Modeling of integrated renewable energy system for electrification of a remote area in India

Over the years, renewable energy based power generation has proven to be a cost-effective solution in stand-alone applications in the regions where grid extension is difficult. The present study focused on the development of models for optimal sizing of integrated renewable energy (IRE) system to satisfy the energy needs in different load sectors of four different zones considered in Chamarajanagar district of Karnataka state in India. The objective of the study is to minimize the total cost of generation and cost of energy using genetic algorithm (GA) based approach. Considering optimization power factor (OPF) and expected energy not supplied (EENS), optimum system feasibility has been investigated. Based on the study, it has been found that IRES is able to provide a feasible solution between 1.0 and 0.8 OPF values. However, power deficit occurs at OPF values less than 0.8 and the proposed model becomes infeasible under such conditions. Customer interruption cost (CIC) and deficit energy (DE) for all zones were also computed to quantify the reliability of the systems.     

Development of IREOM model based on seasonally varying load profile for hilly remote areas of Uttarakhand state in India

An Integrated Renewable Energy Optimization Model (IREOM) model has been developed for sizing and optimization of renewable energy systems based on seasonal variation in the load profiles of the study area. An attempt has been made to develop correlations between renewable energy system sizes and their capital cost for the user specified system sizes. The developed correlations were used for the analysis of IREOM model using user specified system sizes and compared with manufacturer specified system sizes. The cluster of seven unelectrified villages having micro-hydro power, biomass, wind and solar energy resources in the state of Uttarakhand, India has been considered for the implementation of IREOM model. Based on the results obtained from the proposed model, suitable sizes of renewable energy systems have been suggested.     

海上可再生能源开发评价指标体系与实证研究

开发海上可再生能源对于优化能源结构具有重要意义。文章在对海上可再生能源主要开发形式调查分析的基础上,从技术、经济、资源、环境、安全5方面构建了海上可再生能源开发评价指标体系,在此基础上,从能源转换效率、技术成熟度、投资成本等方面对潮汐能、潮流能、波浪能等海上可再生能源开发形式进行分析。以大连为例进行实证研究,利用构建的指标体系对大连地区的海上风能开发进行分析评价,提出了大连地区海上可再生能源开发的建议。     

Development of an integrated data-acquisition system for renewable energy sources systems monitoring

Data-acquisition systems are widely used in renewable energy source (RES) applications in order to collect data regarding the installed system performance, for evaluation purposes. In this paper, the development of a computer-based system for RES systems monitoring is described. The proposed system consists of a set of sensors for measuring both meteorological (e.g. temperature, humidity etc.) and electrical parameters (photovoltaics voltage and current etc.). The collected data are first conditioned using precision electronic circuits and then interfaced to a PC using a data-acquisition card. The LABVIEW program is used to further process, display and store the collected data in the PC disk. The proposed architecture permits the rapid system development and has the advantage of flexibility in the case of changes, while it can be easily extended for controlling the RES system operation.     

A renewable source based hydrogen energy system for residential applications

In this study, both concentrated solar power and wind energy systems are integrated with electrolyser, fuel cell and absorption cooling subsystems to supply power, cooling, heating and hydrogen to residential applications in an environmentally benign and efficient manner. These subsystems are integrated in a unique way to manage the excess power through water electrolysis to produce and store hydrogen. Integrated systems are thermodynamically analyzed, and their performance is assessed comparatively. Solar radiation intensity, inlet temperature and wind velocity are taken into account, and hence their effects on the system performance are investigated. The results of this study show that the present system appears to be efficient, environmentally friendly and hence sustainable.     

An opinion survey based assessment of renewable energy technology development in India

India has a very large potential for harnessing renewable energy sources. However, there is a large gap between the estimated potential and the cumulative achievements made so far. A variety of reasons are attributed to the current low levels of dissemination of renewable energy technologies in India as against their respective estimated potentials. Several of these attributes could, one way or the other, be related to the current status of development of the technology, its appropriateness and dissemination strategies adopted for their diffusion and deployment. Results of an attempt to assess the current status of some renewable energy technologies in India are briefly presented in this paper. The main findings of a structured questionnaire based survey undertaken for eliciting views of different categories of stakeholders on various issues affecting dissemination of renewable energy technologies in India are presented in this paper.     

Performance of a stand-alone renewable energy system based on energy storage as hydrogen

Electrolytic hydrogen offers a promising alternative for long-term energy storage of renewable energy (RE). A stand-alone RE system based on energy storage as hydrogen has been developed and installed at the Hydrogen Research Institute, and successfully tested for autonomous operation with developed control system and power conditioning devices. The excess energy produced, with respect to the load requirement, has been sent to the electrolyzer for hydrogen production. When energy produced from the RE sources became insufficient, with respect to the load requirement, the stored hydrogen was fed to a fuel cell to produce electricity. The RE system components have substantially different voltage-current characteristics and they are integrated through power conditioning devices on a dc bus for autonomous operation by using a developed control system. The developed control system has been successfully tested for autonomous operation and energy management of the system. The experimental results clearly indicate that a stand-alone RE system based on hydrogen production is safe and reliable.     

可再生能源供热系统在农村建筑的应用研究

农村建筑普遍存在保温性能差、体形系数大、采暖系统能耗高等问题,不仅消耗了大量化石能源,而且造成了严重的环境污染。因此,在建筑采暖领域,尤其是农村这类高能耗建筑,推广可再生能源的应用是十分必要的。单一形式的采暖系统具有不稳定、效率低等缺陷,通过掌握可再生能源互补系统在建筑和工业领域的应用研究历程,对其在农村建筑中的应用可行性和前景进行了创新性分析。     

多种形式可再生能源集成互补供暖供冷系统在农村地区的应用

介绍了三种可在农村地区利用的可再生能源状况,提出了一种利用地热能、太阳能、生物质能三种形式可再生能源集成互补供暖供冷系统,并对此系统进行简要的热力学分析。     

The state of renewable energy harnessing in Tanzania

This paper details the state of renewable energy development in Tanzania and biomass energy supply and consumption. It also highlights the various levels of renewable energy programmes in the country and the Government strategy to improve renewable energy production and utilization technologies. A number of problems hindering the development of renewable energy technologies have been identified and discussed. Biomass accounts for 92% of final energy consumption in Tanzania and will continue to dominate the national energy balance. For example, fuelwood and agricultural residues used to meet domestic energy needs account for 80% of the domestic energy requirements, while commercial energy such as kerosene, electricity and liquefied petroleum gas account for 1%. Total biomass resources for 1990 was 27 million tonnes of oil equivalent (TOE) from the natural forests. Other major industrial biomass energy sources include sawmill industry, sugarcane plantations, sugar industry by-products, cashew nut industry, coffee industry and sisal industry. The major biomass consumers include woodfuel for domestic use, tobacco production, brick making, tea drying and fish smoking. While there are efforts to develop other renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind and minihydros, there are also problems hindering their development. They include the lack of adequate data on the actual energy potential of these sources as well as the lack of local capability to design and manufacture energy related equipment and spare parts.     

新能源和可再生能源在线监测系统研究

为了解决当前分布式新能源和可再生能源发电项目由于种类、规约以及规模差异导致难以集中监测和管理的问题,设计出一种分布式部署、功能可裁剪、应用可扩展、故障可自愈的需求侧新能源和可再生能源在线监测系统。系统按照国际通用的电网信息数据模型标准设计,在国内首次为不同类型的新能源和可再生能源发电项目制定统一的数据采集和传输标准,能够实现辖区内所有太阳能、风力、生物质能等新能源和可再生能源发电项目的数据统一采集和实时监测。该系统已经在北京市范围内开展应用,预计到2017年,北京市接入的新能源和可再生能源项目将达到1 500个。目前已经接入项目数量超过100个,并收到了良好的效果,系统的稳定性和可靠性也得到了验证。     

Discrete harmony search based size optimization of Integrated Renewable Energy System for remote rural areas of Uttarakhand state in India

In the recent years, decentralized power generation using locally available renewable energy resources has been recognized as a cost effective alternative of uneconomical grid extension. The present paper deals with the size optimization of Integrated Renewable Energy System (IRES) for a cluster of villages of Uttarakhand state in India. The proposed IRES consists of locally available renewable energy resources of Micro Hydro Power (MHP), biogas, biomass, wind and solar energy in order to meet the electrical and cooking demands of the study area. A system operation strategy has been developed in the paper for size optimization of IRES. Also, the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) has been used as the reliability criteria in order to ensure the continuous supply of power without any failure problems. Further, in order to utilize renewable energy resources in different contributions, four different resource scenarios are considered for the study area. Finally, the total net present cost (NPC) of the considered scenarios has been optimized using discrete harmony search (DHS) algorithm. Among different scenarios, MHP-biogas-biomass-wind-solar-battery based IRES offers the lowest net present cost of INR 49.0309 million at the estimated LCOE of INR 5.47/kWh.     

Review of augmentation of energy needs using renewable energy sources in India

Sustainable and equitable development is the most important challenge before mankind. After food, most pressing concern is energy for a decent living. The energy consumption has been recognized world wide as a parameter of development in a society. In the present paper an attempt has been made to review the demand of energy, the potential of renewable energy sources in India and its prospects for development in cost effective and sustainable manner.     

Potential of the renewable energy development in Jammu and Kashmir,India

The future economic growth for India is likely to result in rapid and accelerated surge in energy demand, with expected shortages in terms of supply. Many of its current policies and strategies are aimed at the improvement and possible maximization of energy production from the renewable sector. It is also clear that while energy conservation and energy efficiency can make an important contribution, renewable energies will be essential to the solution and are likely to play an increasingly important role for providing enhanced energy access, reducing consumption of fossil fuels, and helping India pursue its low-carbon progressive pathway. However, most of the states in India, like the northernmost state of Jammu and Kashmir, have experienced an energy crisis over a sustained period of time and the government both at center and state level has to embark upon with these pressing issues in a more sustainable manner and accordingly initiate various renewable energy projects within these states. This paper will provide a broad-spectrum view about the energy situation within Jammu and Kashmir and will highlight the current policies along with future strategies for the optimal utilization of renewable energy resources.     

基于液化空气储能的综合能源系统经济性分析

以园区为研究背景,基于"以热定电"、"以电定热"两种模式,对园区内的综合能源系统进行研究.针对夏季、冬季两个典型日设计了八种方案来对比系统配置液化空气储能与未配置液化空气储能时各子系统输出功率及总成本的变化.结果表明,在园区配置液化空气储能,采用"以热定电"模式运行时经济效益最高且能源损耗量最少.在大暑日,其总成本比未配置液化空气储能的系统降低6.1％.在大寒日,其总成本比未配置液化空气储能的系统总成本降低4.5％.同样配置液化空气储能的情况下,采用"以热定电"模式运行的系统要比"以电定热"模式总成本低.在大暑日总成本降低9.5％,在大寒日,总成本降低4.5％.     

Electrolytic hydrogen based renewable energy system with oxygen recovery and re-utilization

The Hydrogen Research Institute (HRI) has developed a stand-alone renewable energy (RE) system based on energy storage in the form of hydrogen. When the input devices (wind generator and photovoltaic array) produce more energy than is required by the load, the excess energy is converted by an electrolyzer to electrolytic hydrogen, which is then stored after stages of compression, purification and filtration. Conversely, during a time of input energy deficit, this process is reversed and the hydrogen produced earlier is reconverted to electrical energy through a fuel cell. The oxygen which has been produced by the electrolyzer during the hydrogen production is also stored at high pressure, after having gone through a purification and drying process. This stored oxygen can be re-utilized as oxidant in place of compressed air in the fuel cell. The modifications of the electrolyzer for oxygen storage and re-utilization of it as oxidant for the fuel cell are presented. Furthermore, the HRI has designed and developed the control system with power conditioning devices for effective energy management and automatic operation of the RE system. The experimental results show that a reliable autonomous RE system can be realized for such seasonal energy sources, using stored hydrogen as the long-term energy buffer, and that utilizing the electrolyzer oxygen by-product as oxidant in the fuel cell increases system performance significantly.     

Financial evaluation of renewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping in India

An attempt to develop a simple framework for financial evaluation of renewable energy technologies (RETs) such as photovoltaic (PV) pump, windmill pump, biogas and producer gas-driven dual fuel engine pumps for irrigation water pumping has been made. The unit cost of water and unit cost of useful energy delivered by the RETs have been estimated. The monetary benefits that accrued to the end-user have been quantified in terms of the amount of diesel or electricity saved. Financial figures of merit for the investments made in the RETs have been estimated. The effect of fuel price escalation on these measures of financial performance has also been evaluated along with the estimation of the break-even prices of fuels likely to be substituted by RETs. Results of some exemplifying calculations are presented and briefly discussed.     

Parametric equations for energy and load estimations for buildings in India

Detailed simulations have been performed for a single zone building to calculate the maximum heating and cooling loads as well as specific annual energy consumption for a single zone building. Numerical results have been used to derive parametric equations as a function of the thickness of insulation as well as the surface to volume ratio (A/V) taking into account the effect of increasing height as well as increasing length and width. For un-insulated building, the energy consumption increases steeply with increasing height, whereas for an insulated building, the energy consumption decreases slightly. For increasing lengths and widths, the change in energy consumption is a mild positive slope. The optimum thickness of the insulation obtained in the paper corresponds to the recommended U-values of roof and the walls in the building code of India, U being the total heat transfer coefficient.     

考虑柔性负荷的综合能源系统低碳经济优化调度

随着低碳发展进程的不断推进,综合能源系统(IES)逐渐成为实现减排目标的重要支撑技术。基于能源集线器概念,结合需求侧柔性负荷的可平移、可转移、可削减特性,构建了含风光储、燃气轮机、柔性负荷等在内的IES模型。综合考虑了系统运行成本和碳交易成本,建立了以总成本最低为优化目标的IES低碳经济调度模型,采用鲸鱼优化算法对算例进行求解。通过场景对比,分析了碳交易因素对能源调度的影响,以及在碳交易体系之下,柔性负荷的合理调度对IES进一步减少碳排放、降低系统成本可发挥的作用。研究结果表明,在碳交易体系下,柔性负荷参与调度能有效地提高系统的经济环境综合效益。