Cathodoluminescence study of semiconductor oxide micro- and nanostructures grown by vapor deposition

Nano- and microstructures of SnO(2), In(2)O(3) and ZnO have been grown during thermal treatment of compacted powders under argon flow. Indium-doped SnO(2) tube-shaped structures with rectangular cross-section are obtained by adding a fraction of In(2)O(3) to the starting SnO(2) powder. In-rich nanoislands were found to grow on some edges of the tubes. ZnO nanostructures doped with Sn or Eu were grown by adding SnO(2) and Eu(2)O(3) powder, respectively, to the ZnO precursor powder. All the samples have been characterized by the emissive and cathodoluminescence (CL) modes of scanning electron microscopy. CL images from SnO(2):In and In(2)O(3):Sn tubes and islands show a higher emission from the Sn-rich structures related to oxygen deficiency. CL of doped ZnO enables to detect the presence of dopant in specific regions or structures. CL appears to be a useful technique to study optical and electronic properties of semiconductor oxide nanostructures.     

Improvements of data quality of the LHD Thomson scattering diagnostics in high-temperature plasma experiments

In Large Helical Device (LHD) experiments, an electron temperature (T(e)) more than 15 keV has been observed by the yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) laser Thomson scattering diagnostic. Since the LHD Thomson scattering system has been optimized for the temperature region, 50?eV≤T(e)≤10?keV, the data quality becomes worse in the higher T(e) region exceeding 10 keV. In order to accurately determine T(e) in the LHD high-T(e) experiments, we tried to increase the laser pulse energy by simultaneously firing three lasers. The technique enables us to decrease the uncertainties in the measured T(e). Another signal accumulation method was also tested. In addition, we estimated the influence of high-energy electrons on T(e) obtained by the LHD Thomson scattering system.     

The evolution of indium precipitation in gallium focused ion beam prepared samples of InGaAs/InAlAs quantum wells under electron beam irradiation

Gallium ion (Ga⁺) beam damage induced indium (In) precipitation in indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs)/indium aluminium arsenide (InAlAs) multiple quantum wells and its corresponding evolution under electron beam irradiation was investigated by valence electron energy loss spectroscopy (VEELS) and high-angle annular dark-field imaging (HAADF) in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Compared with argon ion milling for sample preparation, the heavier projectiles of Ga⁺ ions pose a risk to trigger In formation in the form of tiny metallic In clusters. These are shown to be sensitive to electron irradiation and can increase in number and size under the electron beam, deteriorating the structure. Our finding reveals the potential risk of formation of In clusters during focused ion beam (FIB) preparation of InGaAs/InAlAs quantum well samples and their subsequent growth under STEM-HAADF imaging, where initially invisible In clusters of a few atoms can move and swell during electron beam exposure.     

Development and evaluation of Zigbee node module for USN

This study aims at securing technology to develop a multisensor and complex position-tracking Zigbee node module for USN (ubiquitous sensor network). In a concrete way, it aims at developing military (invader detection module and system) and industrial (transformer-tracking and thermo-measurement module and system) Zigbee telecommunication node module, and developing wireless monitoring and tracking technology based on such modules. In addition, it aims at building up the foundation of interface test for various sensors (thermo sensors, pressure sensors, vibration sensors and vision sensors) and the foundation of a comprehensive interlocking device to which GIS (Geographic Information System) and GPS (Global Positioning System) were applied, for industrial devices are mostly installed in mountains. Moreover, it aims at developing a roaming-type variable Zigbee node module to the end that it stands against unfavorable conditions (extreme temperatures, dust, winds, electromagnetism, noise, etc.). In case such aims are achieved, Zigbee communications will not be limited to normal and stable conditions (home networks, building automation, etc.) but will be applied to the industrial field under noises and unfavorable conditions. In such a case, the application of Zigbee node modules is expected to be unlimited.     

元模型驱动的产品生命周期管理系统的设计与实现

提出了采用统一数据模型作为集成方法,结合统一建模语言和可扩展标记语言等工业标准,建立了模型驱动体系结构下的产品生命周期管理应用系统开发模式。在产品统一数据模型中引入元模型,为数据建模提供了语义定义和约束表达。在语法上,统一数据模型的建立采用了标准的统一建模语言;在实现上,产品数据建模过程集成了图形化建模环境。通过文档类型定义和可扩展标记语言的生成规则定义,完成了元模型的解析和利用,并把元模型转换成可扩展标记语言文件。结合产品生命周期管理系统的实现平台,给出了元模型到公用对象请求代理体系结构一接口定义语言的映射规则,讨论了可扩展标记语言表达的元模型到公用对象请求代理体系结构开发平台的转换。最后,介绍了元模型驱动方法在产品生命周期管理项目中的应用和进展情况。     

热处理对激光增材In718/316L功能梯度材料组织和性能的影响

研究1 080 ℃ (HT1)和980 ℃ (HT2)固溶温度的固溶双时效处理对激光定向能量沉积(Laser directed energy deposition, LDED)的In718/316L功能梯度材料(Functionally gradient material, FGM)微观组织的影响,以揭示热处理诱导的微观组织演变对In718/316L FGM硬度和拉伸性能的影响机理。结果表明,随着In718粉末含量的增加,In718/316L FGM的微观组织沿增材方向呈现由等轴晶向柱状晶的转化,固溶双时效热处理后,In718/316L FGM中的铁素体含量降低,同时在靠近In718的区域析出大量的γ′、γ″和δ强化相。HT2试样的晶粒比HT1试样的更细。随着In718粉末含量的增加,In718/316L FGM的硬度呈现出先减后增的趋势,热处理后,随着γ′和γ″等强化相的析出,In718/316L FGM的整体显微硬度、抗拉强度和塑性得到显著提高。热处理前后试样都以韧性断裂为主,但热处理后韧性特征更为显著。相比之下,HT2热处理后In718/316L FGM的强塑性配比更佳。     

睾酮与表睾酮空间构象的化学反应质谱

本文采用反应质谱（Ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ Ｍａｓｓ Ｓｐｅｃｔｒｏｍｅｔｒｙ ＲＭＳ）方法研究了睾酮（１７β－Ｈｙｄｒｏｘｙ－４－ａｎｄｒｏｓｔｅｎ－３－ｏｎｅ）和表睾酮（１７α－Ｈｙｄｒｄｘｙ－４－ａｎｄｒｏｓｔｅｎ－３－ｏｎｅ）的质谱行为。并对不同的反应试刘做了比较。发现了样品与反应试剂发生的分子离子反应，产生的特征离子（Ｍ＋Ｓｉ（ｍｅ）３－Ｈ）＾＋反映了样品不同空间构象的差别。由分子离子丰度对特征     

特征谱区筛选在近红外光谱检测茶叶游离氨基酸含量中的应用

为了提高近红外光谱快速检测茶叶游离氨基酸含量的精度和稳定性,利用特征谱区结合偏最小二乘法建立了预测模型.研究了利用联合区间偏最小二乘法和遗传偏最小二乘法等筛选特征谱区的方法,通过交互验证法确定偏最小二乘模型的主成分因子数和筛选区间,并以预测均方根误差(RMSEP)和相关系数R作为模型的评价指标.实验结果表明:两种方法建立模型的预测能力都好于传统PLS模型;利用联合区间偏最小二乘法建立的预测模型最佳,预测的相关系数R和RMSEP分别为0.954 2和0.256 0.研究结果表明,近红外光谱结合特征谱区筛选方法可以快速准确地测定茶叶中游离氨基酸含量.     

Friction Properties of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogel: Effects of Degree of Polymerization and Saponification Value

In this study, the friction of eight kinds of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel (PVA-H) samples has been studied under various load and velocity conditions to elucidate the effects of PVA factors such as the degree of polymerization (DP) and the saponification value (SV) on the tribological behavior of PVA-H. Results showed the variations of the friction properties due to the PVA factors in the two friction conditions found for the hydrogels: elastic friction and hydrodynamic lubrication. In the elastic friction, the larger frictions were induced by the higher values of DP and SV. In the hydrodynamic lubrication, on the other hand, PVA-Hs with lower SV showed larger friction. The results can then be used to adjust the parameters of PVA-H in order to get given friction properties, for instance for the friction between catheter or scalpel and PVA-H, which can be used as a biomodel material of artery or oral mucosa, for the training of surgeons.     

The fundamental molecular structures of synthetic traction fluids

In general, ‘dicyclohexylalkane type compounds’ are known as practical traction fluids. We examined the reason polycyclic compounds have higher traction coeffecients than monocyclic compounds and obtained the following results. (1) In monocyclic compounds, the stiffer the saturated ring, the higher the traction coefficient. (2) The more difficult the rotation of a whole molecule, the higher the traction coefficient. (3) The traction is more affected by molecular size (the rotation of a whole molecule) than by molecular stiffness (the internal rotation of a molecule).     

The study of MIG weldability of heat-treated aluminum alloys

In this article, Metal Inert Gas (MIG) weldability of commercially received and aged samples of 6061-T₆ and 7075-T₆₅₁ aluminum alloys was investigated. The welding joints were prepared in ten different combinations. Microstructure, microhardness, EDX, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were used in order to evaluate the effect of aged heat treatment on the performance of welded joints. In addition, the mechanical properties of welding joints were characterized using the tensile and microhardness tests. In conclusion, it was shown that prewelding aging heat treatment improves the mechanical properties of welding joints.     

发酵类生物反应器控制系统的设计研究

为了对发酵过程实施更优化的控制,基于西门子S7-200可编程控制器(PLC)和MCGS组态软件,并利用多种传感器检测发酵过程各环境参数的动态数据,设计出一种新的生物发酵过程上位机(PC)实时监控系统。该控制系统实现了PC与PLC之间的数据通信,能够达到实时监控发酵过程的目的。     

Influence of temperature on the performance of gamma densitometer

The temperature plays an important role in performance of the gamma densitometer system and can lead to inaccurate results. In order to investigate the effects of temperature, we used our gamma densitometer that is composed of NaI(Tl) crystal, photomultiplier tube (PMT), high voltage (HV) power supply, single channel analyzer (SCA) and ¹³⁷Cs source. In this paper, we consider the effect of temperature on crystal-PMT, SCA, HV power supply separately and on performance of gamma densitometer itself. Then acquired data were corrected to compensate the temperature effects by proposed method which improves system accuracy up to three times.     

Observations of sudden structural-changes of the faulted-halves of the DAS structure on quenched Si(1 1 1) by STM

We have carried out scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) observations of unreconstructed regions on quenched Si(1 1 1) surfaces at 380 degrees C at a scanning speed of 1.7 s per frame. In the regions, it is found that single faulted-halves of the dimer-adatom-stacking-fault (DAS) structure are formed isolatedly or at the edges of the surrounding DAS domains sharing one corner hole. In such "living" regions, we have succeeded to observe sudden structural changes of the faulted-halves during line scans in single frames of STM images.     

Visualization of underwater sympathetic detonation of high explosives

The experiment for the sympathetic detonation ( Sudo et al., 1951) (Fukuyama et al., 1958) in water was conducted. Composition B (RDX: 64%, TNT: 36%, Detonation velocity: 7900m/s) was used for both donor (the thickness was 50mm, and the diameter was 31mm) and receptor charges. The distance between the donor and the receptor, and the thickness (5, 7.5, 10mm) of the receptor were varied in the experiments. In order to investigate the basic characteristics of the underwater sympathetic detonation of high explosive, the sympathetic detonation phenomena were visualized by a high-speed camera (HADLAND PHOTONICS, IMACON790) in forms of streak and framing photographs. The 200 ns/mm streak velocity was used when the streak photographs were taken. In the framing photographs, the interval time was 2μs. Manganin gauges (KYOWA Electronic INSTRUMENTS CO. SKF-21725) were used for the pressure measurements. The gauges were set under the receptor. The pressures during the complete and incomplete explosions were measured.     

Performances of high numerical aperture water and oil immersion objective in deep-tissue, multi-photon microscopic imaging of excised human skin

Multi-photon fluorescence microscopy (MPFM) is a powerful technique for imaging scattering, biological specimens in depth. In addition to the sectioning effect generated by the point-like excitation volume, the near-infrared wavelengths used for multi-photon excitation allow deeper penetration into optically turbid specimens. In physiological specimens, the optical properties such as the scattering coefficients and refractive indices are often heterogeneous. In these specimens, it is not clear which type of immersion objective can provide optimized images in-depth. In particular, in-depth dermatological imaging applications using MPFM requires such optimization to obtain qualitative and quantitative information from the skin specimens. In this work, we address this issue by comparing the performances of two common types of high numerical aperture (NA) objectives: water-immersion and oil-immersion. A high-quality water-immersion objective (Zeiss, 40 x C-Apochromat, NA 1.2) and a comparable oil-immersion objective (Zeiss, 40 x Fluar, NA 1.25) were used for in-depth imaging of autofuorescent excised human skin and sulforhodamine B treated human skin specimens. Our results show that in the epidermal layers, the two types of immersion objectives perform comparably. However, in the dermis, multi-photon imaging using the oil immersion objective results in stronger fluorescence detection. These observations are most likely due to the degraded point-spread-function (PSF) caused by refractive index mismatch between the epidermis and the dermis.     

Evaluation of gas permeation barrier properties using electrical measurements of calcium degradation

In this work, we developed a thin calcium degradation method introducing sensitive electrical resistance monitoring. We have demonstrated structural models of the inorganic/organic thin films to evaluate barrier properties against water and oxygen permeation. The time-dependent transmission curve of a multibarrier coated on both sides of the polyethersulfone substrate had a linear slope which was measured as 5.17 x 10(-3) gm(2) day at 20 degrees C and 60% relative humidity. This system can measure an accurate permeation rate with a high sensitivity in the measurable range of 10(1)-10(-6) gm(2) day. In addition, the test structure devised is applicable to various fabrication techniques for passivation layers with durability and ultralow permeability for flexible organic light emitting diodes.     

The influence of femoral condylar lift-off on the wear of artificial knee joints

In vivo fluoroscopic studies of patients with total knee replacements (TKRs) have shown lift-off of the femoral condyles from the tibial insert. This study investigated the influence of femoral condylar lift-off on the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear of fixed bearing (FB) and rotating platform mobile bearing (RP MB) total knee replacements, using a physiological knee joint simulator. In the absence of lift-off, the RP MB knees exhibited a lower wear rate of 5.2 +/- 2.2 mm3 per million cycles (mm3/MC) compared with 8.8 +/- 4.8 mm3/MC for the FB knees. The presence of femoral condylar lift-off was found to accelerate the wear of the FB and RP MB knees tested in this study to 16.4 +/- 2.9 and 16.9 +/- 2.9 mm3/MC respectively. For the RP MB knees the increase in wear rate was more marked, resulting in a similar wear rate for both designs of knee under lift-off conditions. In both cases the medial condyle displayed more wear damage. This study has shown that a small amount of abduction/adduction lift-off and medial-lateral shift increases wear and that the increase in wear is design dependent. In this simulator test, lift-off was simulated on every cycle, whereas the amount of wear and effect of lift-off clinically would depend on the frequency of occurrence of lift-off in vivo.     

Three dimensional rendering of the mitochondrial sheath morphogenesis during mouse spermiogenesis

In the middle piece of mouse sperm tail, the idea of the mitochondria wrapping in a sinistral (left-handed) double helical structure was generally accepted. In the existing model, mitochondria aligned in four longitudinal rows (stage 1) and twisted dextrally (right-handed) (stage 2) and began to stagger, where opposing rows of mitochondria contacted each other to form a sinistral double helix (stage 3), finally, the end-on touching mitochondria further elongated to their mature length (stage 4). However, in this model, mitochondria need to shift a long distance and reposition themselves. Since no gaps have been found in mitochondrial sheath, repositioning of most mitochondria along the middle piece is unlikely to happen. Therefore, we reapproached the questions through three-dimensional rendering to provide a new model for mitochondrial sheath formation. In our proposed model, four dextrally arranged spherical mitochondrial arrays were considered stage 1 (resembles stage 2 of the old model). In stage 2 (resembles stage 3 of the old model), a critical difference was found that pairs of mitochondria from the opposing arrays formed ring-like structures instead of a sinistral double helix. In stage 3, which was not observed in the old model, mitochondria staggered in a specific pattern to form the sinistral double helix. In stage 4, mitochondria elongated from crescent-shaped to rod-shaped structures. The new model proposed here would allow each mitochondrion to stay at where they attached first and elongate laterally from two directions to reach their final double helical structure without unreasonable great distance shift along the outer dense fibers.