Enzymatic preparation and functional properties of wheat gluten hydrolysates

The water-insolublity of wheat gluten is one of the major limitations for its more extensive use in food processing. Wheat gluten was enzymatically hydrolyzed by several commercially available proteases (Pancreatin Trypsin 6.0S, Porcine pepsin, Pancreatin and Alcalase 2.4L) with protein recovery varying from 42.5 ± 0.7% to 81.3 ± 0.1%. The hydrolytic efficiency of these proteases on wheat gluten was also compared. Alcalase served best for the preparation of wheat gluten hydrolysates (WGHs). Thus, Alcalase-assisted hydrolysates of wheat gluten (AWGHs) with different degrees of hydrolysis (DH 5.0, 10.0 and 15.0%) were further assessed for their functionalities. All the AWGHs had excellent solubility (>60%) over a pH range of 2–12. The emulsifying and foaming properties of AWGH with relatively low DH (5.0%) were remarkably higher compared to the original gluten. However, extensive hydrolysis of gluten resulted in remarkable reduction in emulsifying and foaming properties.     

Preparation of wheat gluten hydrolysates with high opioid activity

The opioid activity of wheat gluten hydrolysates (WGHs) prepared with several proteases was investigated in vitro by the contraction of guinea pig ileum (GPI), and WGHs with high opioid activity were further obtained through desalting and ultrafiltration (UF). The opioid activity varied with different wheat gluten hydrolysates. AWGH (WGH prepared with Alcalase), PPWGH (WGH prepared with Pepsin followed by Pancreatin) and PWGH (WGH prepared with pepsin) had relatively stronger inhibitory effects on the contraction of GPI with IC₅₀ values of 1.21 ± 0.25, 1.29 ± 0.38 and 1.57 ± 0.21 mg protein/ml, respectively. Subsequently, AWGH and PPWGH were desalted using cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin, with high nitrogen recovery (88.51 and 89.28%, respectively) and high desalting ratio (84.67 and 85.20%). The resultant hydrolysates were further fractionated by UF performed with a 3 kDa molecular weight cut-off membrane. Compared with AWGH and PPWGH, the 3 kDa-permeates have higher opioid activities with high protein content above 90% and low ash content about 1.5%. The molecular weight distributions of the two 3 kDa-permeates were concentrated below 2,000 Da.     

不同蛋白酶对小麦蛋白酶解物抗氧化活性的影响

小麦蛋白是小麦淀粉加工的副产物,酶解是提高小麦蛋白溶解性和功能性的有效方式,而酶解用酶种类可能对酶解产物的功能性如抗氧化活性有一定影响。采用碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶6种常用的蛋白酶分别对小麦蛋白进行酶解,并对酶解4 h后酶解物的多肽得率、分子质量分布、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除率、超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~-·)清除率、羟自由基(·OH)清除率等反映水解程度和抗氧化能力的主要指标进行评价。结果表明,风味蛋白酶酶解物中多肽得率最高,达91.44%,且分子质量小于3 000 D的多肽含量达76.9%;酶解物质量浓度为3 mg/m L时,木瓜蛋白酶酶解物对DPPH自由基清除作用最好,清除率为65.12%(P0.01),其次是风味蛋白酶(58.43%)和碱性蛋白酶(55.29%);碱性蛋白酶酶解物对O_2~-·清除率效果最好,清除率为58.68%(P0.01),其次是风味蛋白酶(49.25%);碱性蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶酶解物对·OH清除效果最佳,清除率分别为59.23%和58.16%。结果说明,蛋白酶种类对小麦蛋白酶解物抗氧化活性影响显著,风味蛋白酶对提高蛋白水解程度和生成小分子质量多肽的作用明显,而碱性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶对提高酶解产物抗氧化活性效果较好。     

小麦面筋蛋白酶解制备合适分子量小肽的研究

为制备合适分子量分布的小肽(<1000u),以小麦面筋蛋白为原料,利用蛋白酶对小麦面筋蛋白进行酶解,通过分析酶解物中的蛋白质水解度与多肽含量之间的关系,酶解物中多肽分子量分布以及氨基酸含量来比较碱性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶对小麦面筋蛋白的酶解作用,同时结合动物实验来探究多肽分子量分布与酶解物的功能性关系。结果表明,不同的蛋白酶对小麦面筋蛋白的酶解效果存在差异,其中胃蛋白酶处理组中总多肽含量最高,其次是碱性蛋白酶处理组;当四种蛋白酶酶解物的蛋白质水解度保持在12%左右时,碱性蛋白酶处理组中小肽(<1000u)的得率超过80%,胰蛋白酶处理组中小肽的得率在65%左右,且这两组蛋白酶酶解物可以显著地促进实验动物的消化能力和免疫功能,同时四种蛋白酶的酶解物中氨基酸总量与没有酶解的对照组相比均有提高,但游离氨基酸含量差异不大,说明四种蛋白酶酶解小麦面筋蛋白的酶解程度适中,没有被过度水解。      

乙醇对谷朊粉酶解产物的苦味影响研究

为了探寻降低谷朊粉酶解产物苦味的方法,通过添加不同浓度的乙醇(5%、10%和15%),研究其对碱性蛋白酶酶解产物苦味值、游离氨基酸和相对分子质量分布的影响,以及在乙醇存在下碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶以及风味蛋白酶3种复配酶解体系所制得的酶解产物的苦味值和相对分子质量分布变化。结果表明:加入乙醇后,在相同的水解度下(DH),碱性蛋白酶的酶解产物苦味值降低,并与加入乙醇的浓度呈负相关。添加乙醇后,相对分子质量小于1 000的组分含量显著(P0.05)降低,游离疏水性氨基酸(Pro,Ile,Phe和Met)显著(P0.05)增加。添加乙醇后,3种复配酶解体系酶解产物苦味降低,相对分子质量小于1 000的组分含量显著(P0.05)降低。与添加碱性蛋白酶单一酶解相比,在相同的水解度下3种酶复配酶解产物的苦味值进一步降低。添加低浓度乙醇对3种酶的活性影响较小。     

谷朊粉酶解条件的优化及其抗氧化活性的研究

以溶解性为指标,采用单酶(Alcalase 2.4 L)和双酶(Alcalase 2.4 L+Flavourzyme 500 MG)2种方法水解谷朊粉,在单因素试验的基础上通过正交试验,优化了单酶和双酶水解的最佳条件,并分析了最优酶解条件下得到的2种产物的抗氧化活性、相对分子质量分布及其氨基酸组成。结果表明,单酶和双酶水解物的最大溶解性分别达到了61.38%和82.21%。水解物质量浓度为3.0 mg/m L时,单酶水解物的还原力、DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子、羟自由基的清除率分别达到0.81、71.82%、56.83%和70.82%,而双酶水解物相应的指标分别达到1.01、85.33%、74.84%和84.33%。结果表明,双酶水解不仅能提高谷朊粉的溶解性,而且也能明显提高其抗氧化活性。双酶水解物中小分子肽(分子质量<1 500 u)和疏水性氨基酸的质量分数分别达到61.63%和33.74%,均高于单酶水解物,表明谷朊粉酶解物的抗氧化活性与小分子肽含量、疏水性氨基酸呈现正相关。     

酶法制备不同水解度高温豆粕水解产物的理化特性研究

采用Alcalase酶和木瓜蛋白酶分别对高温大豆粕进行酶解,通过控制酶解反应得到水解度为5%、10%和15%的6种水解产物,研究两种酶对不同水解度的水解产物理化特性的影响。结果表明,Alcalase酶和木瓜蛋白酶均可产生6种不同分子量范围的水解产物,但各部分比例具有显著差异(P0.5),其平均分子量随水解度的增加逐渐减少,Alcalase酶的水解产物中小于2562 Da小分子量肽所占比例更高。豆粕蛋白的疏水基团在酶解反应中发生暴露与断裂的数量差,导致其表面疏水性随水解度增加呈现先下降再上升的变化,即水解度为10%的表面疏水性最低。zeta电势的绝对值随水解度不断上升,分子间的斥力增大,相同水解度下两种酶对zeta电势的影响并不显著。此外,在pH值为3、5、7和9时,水解产物的溶解性随着水解度的增加而逐渐增高,乳化活性和乳化稳定性则逐渐降低。     

小麦面筋蛋白盐酸脱酰胺工艺优化及其酶解敏感性

文以小麦面筋蛋白为原料,优化了盐酸对小麦面筋蛋白的脱酰胺工艺,比较了最佳脱酰胺工艺下的小麦面筋蛋白在胰酶、风味蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶酶解过程中蛋白回收率和水解度的变化,并对其酶解36 h酶解液的自由基吸收能力(ORAC)抗氧化特性进行分析评价。研究结果表明,盐酸脱酰胺的工艺条件是:小麦面筋蛋白浓度为24%,0.30 mol/L的HCl,65℃,24 h脱酰胺;在该工艺条件下,胰酶酶解液蛋白回收率和水解度最高,酶解效果最好;高脱酰胺程度小麦面筋蛋白在胰酶酶解36h后酶解液的蛋白回收率和水解度高于低脱酰胺程度的酶解液;ORAC抗氧化特性分析表明高脱酰胺程度小麦面筋蛋白酶解液的ORAC值高于低脱酰胺程度的酶解液,其ORAC值最高为(689.67±10.22)μmol Trolox/g。     

Foaming properties of enzymatically hydrolysed wheat gluten

A thermally treated wheat gluten (TTG) was structurally modified by enzymatic hydrolysis. Hydrolysis was carried out using a fungal protease. The solubility of hydrolysates having low, medium and high degrees of hydrolysis (DH) and the foaming properties of their extracts at each pH were determined. For comparison, a sample of TTG was used as a standard. The results showed that solubility increased as the DH increased, but foaming properties began to be impaired beyond a certain DH. Therefore, a minimum protein structure has to be retained, in order to keep good foaming properties. Mild hydrolysis (DH 14%) not only permitted the solubilisation of gluten proteins in a bigger pH range, but at pHs 9 and 6.5, good foaming properties were also obtained, which gave us the chance to expand wheat gluten utilisation.     

Proteolysis characteristics of sarcoplasmic, myofibrillar, and stromal proteins separated from grass carp and antioxidant properties of their hydrolysates

Proteolysis of grass carp sarcoplasmic, myofibrillar, and stromal proteins by 5 commercial proteases were studied. Sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein could be well hydrolyzed by Alcalase 2.4 L to reach high protein recoveries (PR) (71.86±2.46 and 80.77±3.05%, respectively), while the maximum PR for stromal protein was only 42.83±2.84%. However, stromal hydrolysates, containing mostly 6–10 kDa fraction, exhibited higher ·OH scavenging activities due to its high content of antioxidant-assisting amino acids. Alcalase 2.4 L and pancreatin 6.0, which produced hydrolysates with relative high degree of hydrolysis (DH), were used for further hydrolysis of whole grass carp protein with the assistance of response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that serine proteases (Alcalase 2.4 L and pancreatin 6.0) could produce sarcoplasmic, myofibrillar, or stromal hydrolysates with relatively high PR, DH, and strong ·OH scavenging activity, which may be used to prepare antioxidant hydrolysates from grass carp.     

Modification of the nitrogen solubility properties of soy protein isolate following proteolysis and transglutaminase cross-linking

The effect of (a) limited hydrolysis [0.5–2.0% degree of hydrolysis (DH)] with Alcalase™, (b) cross-linking with transglutaminase (TGase) and (c) combinations of these modifications on the nitrogen solubility (pH 3–8) of soy protein isolate (SPI) was investigated. Between pH 3.0 and 5.0, SPI hydrolysates, hydrolysates of cross-linked SPI and the cross-linked products of SPI hydrolysates displayed significant (P<0.05) increases in solubility compared to unmodified SPI. Cross-linking pre- or post hydrolysis did not alter the overall trend of increased (P<0.05) solubility relative to the unmodified control at low pH. At 2% DH, cross-linking pre- or post-hydrolysis resulted in greater solubility (P<0.05) than that observed in hydrolysates per se at low pH. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) indicated that the 22 kDa 11S basic polypeptide was relatively resistant to Alcalase hydrolysis and that the 18 and 22 kDa 11S basic polypeptides were not susceptible to TGase cross-linking. The results demonstrate that a combination of enzymatic treatments and the order in which they are applied may have potential for creating novel food ingredients with improved functional properties, especially those properties that are dependant on high solubility at low pH.     

小麦面筋蛋白水解物对酿酒酵母增殖和发酵性能的影响

研究了小麦面筋蛋白水解物对酿酒酵母增殖和发酵性能的影响,结果表明,不同水解度的小麦面筋蛋白水解物对酿酒酵母的促增殖和发酵效果不同,其中水解度为13.96%的水解物具有最强的促酵母增殖和发酵效果,该水解物可使稳定期酵母生物量提高37.0%,表观发酵度提高8.8%,乙醇产量提高6.4%,氨基氮利用率提高13.0%,同时发酵时间缩短14.3%。      

Impact of enzyme preparation and degree of hydrolysis on peptide profile and nitrogen solubility of sodium caseinate hydrolysates

The solubility of casein ingredients is limited under certain pH conditions. Therefore, sodium caseinate (NaCN) was hydrolysed at laboratory scale with four enzyme preparations (Alcalase, Prolyve, FlavorPro Whey and pepsin) yielding hydrolysates having degree of hydrolysis (DH) values between 0.19 ± 0.11 and 19.25 ± 0.73%. The nitrogen solubility index (NSI) over the pH range 2.0–8.0 was affected by (i) the specificity of the enzyme preparation, (ii) the DH and (iii) the presence of unhydrolysed NaCN within the hydrolysate. The trends observed at laboratory scale (<5 L) were also seen with the semi‐pilot‐scale (300 L) hydrolysates generated with Alcalase and FlavorPro Whey. Removal of unhydrolysed NaCN from the FlavorPro Whey hydrolysate using a 5‐kDa ultrafiltration (UF) membrane increased NSI. This study has highlighted the importance of carefully selecting the proteolytic preparation along with the DH to design casein‐based ingredients with enhanced technofunctional properties.     

Evaluation of bitterness in enzymatic hydrolysates of soy protein isolate by taste dilution analysis

ABSTRACT:  Although enzymatic hydrolysates of soy protein isolate (SPI) have physiological functionality, partially hydrolyzed SPI exhibits bitter taste depending on proteases and degree of hydrolysis (DH). To determine proteolysis conditions for SPI, it is important to evaluate bitterness during enzymatic hydrolysis. Taste dilution analysis (TDA) has been developed for the screening technique of taste-active compounds in foods. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate bitterness of enzyme-hydrolyzed SPI by TDA and to compare bitterness of SPI hydrolysates with respect to kinds of proteases and DH. SPI was hydrolyzed at 50 °C and pH 6.8 to 7.1 to obtain various DH with commercial proteases (flavourzyme, alcalase, neutrase, protamex, papain, and bromelain) at E/S ratios of 0.5%, 1%, and 2%. The DH of enzymatic hydrolysates was measured by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid method. The bitterness of enzymatic hydrolysates was evaluated by TDA, which is based on threshold detection in serially diluted samples. Taste dilution (TD) factor was defined as the dilution at which a taste difference between the diluted sample and 2 blanks could be detected. As DH increased, the bitterness increased for all proteases evaluated. Alcalase showed the highest TD factor at the same DH, followed by neutrase. Flavourzyme showed the lowest TD factor at the entire DH ranges. At the DH of 10%, TD factor of hydrolysate by flavourzyme was 0 whereas those by protamex and alcalase were 4 and 16, respectively. These results suggest that TDA could be applied for the alternative of bitterness evaluation to the hedonic scale sensory evaluation.     

ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF WHEY PROTEINS BY TWO DIFFERENT PROTEASES AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF RESULTING PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES

Whey protein concentrate (WPC 80) was hydrolyzed by Alcalase 2.4 L and Protamex to 5, 10, 15 and 20% degree of hydrolysis (DH). WPC 80 and its hydrolysates were analyzed, compared and used for measuring some functional properties. All hydrolysates were different from WPC 80 in protein, moisture and ash content. Free amino groups and protein solubility increased with increasing DH. The peptides produced by hydrolysis had smaller molecular sizes, and their average molecular weight decreased as the DH increased. Except hydrolysates generated by Alcalase 2.4 L at 5% DH, all others showed poor emulsifying and foaming properties compared with unhydrolyzed WPC 80. Gelation properties of WPC 80 and its hydrolysates were different. The global amino acid compositions did not differ significantly between the different hydrolysates, and they were very close among WPC 80 and its hydrolysates except for Methionine, Glycine, Histidine and Valine.     

酶法水解小麦面筋蛋白研究

分别采用Alcalase、Neutrase、Protamex、Flavorzyme、胃酶、木瓜蛋白酶对小麦面筋蛋白进行水解研究,结果表明,Alcalase能有效水解面筋蛋白,并确定其最佳水解条件:pH 9．0,温度60℃,底物浓度5％,酶浓度E/S为1％,即0．03AU/g蛋白,反应时间4hr左右,在此条件下,水解度可达 20％左右。     

高谷氨酰胺低聚小麦肽制备用酶的筛选

本文研究了胰酶(Pancreatin)、碱性蛋白酶(Alcalase)、中性蛋白酶(Neutrase)、胃蛋白酶(Pepsin)、酸性蛋白酶(Acidic protease)、复合蛋白酶(Protamex)和风味蛋白酶(Flavourzyme)等8种蛋白酶对小麦蛋白的水解作用。以获得高谷氨酰胺低聚小麦肽为目标,通过分析水解过程中谷氨酰胺肽释放规律变化,筛选出Alcalase和Protamex为最佳水解酶。与其余蛋白酶制剂相比,Alcalase和Protamex可实现对小麦蛋白的有效降解、并最大限度减少蛋白酶对酰胺基团的破坏作用,产物有效谷氨酰胺含量可达20%以上,其中分子量低于3000 Da的水解产物高达95%,尤其是Alcalase酶解产物中分子量小于1000 Da的水解产物含量达到75%。与以往研究相比,本试验以分子量分布替代DH作为蛋白酶筛选的重要依据,从而更加准确反映蛋白酶解特性和难易程度,避免了游离氨基酸的干扰。     

Preparation and Functional Properties of Enzymatically Deamidated Soy Proteins

Heat-denatured soy protein was hydrolyzed by Alcalase to 2.0% or 4.0% degree of hydrolysis (DH), heated again at 100°C and deamidated with B. circulans peptidoglutaminase. The extent of deamidation was 6.0% and 8.2% for 2.0 DH hydrolysates and 12.8% and 16.0% for 4.0 DH hydrolysates heated for 15 and 30 min, respectively. Deamidation increased protein solubility and substantially enhanced emulsifying activity under mildly acidic (pH 4–6) as well as alkaline conditions. Deamidation improved emulsion stability and foaming power of heat-denatured hydrolysed soy proteins. Enzymatically deamidated soy protein hydrolysates had improved functional properties compared to nondeamidated hydrolysates and the native soy protein.     

Effect of combined treatment of hydrolysis and polymerization with transglutaminase on β-lactoglobulin antigenicity

The effect of combined treatments of hydrolysis with different proteases, and subsequent polymerization with transglutaminase on the antigenic activity of β-Lg was studied. For the hydrolysis of β-Lg using Alcalase, Neutrase or bromelain, the reaction conditions were 3?% β-Lg and enzyme:substrate 25?U?g^?1 of protein, as was defined using factorial study. Under these conditions, the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of the hydrolysates was 12.6?% when obtained with Alcalase and approximately 4?% with Neutrase or bromelain. Post-hydrolysis polymerization did not result in an increase in molecular mass of the protein, but these samples presented a lower DH, determined by trinitrobenzenosulfonic acid (TNBS) method, suggesting that polymerization had occurred. Hydrolysis with the three enzymes reduced the β-Lg antigenicity, as evaluated by ELISA and immunoblotting analyses. The IgE-binding responses were practically null (<9?μg?mL^?1), 22.82 and 55.73?μg?mL^?1 towards the hydrolysates obtained with Alcalase, bromelain, and Neutrase, respectively. The post-hydrolysis polymerization increased or had no significant effect (P?≥?0.05) on the antigenic response of the hydrolysates.     

琥珀酸脱酰胺对小麦面筋蛋白酶解产物抗氧化性的影响

研究琥珀酸不同脱酰胺程度对小麦面筋蛋白胰酶的酶解产物抗氧化性的影响。在相同水解度下,以DPPH.清除率、.OH清除率、ORAC值为抗氧化指标,结果表明低脱酰胺程度(22.4%)的小麦面筋蛋白酶解产物的抗氧化性有较大幅度的提高,高脱酰胺程度(60.4%)的小麦面筋蛋白酶解产物的抗氧化性降低。水解度15%的酶解产物的肽分子量分布表明,低脱酰胺的小麦面筋蛋白酶解产物中分子量小于3000u的肽段增加,高脱酰胺的小麦面筋蛋白酶解产物中分子量小于3000u的肽段减少;在相同水解度下的氨基酸分析结果表明,脱酰胺后的小麦面筋蛋白酶解生成的肽的疏水性和抗氧化性的氨基酸含量提高。因此,低脱酰胺的小麦面筋蛋白酶解产物抗氧化性提高的主要原因是产物中含疏水性和抗氧化性氨基酸的小分子肽含量提高。