CO_2 laser-micro plasma arc hybrid welding for galvanized steel sheets

A laser lap welding process for zinc-coated steel has a well-known unsolved problem-porosity formation. The boiling temperature of coated zinc is lower than the melting temperature of the base metal, which is steel. In the autogenous laser welding, the zinc vapor generates from the lapped surfaces expels the molten pool and the expulsion causes numerous weld defects, such as spatters and blow holes on the weld surface and porosity inside the welds. The laser-arc hybrid welding was suggested as an alternative method for the laser lap welding because the arc can preheat or post-heat the weldment according to the arrangement of the laser beam and the arc. CO2 laser-micro plasma hybrid welding was applied to the lap welding of zinc-coated steel with zero-gap. The relationships among the weld quality and process parameters of the laser-arc arrangement, and the laser-arc interspacing distance and arc current were investigated using a full-factorial experimental design. The effect of laser-arc arrangement is dominant because the leading plasma arc partially melts the upper steel sheets and vaporizes or oxidizes the coated zinc on the lapped surfaces. Compared with the result from the laser-TIG hybrid welding, the heat input from arc can be reduced by 40%.     

电弧弧长对激光-电弧复合焊飞溅和底部驼峰的影响

由于热源形式的特殊性,激光-电弧复合焊接过程中激光和电弧间易发生相互干扰,产生飞溅和底部驼峰等缺陷。以590 MPa级船用高强钢为研究对象,研究了电弧弧长对激光-电弧复合焊飞溅和焊缝底部驼峰的影响。为了深入研究激光-电弧复合焊飞溅和底部驼峰的产生机理,利用高速摄像设备对熔滴过渡行为和焊缝底部熔池进行了观察。结果表明,适当缩短电弧弧长可以降低激光和电弧间的相互干扰,提高复合焊接过程的稳定性,进而降低飞溅产生的倾向。底部驼峰是小孔熔透性差和底部熔池流动不连续所引起的。缩短电弧弧长可以对底部驼峰的产生起到抑制作用,这是因为缩短电弧弧长可以降低等离子体对激光的吸收,提高激光的能量利用率,增加小孔熔透性和稳定性。 创新点： 研究了电弧弧长对激光-电弧复合焊飞溅和底部驼峰的影响,采用高速摄像方法对底部熔池流动进行了观察,进一步明确了激光-电弧复合焊接焊缝底部驼峰的产生原因。     

镀锌板单旁路耦合电弧GMAW高速焊接方法

为了解决镀锌板上锌层易受热烧损,无法使用大电流MIG焊接方法进行高速焊接的问题,采用了一种低热输入高效率的焊接方法——单旁路耦合电弧GMAW(DE-GMAW)用于镀锌板的焊接。搭建了该焊接方法的试验平台,对镀锌板堆焊和搭接接头的高速焊接方法进行试验研究。结果表明,通过调整旁路电流值,单旁路耦合电弧GMAW方法降低了镀锌板上的焊接热输入,并可以在大电流和高焊速的条件下实现镀锌板堆焊和搭接接头的焊接,所得焊缝成形良好,母材变形小,焊接过程稳定无飞溅。焊后镀锌层的烧损与同等热输入条件下的普通MIG焊相比明显降低,保证了镀锌板焊后的耐腐蚀性能。     

低合金高强钢激光-电弧复合热源焊接冷裂纹敏感性分析

通过扩散氢含量测定,并利用经验公式计算JFE980S低合金高强钢冷裂纹敏感性和焊前预热温度,同时采用斜Y形坡口试验、金相试验以及残余应力测定等方法,研究低合金高强钢抗冷裂性能,对比分析了激光-电弧复合焊和MAG焊工艺对接头抗冷裂性能的影响.结果表明,激光复合焊抗冷裂性优于MAG焊方法.因复合焊加入了激光,使得焊缝熔深增加,拘束减小,并且激光在前,对焊接试板有一定的预热作用,使冷裂纹形成倾向进一步降低,特别是在无法预热的情况下,激光复合焊更能够体现出优势.     

铝/钢异种金属Nd:YAG激光-MIG复合热源熔-钎焊接工艺

铝与钢异种金属的优质高效焊接一直是焊接领域的一项技术难题.针对铝与钢焊接的技术困难和特点,提出了可实现铝与钢熔-钎连接的大光斑激光-电弧复合热源焊接方法,用该焊接方法实现了5A02铝合金板与镀锌钢板的优质高效连接.试验结果分析表明,接头钢母材未发生熔化,焊缝与钢母材为钎焊连接,拉伸试样的破坏位置发生在接头铝母材热影响区,接头的抗拉强度与铝合金电弧熔化焊接头强度相当.     

Nd:YAG激光+脉冲GMAW复合热源焊接参数对焊缝熔宽的影响

通过试验研究了Nd:YAG激光 脉冲GMAW复合热源焊接过程中焊接工艺参数对焊缝熔宽的影响.结果表明,复合热源焊缝熔宽随电弧功率和激光功率的增大而增大,随焊接速度的提高而减小,而光丝间距和离焦量对复合热源焊缝熔宽影响相对较小.复合热源焊缝熔宽远大于激光焊缝熔宽而仅稍大于脉冲GMAW焊缝熔宽,说明在复合热源焊接过程中脉冲GMAW决定焊缝熔宽,这主要是由于激光束加热区域远小于电弧加热区域造成的.试验结果的分析比较还表明,在激光 电弧复合热源焊接过程中激光功率的增大还极大地提高了焊接速度.     

激光-电弧复合热源焊接钛合金薄板T形结构件

采用低功率激光-电弧复合热源工艺进行钛合金薄板T形结构件的焊接,焊后采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪等设备对接头进行分析.结果表明,激光-电弧复合热源焊接过程中激光可以诱导增强电弧、提高电弧穿透能力,采用激光-电弧复合热源易于进行T形结构件的连接;焊缝形成均匀细密鱼鳞纹,接头背面熔透均匀、过渡平缓,焊缝宽度小;焊缝主要由α＇相和β相组成,焊接时脉冲激光和TIG脉冲电流对熔池的搅拌作用及金属蒸气和等离子体喷射对熔池的搅拌作用使得细小α＇针疏松散乱;Al元素和Mn元素含量稳定,没有发生成分偏析.     

D406A钢的光纤激光-电弧复合焊接性能

对低合金超高强度钢(D406A)进行了光纤激光-电弧复合焊接,在最佳工艺参数条件下,研究了装配间隙对D406A焊接性能的影响.结果表明,装配间隙的最佳范围为0.6~1.0 mm.另外在最佳工艺条件下,对焊缝形状、焊接接头组织、硬度及力学性能进行了研究.结果表明,焊缝金属可以分为电弧区、激光-电弧复合区及激光区,并且激光区与电弧区相比组织细小;3个区域的硬度分布最高值均出现在热影响区(HAZ);经热处理后,焊接接头力学性能基本与母材相同.     

激光电弧复合焊接顺序对304不锈钢T形接头影响的模拟试验分析

建立304不锈钢T形接头三维有限元模型,研究激光电弧复合焊接顺序对304不锈钢T形接头热变形及残余应力的影响. 采用高斯面热源加高斯锥形体热源组合的热源模型,模拟激光电弧复合热源,并通过304不锈钢激光电弧复合堆焊工艺试验验证数值模拟激光电弧复合焊接过程的可靠性. 结果表明,焊缝截面熔池形貌的数值仿真结果与焊接工艺试验结果吻合较好,该热源模型能有效模拟激光电弧两种热源的复合作用. 确定多种焊接顺序方案,分析不同焊接顺序下T形接头温度场、残余应力和热变形情况,激光电弧复合焊接顺序对T形接头残余应力及热变形均有影响,通过对比不同顺序下残余应力值及热变形量发现,顺序焊接能有效减小焊接残余应力,同时反向焊接产生的热变形量最小. 综合分析,不锈钢T形接头顺序反向焊接的效果最佳.     

激光-电弧复合焊接咬边缺陷分析及抑制方法

为了提高激光-电弧复合焊接的可靠性,对复合焊接咬边缺陷成形机理及抑制方法进行了研究.结果表明,激光能够提高复合焊接的临界咬边速度,最高可达电弧焊接的5倍.在激光-电弧相互作用下,复合焊接存在两种抑制咬边的机理.一种是改变焊趾处固、液、气三相的表面张力状况,形成指向熔池外部的合力.另一种是通过提高熔池内温度梯度和热输入来增加熔池内由内向外的流动速度和时间,使熔化金属能够流向并填充焊趾,这种抑制机理作用更为显著.试验确定了复合焊接临界咬边速度的经验公式和电弧电压的合理调节范围.     

激光-MIG复合焊接参数的优化与选择

在激光-电弧复合焊接中,两种热源的集成导致工艺参数的调节更为复杂,如何根据实际需求来选择工艺参数一直是困扰该工艺的主要问题。对此,采用4mm厚Q235钢板进行了CO2激光-MIG(metalinertgas)复合焊接研究,探讨了激光功率、电弧电流对最大焊接速度的影响及其和接头间隙对焊缝成形的影响规律。结果表明:激光功率的增加更有利于最大焊接速度的提高,只有合理的工艺参数组合才能取得良好的焊缝成形。由此提出了CO2激光-MIG复合焊工艺参数的优化与选择方案。     

窄间隙坡口激光-MAG复合焊温度场数值模拟

采用激光电弧复合焊焊接窄间隙坡口钢板,坡口会影响激光光致等离子体及电弧形态,从而改变能量密度分布。采用数值模拟手段,综合考虑激光与电弧的相互作用以及窄间隙坡口对等离子体及电弧的压缩作用,建立激光-MAG复合堆焊热源模型和适用于窄间隙坡口的激光-MAG复合焊接热源模型,并分别进行堆焊和窄间隙坡口对接焊的温度场数值模拟。结果表明,两种热源模型的模拟所得焊缝形状与实际焊接焊缝熔合线相符性良好,熔宽、熔深相近,窄间隙坡口对温度场分布有重要影响。     

低功率YAG激光-MAG电弧复合焊接不锈钢

以0Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢钢板为试验材料,研究了低功率脉冲YAG激光-脉冲MAG电弧复合热源和单脉冲MAG焊接不锈钢.结果表明,低功率脉冲YAG激光-脉冲MAG电弧复合热源同样具有大功率激光-电弧复合焊接才有的增加熔深、提高焊接速度、稳定焊接过程等优点;低功率脉冲YAG激光的加入改变了电弧形态,电弧根部被吸引和压缩现象显著,提高了能量利用率;与单脉冲MAG堆焊相比,在相同焊接速度下复合焊最大能增加熔深1.3倍,在相同熔深下复合焊的焊接速度可以提高50%;复合焊焊缝的晶粒较单MAG焊缝中的晶粒细小,其焊缝抗拉强度比单MAG的好,断裂属于延性断裂.     

Research on laser-arc hybrid welding of lap fillet joints of thin sheet

ABSTRACT

Laser welding is capable of welding at high speeds by high-density energy, while arc welding is an effective construction method from the viewpoint of tolerance of the gap and welding position. Laser-arc hybrid welding has both these features. The authors have researched suitable welding parameters and consumables for this hybrid welding process that couples laser beam with MAG arc for lap fillet weld joining of thin steel sheets. As a result, the following welding parameters have been proven to be the most appropriate for better bead shapes and root-gap tolerance, i.e. laser leading (kept at a right angle) and MAG trailing (kept at a push angle); the laser-arc distance was 3 mm and the laser beam focus size was 2 mm. In addition, it was proven that HT490-class welding wire of Si-Mn-Ti type (JIS YGW11) was the most appropriate for better bead shapes and root-gap tolerance. The bead shape was apt to be better in cases of higher surface tension of welding wire. The result of the tensile shear test of the joint by welding with HT490-class welding wire of Si-Mn-Ti type (JIS YGW11) under selected welding condition demonstrated that the value of the tensile strength of parent material was equal to that of lab fillet joints.     

自保护药芯焊丝激光-电弧复合热源堆焊参数对焊道表面成形的影响

以自保护药芯焊丝(414N-O)为研究对象,借助焊道表面成形系数来评价自保护药芯焊丝激光-电弧复合热源堆焊焊道的表面成形特征,研究了自保护药芯焊丝激光-电弧复合热源堆焊过程中堆焊参数对焊道表面成形的影响. 结果表明,复合热源堆焊过程中,激光的加入明显降低了自保护药芯焊丝电弧作用点漂移概率,有效地克服了自保护药芯焊丝长弧堆焊气孔问题,降低了电弧对工件表面的作用能量. 堆焊参数中,光丝前后位置和光丝间距对焊道表面成形特征起决定性影响,激光前置时光丝间距对焊道表面成形影响显著,激光后置时则影响较小;光丝间距DLA=0 mm和DLA=+2 mm时,有利于焊道表面成形;光丝间距DLA=-2 mm时,恶化了焊道表面成形;激光功率、堆焊速度、堆焊电流和堆焊电压对焊道余高影响显著,激光功率、堆焊电流和堆焊电压对焊道表面成形系数影响显著,焊丝伸出长度对焊道余高和焊道表面成形系数影响较小.     

Brazing zirconium alloys with an amorphous rapidly quenched strip brazing alloy

Application of aluminum alloy, which is a typical lightweight material, has been expected to achieve energy saving and prevention of pollution in many kinds of transportation vehicles. While the structure made of whole aluminum alloy, however, is lightweight, it still has problems, such as low mechanical strength and high cost. Hence, a hybrid or joining structure made of aluminum alloy and steel seems to be reasonable because of its light weight and higher strength.

To make a hybrid structure for transportation vehicles, we examined welding by friction stirring between aluminum alloy and low-carbon steel, which could be welded without melted weld materials. As a result, welding between aluminum alloy and low-carbon steel that had a thin intermetallic compound at the weld interface was obtained.

In recent automobile manufacturing, zinc-coated steel has been used for structural parts in general. On welding between zinc-coated steel and other materials such as aluminum alloy, existence of a Zn layer between aluminum and steel has to be taken into account to get a high-quality joint between the materials.

In this study, spot joining between aluminum alloy and several kinds of zinc-coated steels by friction stirring was carried out, and the effect of the coated layer both on the weld strength and weld interface microstructure was investigated. As a result, the joint between aluminum alloy and zinc-coated steel was stronger than that between aluminum alloy and non-coated steel, when the coated layer was removed at the weld interface by plastic flow of aluminum alloy.     

大厚度船用高强钢激光-电弧复合焊技术研究

为实现大厚度高强钢全熔透单道对接焊,针对厚度20mm的AH32船用高强钢,采用15kW大功率CO_2激光进行激光-电弧复合焊接.分析了工件坡口、焊接速度、送丝速度、离焦量、装配间隙等规范参数对焊缝成型影响;通过金相观察以及显微硬度测定分析了接头组织性能.结果表明:通过激光功率等焊接规范匹配,激光-电弧复合焊接能实现20mm厚板的全熔透单道对接;钝边为8mm的Y形坡口有助于提高厚板激光-电弧复合焊缝熔透能力;降低焊接速度有利于提高熔深能力;工件厚度较大时,装配间隙对焊缝熔深能力的影响较为显著;接头硬度表明厚板激光复合焊焊缝纵向热循环模式存在较大差异.     

Hybrid Laser-GMAW Welding of High Strength Quenched-Tempered Steels

High-strength quenched and tempered (HSQT) steels have been widely used in structural applications where light weight is of primary design interest.Gas metal arc welding is a common way to join QT steels.When GMAW is used to join the HSQT steel,multi-pass is usually required to achieve full penetration.In addition,weld crack is often observed because of HSQT steel’s high susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement.In addition,due to the large amount of heat input from the arc,the heat affected zone is often softened.This reduces the ductility and strength of welds and makes the weld weaker than the base metal.In this study,a hybrid laser/GMAW process is proposed to produce butt joint for 6.5mm thick HSQT A514 steel plate.Hydrogen diffusion mechanism is first discusses for GMAW and hybrid laser-GMAW welding processes.Metal transfer mode during the hybrid laser/GMAW welding process is also analyzed.A high speed CCD camera with 4000 frame/second is used to monitor the welding process in real time.Welds obtained by GMAW and hybrid laser/GMAW techniques are compared and tested by static lap shear and dynamic impact.Effects of gap between two metal plates and laser beam/GMAW torch spacing on weld property are studied.By appropriately choosing these two parameters,crack-free butt joints with full penetration can be successfully obtained by the hybrid laser/GMAW welding process for HSQT A514 steel plate.     

Effect of Zinc Coatings on Joint Properties and Interfacial Reactions in Aluminum to Steel Ultrasonic Spot Welding

Dissimilar joining of aluminum to steel sheet in multimaterial automotive structures is an important potential application of ultrasonic spot welding (USW). Here, the weldability of different zinc-coated steels with aluminum is discussed, using a 2.5-kW USW welder. Results show that soft hot-dipped zinc (DX56-Z)-coated steel results in better weld performance than hard (galv-annealed) zinc coatings (DX53-ZF). For Al to hard galv-annealed-coated steel welds, lap shear strengths reached a maximum of ~80% of the strength of an Al-Al joint after a 1.0 s welding time. In comparison, welds between Al6111-T4 and hot dipped soft zinc-coated steel took longer to achieve the same maximum strength, but nearly matched the Al-Al joint properties. The reasons for these different behaviors are discussed in terms of the interfacial reactions between the weld members.     

超高功率激光-电弧复合焊接特性分析

为了对超高功率激光-电弧复合焊接过程特性有深入的理解. 借助高速摄像,以焊接过程中羽辉和飞溅为主要研究对象,对比分析了激光功率从5 kW增加到30 kW时,激光热源与不同电弧热源复合,以及是否填丝对焊接特性的影响规律. 结果表明,激光功率增加,羽辉和飞溅面积的均值都呈增加趋势,两者的波动程度也呈上升趋势;冷丝的添加在降低焊缝熔深的同时使激光-MAG复合焊接过程中的稳定性变差;激光-TIG复合填丝焊接过程的稳定性明显优于另外两种焊接形式;高功率激光复合焊接时,高温羽辉对激光的散射和吸收作用会使熔深增加趋势放缓.