

从肌电信号中减少工频干扰方法的性能比较分析

如何从肌电信号中有效地减少工频干扰一直是肌电信号检测与应用中的突出问题。本文总结数字陷波、LMS自适应滤波、卡尔曼(Kalman)滤波和S变换等几种适合进行实时工频干扰去除的方法,研究和分析它们在去除肌电信号中工频干扰的性能。初步结果表明:Kalman滤波方法在从肌电信号中减少工频干扰方面表现出了较好的整体性能,而S变换方法对具有严重工频干扰的肌电信号具有较好的噪声抑制效果。     

Self-Organizing Feature Maps for Modeling and Control of Robotic Manipulators

This paper presents a review of self-organizing feature maps (SOFMs), in particular, those based on the Kohonen algorithm, applied to adaptive modeling and control of robotic manipulators. Through a number of references we show how SOFMs can learn nonlinear input–output mappings needed to control robotic manipulators, thereby coping with important robotic issues such as the excess degrees of freedom, computation of inverse kinematics and dynamics, hand–eye coordination, path-planning, obstacle avoidance, and compliant motion. We conclude the paper arguing that SOFMs can be a much simpler, feasible alternative to MLP and RBF networks for function approximation and for the design of neurocontrollers. Comparison with other supervised/unsupervised approaches and directions for further work on the field are also provided.     

盲信号处理技术在双通道前臂肌电信号识别中的应用

根据肌电信号产生机理,本文对双通道前臂肌电信号建立单输入多输出FIR系统模型 ,由于模型输入未知且不可测,采用了盲信号处理方法对模型参数进行辨识．通过提取模型 冲激响应作为信号特征,能够对握拳、展拳、前臂内旋和前臂外旋四类前臂动作进行识别． 实验表明,该方法仅需建立较低阶数的模型即可达到较好的分类目的,性能要优于传统的AR 模型方法．     

Feature reduction and selection for EMG signal classification

Feature extraction is a significant method to extract the useful information which is hidden in surface electromyography (EMG) signal and to remove the unwanted part and interferences. To be successful in classification of the EMG signal, selection of a feature vector ought to be carefully considered. However, numerous studies of the EMG signal classification have used a feature set that have contained a number of redundant features. In this study, most complete and up-to-date thirty-seven time domain and frequency domain features have been proposed to be studied their properties. The results, which were verified by scatter plot of features, statistical analysis and classifier, indicated that most time domain features are superfluity and redundancy. They can be grouped according to mathematical property and information into four main types: energy and complexity, frequency, prediction model, and time-dependence. On the other hand, all frequency domain features are calculated based on statistical parameters of EMG power spectral density. Its performance in class separability viewpoint is not suitable for EMG recognition system. Recommendation of features to avoid the usage of redundant features for classifier in EMG signal classification applications is also proposed in this study.     

Signals of electric muscle activity as markers of the effect of low-intensity electromagnetic emissions (Method and Experimental Results)

We present the method and describe results of an experimental study of electromyographic (EMG) changes under the influence of low-intensity electromagnetic transmitters (EMT). To study the EMT effect on humans, we propose a method based on special processing of EMG signals. The method is based on spectral statistical analysis of the low-frequency envelope signal extracted from the EMG. We have studied specifically selected user groups for personal computers (PC), mobile phones (MP), a group of PC and MP users, and a control group. We have obtained statistically significant differences in structural changes of the physiological tremor spectrum and the values of the spectral peak frequency that determines the base tremor frequency for PC and MP user group and the control group. These characteristics can be used as markers of human reaction to low-intensity EMT.