Differences in Oils from Nuts Extracted by Means of Two Pressure Systems

Nuts are nutrient dense foods especially appreciated for the fatty acids composition of the oil fraction and other bioactive compounds, like polyphenols or sterols. Almond, pistachio, and walnut oils were extracted by two pressure systems (hydraulic press and screw press) in order to obtain virgin oils. A comparison of the fatty acids was performed for oils from different sources. Although the main components of oils (fatty acids and sterols) did not vary according to the system used, some differences among the three types of nut oils were found. Almond and pistachio oil samples showed a similar fatty acid profile with a substantial amount of monounsaturated fatty acids, 70 and 61%, respectively. However, the majority proportion in walnut oils was the polyunsaturated fatty acids (60%). The highest total sterol content was presented by pistachio oils (4476 mg/kg). Screw press oils showed higher values of the regulated quality parameters (acidity, peroxide value, K₂₃₂, and K₂₇₀). In the same way, polyphenols and oxidative stability were slightly higher when the nut oils were extracted with a screw press.     

续随子冷榨油脂肪酸及蛋白质氨基酸组成分析

采用机械压榨法获取续随子冷榨油,通过化学方法分析其理化指标,并用气相色谱-质谱(GC-Ms)联用仪分析续随予油脂肪酸的组成和含量,用氨基酸自动分析仪确定续随子蛋白质氨基酸的组成和含量.结果表明:续随子冷榨油含7种脂肪酸,主要为油酸(达84.42%),不饱和脂肪酸占其总量的92.98%,具有很好的营养价值;且续随子油脂肪酸组成与理想柴油替代品的分子组成相类似,是我国发展生物柴油的理想原料.氨基酸分析结果表明:续随子蛋白质含17种氨基酸,主要为谷氨酸(3.597%),天冬氨酸(1.953%)等,氨基酸种类齐全,含量较高,是一种具有很高的药用价值的蛋白质资源.     

四棱豆油脂、脂肪酸、蛋白质、氨基酸的分析

以4 个四棱豆品种的种子为材料,采用索式提取法、毛细管柱测定总脂肪含量及分析各脂肪酸含量;利用凯氏定氮法、全自动氨基酸分析仪测定蛋白质总量及各蛋白氨基酸组成。结果表明,四棱豆种子中油脂总量在20%～22%,主要含有28 种脂肪酸,油酸占单不饱和脂肪酸的90.7%;多不饱和脂肪酸主要为亚油酸、α - 亚麻酸和EPA;饱和脂肪酸平均含量为25.76%,主要为棕榈酸和硬脂酸。蛋白质总量在38% 左右,必需氨基酸含量丰富。     

新疆伽师瓜籽油理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

采用不同溶剂对伽师瓜籽油进行提取,用气相色谱-质谱技术对所得伽师瓜籽油脂肪酸组成进行分析,同时测定了伽师瓜籽油常规理化性质.结果显示,伽师瓜籽油的最佳提取溶剂为石油醚,出油率为48.38％,其油不饱和脂肪酸含量为79.73％,亚油酸含量高达61.74％.伽师瓜籽油相对密度(d204)为0.905 8,折光指数(n20D)为1.472 8,酸值(KOH)为3.39 mg/g,皂化值(KOH)为169 mg/g,碘值(Ⅰ)为115.85 g/100 g,过氧化值为5.4 mmol/kg.     

4种豆类植物种子油脂的提取与分析

以常见的4种豆子为原料,粉碎后采用超声波辅助提取刀豆、花豆、大豆、红豆中的油脂,测定4种豆类植物种子中油脂的得率、理化性质、成分与含量。结果表明:除大豆外,其他3种豆类得油率较低,但是4种豆油在理化性质上都具有较好品质,符合食用植物油标准;在油脂成分上,4种豆油不饱和脂肪酸总量均较高,刀豆油中不饱和脂肪酸总量达到了91.43%,但4种豆油中大豆油含量最高的成分是亚油酸,而其他3种豆油含量最高的成分却是油酸,刀豆油中棕榈油酸含量相当高,达到16.2%,且亚麻酸含量也较高。     

广西河池、百色和梧州油茶种子含油率和脂肪酸组成测定

选取广西油茶重点产区河池、百色和梧州的主要油茶品种普通油茶、岑溪软枝油茶及大果红花油茶的种子为原料,石油醚为溶剂提取油茶种子的油脂及测定含油率,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对不同油茶籽油试样的脂肪酸成分进行分析鉴定。结果表明：4个不同产地不同品种的油茶种子出仁率为53.29%～68.91%;干籽含油率为47.05%～59.51%;GC-MS共鉴定出14种脂肪酸,单不饱和酸含量为72.91%～80.11%,其中河池巴马软枝油茶籽油的单不饱和酸含量最高,为80.11%,主要成分是油酸;多不饱和酸含量为5.85%～9.14%,其中梧州岑溪软枝油茶籽油的多不饱和酸含量最高,为9.14%,主要成分是亚油酸;饱和脂肪酸含量为13.62%～17.95%,主要成分为棕榈酸和硬脂酸;同时,广西油茶籽油中含有少量的9,10-环氧-十八碳烷酸尚未见报道。     

Changes in the lipid and fatty acid composition during maturation of seeds of white mustard (Sinapis alba)

The oil content of the seeds of white mustard (Sinapis alba) was determined 3 weeks after flowering and at weekly intervals until seeds were matured. Examination of the lipid classes by quantitative t.l.c. showed that triglycerides were the major components at all stages and were accompanied by sterol esters, diglycerides and polar lipids; monoglycerides were only detected in the first 2 samples. The fatty acid composition of the total oil and the mono-, di- and triglycerides and sterol esters was determined by g.l.c. The 7 major fatty acids, namely palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic and erucic acids were present at all stages of maturity. The fatty acid composition of the triglyceride fraction was similar to that of the total oil whereas the mono- and diglycerides and sterol esters contained a relatively higher proportion of saturated fatty acids. Erucic acid, the major acid of the oil from mature seeds did not become the major acid until 35 days after flowering. The results are discussed in relation to pathways of lipid synthesis in higher plants.     

不同品种葡萄籽油脂肪酸含量的测定

建立同时测定37种脂肪酸的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法,并对吐鲁番产区的40个品种的葡萄籽油中脂肪酸组成及含量进行检测分析。结果表明：葡萄籽油中可检测出19种脂肪酸,40个品种葡萄籽油样中,有14个品种的脂肪酸总含量在90 g/100 g以上。沈农金皇后总脂肪酸含量最高,为99.75 g/100 g。灰比诺、赤霞珠、沈农金皇后、巨玫瑰等品种可作为富含脂肪酸的葡萄籽油提取的优势品种,其中灰比诺中亚油酸含量最高,赤霞珠其次。对不同品种葡萄籽油进行聚类分析,可被明显分为两类,亚油酸和油酸对于品种间的分类具有较大贡献。本法具有操作简单,灵敏度高,定性定量准确等特点,为葡萄籽油中脂肪酸成分的监测和评估提供了技术支持。     

Comparison of fatty acid profile changes between unroasted and roasted brown sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds oil

The conditions of roasting are the key step in manufacturing Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) oil. Roasting sesame seeds changed its oil, moisture, and ash content. In oils from unroasted and roasted seeds, nine fatty acids analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The fatty acids composition were changed in both oils. Oleic and linoleic changed in large amount, but changes for other fatty acids were small. ¹H and ¹³C NMR analysis showed the frequency changes for both oils, the roasting condition caused to shift the frequency to lower degree.     

Fatty acid composition of seed oil of different Sorghum bicolor varieties

In order to find out new sources of premium quality edible oil in the country, seeds of ten varieties of Sorghum bicolor were initially analyzed for their total oil contents. The seed oil was later fractionated into eight fatty acids including two new saturated fatty acids. The oil contents were determined by Soxhlet method and compared with the results obtained by NMR analysis. The total oil contents in the seeds of sorghum ranged from 5.0 to 8.2 % (w/w), indicating non significant difference obtained by two different techniques. The results revealed that oleic acid (31.12–48.99%), Palmitoleic acid (0.43–0.56%), linoleic acids (27.59–50.73%), linolenic acid (1.71–3.89%), stearic acid (1.09–2.59%) and palmitic acid (11.73–20.18%) was present in the seed oil of different sorghum varieties when analyzed by GC–MS. It was observed that in most of the varieties polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were higher than monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The two atypical SFAs, octanedioic (C8:0) and azelaic acid (C9:0) were found in some varieties. These results suggest that these S. bicolor varieties could be additional sources of edible oil due to presence of clinically important saturated and high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids. A large scale production of the seed oil after refining process can contribute towards alleviation of edible oil shortage in the country with increased use of premium quality oil.     

Essential fatty acids of pitaya (dragon fruit) seed oil

Hylocereus undatus and Hylocereus polyrhizus are two varieties of the commonly called pitaya fruits. The seeds were separated and the oil was extracted and analysed. Essential fatty acids, namely, linoleic acid and linolenic acid form a significant percentage of the unsaturated fatty acids of the seed oil extract. Both pitaya varieties exhibit two oleic acid isomers. Essential fatty acids are important acids that are necessary substrates in animal metabolism and cannot be synthesised in vivo. Both pitaya varieties contain about 50% essential fatty acids (C18:2 (48%) and C18:3 (1.5%)). This paper details the process of recovering the pitaya seeds and determining the composition of the oil extracted from the seeds.     

Nutrient composition of some less-familiar oil seeds

Seven less familiar oil seeds, namely gokhru, thumba, onion, tobacco, grape, niger seeds and mango seed kernels were analysed for their proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid composition. Gokhru, niger, tobacco and onion seeds were found to be good sources of protein and fat. Crude fibre contents of thumba and grape seeds were high. The seeds of thumba, niger, onion and mango (seed kernel) contained 4 g lysine per 16 g N. The methionine content of onion-seed protein was very high. Fatty acid profiles of fat from these oil seeds revealed a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids with the exception of gokhru.     

花生种子发育过程中脂肪酸累积模式研究

通过对花生种子脂肪酸累积模式的研究,揭示花生脂肪酸组成的形成规律。研究结果显示,下针后10d内的花生种子可检测到9种脂肪酸,C16：1和C18：3在发育过程中由高到低,逐渐消失,其他7种脂肪酸含量则随着花生种子的发育逐渐积累增高。成熟的花生种子中油酸和亚油酸含量占脂肪酸总含量的81％左右。脂肪酸总量在接近成熟时有所下降。不同脂肪酸在累积过程中显示了高度相关性,C16：1和C18：3之间呈正相关,属于第一类;其余7种脂肪酸之间也均呈正相关,属于第二类。第一和第二类脂肪酸之间呈负相关。主成份分析表明,9种脂肪酸可以分成三类：C18：1与C18：2各为一类,其他7种脂肪酸为另一类,C18：1与C18：2之比是花生脂肪酸组成的决定性因素。综合分析表明,决定花生脂肪酸组成的关键基因主要是脂肪酸去饱和酶FAD2基因和SAD基因,有目的地对这两个基因的表达进行调控对于花生脂肪酸组成的改良有着重要的价值和意义。     

石榴籽油的理化性质及清除自由基能力研究

以石榴籽为原料,利用超声波辅助提取石榴籽油,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术分析其脂肪酸组成,并对其理化性质及自由基清除能力进行了研究。结果表明:石榴籽油的主要成分是石榴酸58.68%,二十碳三烯酸15.02%,亚油酸6.06%,油酸6.46%等。理化测定结果表明:石榴籽出油率为23.53%,折光率为1.5168,皂化价为181.67mgKOH/g,碘价为150.9gI2/100g,酸价为0.81mgKOH/g,过氧化值为0.91meq/kg,相对密度为0.906g/mL;DPPH.及.OH最大清除率分别达83.62%和90.16%,可见石榴籽油是值得开发利用的营养保健油源。     

Fatty Acids Composition of Apple and Pear Seed Oils

In this study, oil content and fatty acid composition of apple and pear seeds were analyzed. Apple (cv. red Fuji) seeds and pear (cv. Dangshan Suli) seeds contained a large quantity of oils (apple seed oil, 291 g/kg seed; pear seed oil, 179 g/kg seed). Eleven types of fatty acids were identified in apple and pear seed oil; c16:0, c16:1, c18:0, c18:1, c18:2, c18:3, c20:0, c20:1, c20:2, c22:0, and c24:0. The dominant fatty acids in apple seed oil were c18:1 (43.03 g/100g oil), c18:0 (26.47 g/100g oil), and c16:0 (5.60 g/100g oil). The same three fatty acids were also dominant in pear oil (c18:1, 56.80 g/100g oil; c18:0, 20.28 g/100g oil; and c16:0, 6.39 g/100g oil). Compared with previous research, an additional six fatty acids were found in apple seed oil (c16:1, c18:3, c20:1, c20:2, c22:0, and c24:0). Unsaturated fatty acids comprised 70.598 g/100g oil of apple seed oil and 77.846 g/100g oil of pear seed oil. In conclusion, apple seeds and pear seeds contain a large quantity of oil comprised of many fatty acids, especially unsaturated fatty acids. These data suggest that apple and pear seeds could be new sources of edible oils.     

茶叶籽油与油茶籽油理化性质及脂肪酸组成比较

在对茶叶籽及油茶籽的外观、含仁率、含油率等进行测定的基础上,对茶叶籽油及油茶籽油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明,茶叶籽及油茶籽外观相差较大,茶叶籽油与油茶籽油在折光指数、酸值、碘值和皂化值等理化性质上较接近。脂肪酸组成上,油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸为茶叶籽油及油茶籽油中含量最多的三种脂肪酸,油酸含量分别为52.13%和73.67%,亚油酸24.32%和11.09%,棕榈酸17.36%和10.63%。茶叶籽油和油茶籽油的单不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为54.12%和75.78%,多不饱和脂肪酸含量为24.55%和11.39%。茶叶籽含油率为19.88%,茶叶籽油潜在年产量可达15余万t。其必需脂肪酸含量是油茶籽油的2.15倍;不皂化物含量为0.77%,比油茶籽油高出22%;茶叶籽油脂肪酸比例均衡,适于人体的吸收,具有开发应用的潜力。     

Chemical Characterization of the Lipid Fraction of Mexican Chia Seed (Salvia hispanica L.)

The lipid fraction of Jalisco and Sinaloa chia seeds was analyzed for oil content, fatty acids, squalene and phytosterols. The mean oil content of seeds from these two regions was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) different, but with a similar composition of α-linolenic, linoleic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids. Total phytosterols in the oil ranged from 7 to 17 g/kg. β-sitosterol accounted for up to 74% of the total unsaponified fraction. The seeds contained less than 0.5 g/kg of squalene. The oil is an attractive source of ω-3 linolenic acid and phytosterols but a poor source of squalene.     

三种洋葱籽脂肪酸成分的对比研究

采用索氏提取法提取洋葱籽油脂肪酸,提取出的脂肪酸经甲酯化处理后用GC/MS法分析和鉴定其组成。三种洋葱籽油中共分离鉴定出23种脂肪酸,主要成分均为亚油酸、油酸和十六烷酸等,其中不饱和脂肪酸占总量的81.35%(白皮)、82.8%(红皮)和78.94%(黄皮)。结果表明,洋葱籽中不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,且亚油酸含量很高,将其开发成为药食两用功能性调味品,当具有良好应用前景。     

Fatty acid composition of Camellia oleifera oil

Camellia oleifera originates from China and is important for the economy of southern China. Seeds from the cultivars LCDG, YAYC, and CR3 of Camellia oleifera were analyzed for their amount of 14 different fatty acids (unsaturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated). In contrast to former investigations additional kinds of fatty acids could be isolated from Camellia oleifera seeds: The composition of this oil is very similar to olive oil, comprising 67.7?C76.7?% oleic acid, 82?C84?% unsaturated fatty acids, 68?C77?% monounsaturated fatty acids, and 7?C14?% polyunsaturated acids. Moreover, Camellia oleifera oil has many advantages to rapeseed oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, safflower seed oil, and especially pig oil.     

白果油的提取及脂肪酸组成分析

以白果为原料,用索氏提取和超临界萃取(SFE)两种方法从中提油,比较了不同提取方法对油得率的影响,测定了索氏提取油的理化特性,用气相色谱法和高效液相色谱法分别测定两种方法提取油的脂肪酸组成和VE的含量。结果表明,与常规植物油脂理化指标相比,白果油比重偏高,碘值较大,说明白果油不饱和程度较高;气相色谱分析结果表明两种方法提取的白果油中均含有多种不饱和脂肪酸,且不饱和脂肪酸含量均大于91%,而其中亚油酸和油酸的总含量均大于75%,索氏提取和超临界萃取的油中VE的含量分别为670 mg/kg和610 mg/kg。