共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
The aim of the CHRISGAS project was the development of a gasification technique to produce clean hydrogen-rich synthesis gas from biomass. In order to improve the process efficiency, this work presents a gas cleaning concept, which combines chemical hot gas cleaning with hot (1 MPa, 900 °C) and warm (1 MPa, 300 °C) filtration. As the focus is set on the removal of H2S, HCl and KCl, calculations on chemical gas cleaning for the hot and warm gas filter were done using a thermodynamic process model using SimuSage? (GTT-Technologies). The calculations show that Ca-based and Fe-based sorbents are not suitable H2S sorbents under the conditions of the hot gas filter. For Cu-based sorbents, H2S concentration below 100 cm3 m?3 is achievable, if the temperature is reduced below 810 °C. Additional calculations of KCl sorption on alumosilicates under the conditions of the hot gas filter show that the alkali concentration in gasifier-derived gases can be limited to 100 mm3 m?3. Thus, the condensation temperature of KCl can be decreased down to 580 °C. The results of HCl sorption calculations show that Na- and K-based sorbents are only suitable for temperatures below 600 °C. Therefore, the HCl sorption is transferred to the warm gas filter. The KCl sorption results were confirmed by experiments using bauxite, bentonite, kaolinite and naturally occurring zeolite as sorbents. 相似文献
2.
Anmol Shahi Chandresh Dwivedi S.D. Manjare Vaibhav Kulshrestha 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(13):8852-8863
In overall iodine-sulphur (I-S) cycle (Bunsen reaction), HI decomposition is a serious challenge for improvement in H2 production efficiency. Herein, we are reporting an electrochemical process for HI decomposition and simultaneous H2 and I2 production. Commercial Nafion 117 membrane has been generally utilized as a separator, which also showed huge water transport (electro-osmosis), and deterioration in conductivity due to dehydration. We report sulphonated poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-co-HFP) (SCP) and sulphonated graphene oxide (SGO) composite stable and efficient polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) for HI electrolysis and H2 production. Different SCP/SGO composite PEMs were prepared and extensively characterized for water content, ion-exchange capacity (IEC), conductivity, and stabilities (mechanical, chemical, and thermal) in comparison with commercial Nafion117 membrane. Most suitable optimized SCP/SGO-30 composite PEM exhibited 6.78 × 10?2 S cm?1 conductivity in comparison with 9.60 × 10?2 S cm?1 for Nafion® 117. The electro-osmotic flux ofSCP/SGO-30 composite PEM (2.53 × 10?4 cm s?1) was also comparatively lower than Nafion® 117 membrane (2.75 × 10?4 cm s?1). For HI electrolysis experiments, SCP/SGO-30 composite PEM showed good performance such as 93.4% current efficiency (η), and 0.043 kWh/mol-H2 power consumption (Ψ). Further, intelligent architecture of SCP/SGO composite PEM, in which hydrophilic SGO was introduced between fluorinated polymer by strong hydrogen bonding, high efficiency and performance make them suitable candidate for electrochemical HI decomposition, and other diversified electrochemical processes. 相似文献
3.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(83):35449-35457
Innovation of highly active cathode is of great significance to the development of protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs). Herein, tailoring oxygen vacancies in Zn-doped Ba0·95La0·05FeO3?δ (BLFZ) perovskite is proved to be beneficial for promoting the formation of proton defects. Hydration ability of the triple conducting BLFZ perovskites is confirmed by electrical conductivity relaxation (ECR). The results demonstrate that BLFZ exhibits a proton surface exchange coefficient of 1.34 × 10?3 cm s?1 at 600 °C, which greatly extends active sites from the electrolyte/cathode interface to the entire electrode. Mechanism and process elementary steps of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of BLFZ-BaCe0.7Zr0·1Y0.1Yb0.1O3?δ (BCZYYb) are detailedly studied. It is found that the rate-determining step of ORR is surface dissociative adsorption of oxygen on BLFZ-BCZYYb cathode. A maximum power density of 673 mW cm?2 at 700 °C is achieved and BLFZ-BCZYYb based single-cell shows no obvious degradation at 600 °C for 200 h. The good performance is ascribed to the rapid proton diffusion of BLFZ-BCZYYb composite electrode by regulating the oxygen vacancies. 相似文献
4.
D. Sanz-Villanueva D. Alique A.J. Vizcaíno R. Sanz J.A. Calles 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(38):20198-20212
Thermal and mechanical resistances of palladium composite membranes prepared by Electroless Pore-Plating (ELP-PP) and containing SBA-15 as intermediate layer were improved by doping the silica material with Pd nuclei before its incorporation on the composite membrane. Textural properties of synthesized SBA-15 materials (both raw and doped ones) were analyzed by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption at 77 K and TEM, while the main properties of the composite membrane were determined by SEM and gravimetric analyses. Moreover, membrane permeation tests were also carried out with pure gases, hydrogen and nitrogen, and binary mixtures of them at temperature of 400 °C and pressure driving forces in the range of 0.5–2.5 bar. The use of bare SBA-15 intermediate layer leads to the appearance of cracks on the Pd layer during permeation experiments at high temperature. In contrast, the use of Pd-doped SBA-15 particles avoids this problem, thus improving both thermal and mechanical resistances of the composite ELP-PP Pd-membrane. Following this preparation method, an estimated Pd thickness of 7.1 μm was obtained, reaching a hydrogen permeance of 3.81·10?4 mol s?1 m?2 Pa?0.5 and ensuring an ideal H2/N2 separation factor higher than 2550 at 400 °C. 相似文献
5.
The present study investigates the optimization of hydrogen (H2) production with in-situ catalytic adsorption (ICA) steam gasification by using a pilot-scale fluidized bed gasifier. Two important response variables i.e. H2 composition (in percent volume fraction, %) and H2 yield (in g kg−1 of biomass) are optimized with respect to five process variables such as temperature (600 °C–750 °C), steam to biomass mass ratio (1.5–2.5), adsorbent to biomass mass ratio (0.5–1.5), superficial velocity (0.15 m s−1–0.26 m s−1) and biomass particle size (350 μm–2 mm). The optimization study is carried out based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) approach. The adsorbent to biomass mass ratio is found to be the most significant process variables that influenced the H2 composition, whereas temperature and biomass particle size are found to be marginally significant. For H2 yield, temperature is the most significant process variables followed by steam to biomass mass ratio, adsorbent to biomass mass ratio and biomass particle size. The optimum process conditions are found to be at 675 °C, steam to biomass mass ratio of 2.0, adsorbent to biomass mass ratio of 1.0, superficial velocity of 0.21 m s−1 that is equivalent to 4 times the minimum fluidization velocity, and 1.0 mm–2.0 mm of biomass particle size. The theoretical response variables predicted by the developed model fit well with the experimental results. 相似文献
6.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2020,45(15):8915-8929
La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Mn0.2O3 (LSFM) compound is synthesized by sol-gel method and evaluated as a cathode material for the intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC). X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates that the LSFM has a rhombohedral structure with R-3c space group symmetry. The XRD patterns reveal very small amount of impurity phase in the LSFM and Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) mixture powders sintered at 600, 700, 800 and 850 °C for a week. The maximum electrical conductivity of LSFM is about 35.35 S cm−1 at 783 °C in the air. The oxygen chemical diffusion coefficients, DChem, are increased from 1.39 × 10−6 up to 1.44 × 10−5 cm2 s−1. Besides, the oxygen surface exchange coefficients, kChem, are obtained to lie between 2.9 × 10−3 and 1.86 × 10−2 cm s−1 in a temperature range of 600–800 °C. The area-specific resistances (ASRs) of the LSFM symmetrical cell are 7.53, 1.53, 1.13, 0.46 and 0.31 Ω cm2 at 600, 650, 700, 750 and 800 °C respectively, and related activation energy, Ea, is about 1.23 eV. 相似文献
7.
Naoto Kakuta Katsuya Kondo Atsushi Ozaki Hidenobu Arimoto Yukio Yamada 《International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer》2009,52(19-20):4221-4228
This paper presents a method of imaging temperature distributions of sub-millimeter-thick water using a near-infrared camera and optical narrow-bandpass filter. The principle is based on the temperature dependence of the ν1 + ν3 absorption band of water. Temperature images are constructed by measuring the absorbance of water at the wavelength of 1412 nm through the filter for all pixels of the camera. From calibration measurements on 0.5-mm thick water at temperatures from 26.0 °C to 40.0 °C, the temperature coefficient was 6.3 × 10?4 K?1 and the standard deviation of absorbance was 1.9 × 10?4. Thermal diffusion in 0.5-mm thick water caused by a thin heating wire was visualized with this method. The obtained images were verified against temperature distributions calculated by solving a two-dimensional thermal conduction model. This method would be useful for temperature measurement applications and control of aqueous solutions in microchips. 相似文献
8.
Filtration separation of Chlorella vulgaris, a species with excellent potential for CO2 capture and lipid production, was studied using a surface-modified hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane. Coagulation using chitosan effectively removed turbidity at >100 mg l−1 chitosan. The membrane filtration flux at 1 bar was increased with chitosan dose. The filtered cake at the end of filtration tests peaked in solid content at 100 mg l−1 chitosan, reaching 30.5% w/w, about 50% higher than that of the original suspension. Coagulation using 100 mg l−1 chitosan followed by PTFE membrane filtration at 1 bar is a feasible process to harvest C. vulgaris from the algal froth. 相似文献
9.
G. Burban V. Ayel A. Alexandre P. Lagonotte Y. Bertin C. Romestant 《Applied Thermal Engineering》2013,50(1):94-103
This paper deals with the experimental results of an unlooped pulsating heat pipe (PHP) developed and tested in an electronic thermal management field with hybrid vehicle applications in mind. The 2.5 mm inner tube diameter device was cooled by an air heat exchanger to replicate the environment of a vehicle.In order to characterize this pulsating heat pipe, four working fluids have been tested. They are acetone, methanol, water, and n-pentane, with applied thermal power ranging from 25 W to 550 W, air temperature ranging from 10 °C to 60 °C and air velocity ranging from 0.25 m s?1 to 2 m s?1. Three inclinations have also been tested according to their horizontal positions: +45° (condenser above the evaporator), 0° and ?45° (condenser below the evaporator).Among the different results, some of the most revelatory were obtained with regard to unfavourable inclination (?45°), for which the performances were very interesting considering a terrestrial application. On the other hand, one also observed low temperature limitations for water as a working fluid and degradation of performances for n-pentane tested at 60 °C air temperature. On an overall basis, however, it should be noted that the PHP functioned with high reliability and reproducibility and without any failure during the start-up or working stage. 相似文献
10.
Jong-Taek Oh A.S. Pamitran Kwang-Il Choi Pega Hrnjak 《International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer》2011,54(9-10):2080-2088
An experimental investigation on two-phase flow boiling heat transfer with refrigerants of R-22, R-134a, R-410A, C3H8 and CO2 in horizontal circular small tubes is presented. The experimental data were obtained over a heat flux range of 5–40 kW m?2, mass flux range of 50–600 kg m?2 s?1, saturation temperature range of 0–15 °C, and quality up to 1.0. The test section was made of stainless steel tubes with inner diameters of 0.5, 1.5 and 3.0 mm, and lengths of 330, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 3000 mm. The experimental data were mapped on Wang et al. (1997) [5] and Wojtan et al. (2005) [6] flow pattern maps. The effects of mass flux, heat flux, saturation temperature and inner tube diameter on the heat transfer coefficient are reported. The experimental heat transfer coefficients were compared with some existing correlations. A new boiling heat transfer coefficient correlation that is based on a superposition model for refrigerants in small tubes is presented with 15.28% mean deviation and ?0.48% average deviation. 相似文献
11.
Junqiang Lu Jining Qin Weijie Lu Yifei Chen Di Zhang Hongliang Hou 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2009,34(22):9266-9273
Ti-6Al-4V matrix composite reinforced with TiB and TiC particulates was prepared and hydrogenated. Isothermal compression tests were carried out at the deformation temperatures ranging from 750 °C to 900 °C and strain rate ranging from 0.01 s?1 to 1 s?1. The effects of hydrogen concentration, deformation temperature and strain rate on flow stress-strain curves and microstructure evaluation were studied. Hydrogen decreases the deformation temperature at least 100 °C or enables the composite to deform at a higher strain rate at the same flow stress level. Hydrogen improves dynamic recrystallization of α phase and accommodation deformation between reinforcements and matrix. Optimum hydrogen concentrations at different deformation temperatures were determined. The strain rate sensitivity index and apparent activation energy of the composite with 0 wt.% H and 0.35 wt.% H were calculated and discussed. 相似文献
12.
A.S. Dalkilic O. Agra I. Teke S. Wongwises 《International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer》2010,53(9-10):2052-2064
This study compares well-known two-phase pressure drop models with the experimental results of a condensation pressure drop of (i) R600a in a 1 m long horizontal smooth copper tube with an inner diameter of 4 mm, outer diameter of 6 mm and (ii) R134a in a 0.5 m vertical smooth copper tube with an inner diameter of 8.1 mm and outer diameter of 9.52 mm. Different vapour qualities (0.45–0.9 for R600a and 0.7–0.95 for R134a), various mass fluxes (75–115 kg m?2 s?1 for R600a and 300–400 for R134a kg m?2 s?1) and different condensing temperatures (30–43 °C for R600a and 40–50 °C for R134a) were tested under annular flow conditions. The quality of the refrigerant in the test section was calculated considering the temperature and pressure obtained from the experiment. The pressure drop across the test section was directly measured with a differential pressure transducer. The most agreeable correlations of various available options were then identified according to the results of analysis during annular flow regime. 相似文献
13.
Elif Erdinç Burcu Selen Caglayan A. Erhan Aksoylu 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2017,42(32):20568-20578
Methane oxidative steam reforming (OSR) performance of two bimetallic Pt-Ni/δ-Al2O3 catalysts, having Pt:Ni loadings, 0.2:10 and 0.3:10, were tested first. In the tests, residence time (W/F), carbon-to-oxygen (C/O2) feed ratio, and temperature were used as the experimental parameters. Increase in temperature resulted in direct and indirect - through enhanced TOX yielding higher energy - increase in SR rate. As Pt:Ni metal loading ratio did not lead to significant changes in activity, the preliminary kinetic tests to determine merely kinetically controlled region were conducted over 0.2Pt-10Ni catalyst. Considering the outcomes of the preliminary tests, the kinetic experiments were performed for practical reaction conditions extending up to 20% methane conversion with feed ratio intervals of 4.0 < C/O2 < 7.34 and 2.03 < S/C < 3.08 at two different residence time (W/F) values to obtain a power-law type rate equation. Reaction orders were estimated as 0.81, 1.60 and 0.44 for methane, oxygen and steam, respectively, by using multivariable non-linear optimization function of MATLAB?. The apparent activation energy of methane OSR was calculated as 24.61 kJ mol?1 and pre-exponential factor as 0.110 μmol mgcat?1 s?1 kPa?2.85 for the 375–450 °C temperature interval. The same analysis performed for a narrower temperature range, 375–425 °C, gave k0 and EA values as 0.251 μmol mgcat?1 s?1 kPa?2.85 and 29.17 kJ mol?1, respectively, confirming the high sensitivity of OSR pathway to temperature. 相似文献
14.
Shubo Wang Yuan Lin Jian Yang Lei Shi Guang Yang Xupin Zhuang Zhenhuan Li 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(36):19106-19115
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit high proton conductivity, thermal stability, and offer immense flexibility in terms of tailoring their size. Owing to their unique characteristics, they are desirable candidates for proton conductors. Nevertheless, constructing ordered MOF proton channels in proton exchange membranes (PEMs) remains a formidable challenge. Herein, blend nanofibers of cellulose and UiO-66-NH2 (Cell–UiO-66-NH2) obtained via the electrospinning process were embedded in a sulfonated polysulfone matrix to obtain high-performance composite PEMs with an orderly arrangement of UiO-66-NH2. Comprehensive characterization and membrane performance tests reveal that composite membrane with 5 wt% (nominal) UiO-66-NH2 have revealed high proton conductivity of 0.196 S cm?1 at 80 °C and 100% relative humidity. Meantime, the composite membrane exhibits a low methanol permeability coefficient (~5.5 × 10?7 cm2 s?1). Moreover, the composite membrane exhibits a low swelling ratio (17.3%) even at 80 °C. The Cell–UiO-66-NH2 nanofibers exhibit strong potential for use as a proton-conducting nanofiller in fuel-cell PEMs. 相似文献
15.
Wei-Je Huang Ching-Tsung Yu Wen-Jenn Sheu Yen-Cho Chen 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(31):16522-16533
The effect of non-uniform temperature on the sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming (SE-SMR) in a tubular fixed-bed reactor with a constant wall temperature of 600 °C is investigated numerically by an experimentally verified unsteady two-dimensional model. The reactor uses Ni/Al2O3 as the reforming catalyst and CaO as the sorbent. The reaction of SMR is enhanced by removing the CO2 through the reaction of CaO + CO2 → CaCO3 based on the Le Chatelier's principle. A non-uniform temperature distribution instead of a uniform temperature in the reactor appears due to the rapid endothermic reaction of SMR followed by an exothermic reaction of CO2 sorption. For a small weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 0.67 h?1 before the CO2 breakthrough, both a low and a high temperature regions exist simultaneously in the catalyst/sorbent bed, and their sizes are enlarged and the temperature distribution is more non-uniform for a larger tube diameter (D). Both the CH4 conversion and the H2 molar fraction are slightly increased with the increase of D. Based on the parameters adopted in this work, the CH4 conversion, the H2 and CO molar fractions at D = 60 mm are 84.6%, 94.4%, and 0.63%, respectively. After CO2 breakthrough, the reaction of SMR dominates, and the reactor performance is remarkably reduced due to low reactor temperature.For a higher value of WHSV (4.03 h?1) before CO2 breakthrough, both the reaction times for SMR and CO2 sorption become much shorter. The size of low temperature region becomes larger, and the high temperature region inside the catalyst/sorbent bed doesn't exist for D ≥ 30 mm. The maximum temperature difference inside the catalyst/sorbent bed is greater than 67 °C. Both the CH4 conversion and H2 molar fraction are slightly decreased with the increase of D. However, this phenomenon is qualitatively opposite to that for small WHSV of 0.67 h?1. The CH4 conversion and H2 molar fraction at D = 60 mm are 52.6% and 78.7%, respectively, which are much lower than those for WHSV = 0.67 h?1. 相似文献
16.
Zi-Yian Lim Junling Tu Yongjun Xu Baiman Chen 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(11):7866-7877
The dry reforming of methane is a potential reaction that converts methane and carbon dioxide to syngas while mitigating the two greenhouse gases. Challenges for this reaction include sintering and severe carbon deposition. This paper reports a post-treatment strategy to develop Ni@hollow meso-SiO2 (Ni@HMS) catalyst from the existing Ni@SiO2 core-shell structure by utilizing the mechanism of etching and re-deposition of silica in mild alkaline solution with CTAB as a stabilizer. The varied post-treatment temperature changed the properties of Ni@HMS and demonstrated high catalytic performance compared to Ni@SiO2. The results from TEM and XPS showed the Ni particles were confined inside the mesoporous SiO2 shell and inhibit Ni particle mobility. The catalysts exhibited high conversion of methane (>80%) and carbon dioxide (>90%) for 50 h at 800 °C and WHSV of 54 000 mL gcat?1h?1 with high TOFCH4 of 7.08 s?1. 相似文献
17.
Electrolyte effects on the oxygen surface exchange coefficients of strontium-doped lanthanum manganates (LSM) are investigated using electrical conductivity relaxation technique. Introducing electrolytes can significantly reduce the re-equilibration time, demonstrating the substantial promotion in the surface exchange kinetics. The coefficient at 1000 °C increases from 9.00 × 10−5 cm s−1 for pure LSM to 2.45 × 10−4 cm s−1 for LSM coated with yttria-stabilized zirconia, and further increases to 7.92 × 10−4 cm s−1 for LSM with samaria-doped ceria. The nearly one order of magnitude increase in the coefficient demonstrates that introducing electrolytes can effectively increase the electrochemical performance of solid-oxide-fuel-cell cathodes by enhancing the surface exchange reaction in addition to extending the reaction sites. 相似文献
18.
Xiaoliu Wang Jianling Zhao Ziqing Li Zekun Yin Zhigang Wu Xixin Wang 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(12):8702-8721
The ternary hybrid composite electrode of Fe(OH)3/Ag/TNTA (where TNTA stands for TiO2 nanotube arrays) was prepared by a simple successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction method. The effects of calcination temperature of Ag/TNTA, drying temperature of Fe(OH)3/Ag/TNTA, and deposition amount of Ag and Fe(OH)3 on the supercapacitor performance of the composite electrode were investigated, and the related reasons were discussed in detail. The results show that Ag modification can obviously improve the performance of Fe(OH)3/TNTA composite electrode. Both the calcination temperature of Ag/TNTA and the deposition amount of Ag affect the particle size of Ag and the reaction resistance of the electrode. The deposition amount of Fe(OH)3 also has influence on the reaction resistance of the electrode. Under the optimized conditions, the capacitance value of the Fe(OH)3/Ag/TNTA composite electrode is as high as 84.67 mF cm?2@5 mV s?1(596.30 F g?1@5 mV s?1), and the electrode has high rate performance and good cycle stability. The asymmetric supercapacitor assembled with Fe(OH)3/Ag/TNTA as the negative electrode and activated carbon as the positive electrode can store energy stably under the potential window of 0–1.5 V. When the power density is 2.77 kW kg?1 (50 mW cm?3), the energy density can reach 18.34 Wh kg?1 (0.33 mWh cm?3). 相似文献
19.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2023,48(12):4906-4920
Austenitic steels are known to exhibit a low hydrogen diffusion coefficient and hence a good resistance to hydrogen embrittlement. Therefore, it is an experimental challenge to investigate their hydrogen diffusion properties. In this study, the electrochemical permeation technique is used to determine the hydrogen diffusion coefficients in different pre-deformed states (φ = 0, 0.32, 0.39, 0.49) of the high-alloy austenitic TRIP steel X3CrMnNiMoN17-8-4 in a temperature range of 323 K–353 K. In combination with microstructural analysis, a correlation between phase transformation from γ-austenite to α′-martensite and dislocation density is shown. As a result of the lattice transformation from fcc to bcc, the diffusion rate of hydrogen is significantly increased (Dapp, φ = 0 = 3.6 × 10?12 cm2 s?1, Dapp, φ = 0.32 = 1.6 × 10?11 cm2 s?1at 323 K). With higher degrees of deformation, the dislocation density also increased in the martensite islands, resulting in a degressive growth of the diffusion coefficient (Dapp, φ = 0.39 = 5.3 × 10?11 cm2 s?1, Dapp, φ = 0.49 = 1.1 × 10?10 cm2 s?1at 323 K). Moreover, detailed calculations are performed to describe the way of hydrogen trapping and to give a possible mechanism of diffusion. 相似文献
20.
Giovanna Lovato Isabela Mehi Gaspari Augusto Antônio Djalma Nunes Ferraz Júnior Roberta Albanez Suzana Maria Ratusznei Claudia Etchebehere Marcelo Zaiat José Alberto Domingues Rodrigues 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(54):27364-27379
Using the right start-up strategy can be vital for successful hydrogen production from thermophilic dark fermentation (55 °C), but it needs to be affordable. Hence, three start-up strategies modifying only influent concentration and temperature were assessed in a reactor fed with cheese whey: (i) high temperature (55 °C) and a high organic loading rate (OLRA - 15 kgCOD m?3 d?1) right at the beginning of the operation; (ii) slowly increasing temperature up to 55 °C using a high OLRA and (iii) slowly increasing temperature and OLRA up to the desired condition. Strategy (iii) increased hydrogen productivity in 39% compared to the others. The combination of high temperature and low pH thermodynamically favored H2 producing routes. Synergy between Thermoanaerobacterium and Clostridium might have boosted hydrogen production. Three reactors of 41 m³ each would be needed to treat 3.4 × 103 m3 year?1 of whey (small-size dairy industry) and the energy produced could reach 14 MWh month?1. 相似文献