Identification of the compound in a potent cranberry juice extract that inhibits lipid oxidation in comminuted muscle

An extract prepared from cranberry juice powder using a mixture of chloroform and methanol was particularly effective at inhibiting lipid oxidation in mechanically separated turkey (MST), providing more than 3 weeks of additional stability during −4 °C storage at a usage level of 0.1% (wet weight basis). The chloroform extract was fractionated by flash chromatography (FC) and analysed using reverse-phased high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with UV/vis diode array detection to identify the component(s) present in the fractions. One of the five fractions obtained was effective in delaying the formation of lipid peroxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in MST, while the remaining fractions had little to no inhibitory action. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis indicated the presence of two flavonols, quercetin and quercetin-3-O-(6″-benzoyl)-β-galactoside in the inhibitory fraction. This fraction (containing quercetin at 467 μmol/kg MST) inhibited lipid oxidation in MST similarly to pure quercetin added to MST at the same concentration. This indicated that quercetin accounted for all or nearly all of the inhibitory capacity in the chloroform extract.     

Mechanisms by which flavonol aglycones inhibit lipid oxidation better than glycosylated flavonols in comminuted muscle tissue

The effect of glycosylation on the ability of flavonoids to inhibit lipid oxidation in comminuted muscle tissue has not been previously examined. This work examined the ability of quercetin and quercetin-β-d-glucoside to inhibit lipid oxidation in mechanically separated turkey (MST). Quercetin inhibited formation of lipid peroxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) more effectively compared to quercetin-β-d-glucoside during frozen storage (p < 0.05). The possible mechanisms that cause glycosylation to decrease inhibition of lipid oxidation were also examined. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was similar when comparing quercetin and quercetin-β-d-glucoside, which indicated that the free hydroxyl group in 3 position of C ring in quercetin did not enhance its hydroxyl radical scavenging ability. Since muscle membrane lipids are susceptible to lipid oxidation, the ability of quercetin and quercetin-β-d-glucoside to incorporate into cellular membranes was studied. After adding quercetin and quercetin-β-d-glucoside to minced chicken muscle, flavonol content in the membrane fraction was determined. Around 32% of added quercetin partitioned into the membranes whereas quercetin-β-d-glucoside was not detected in the membranes. Similar trends were observed when each flavonol was added to isolated membranes. These studies suggest that glycosylation of flavonols weakens their ability to inhibit lipid oxidation in muscle tissue partly by decreasing the amount of flavonols in the membrane phase. In order to understand whether metal chelation by flavonols is a likely mechanism involved in the inhibition of lipid oxidation in MST, the role of endogenous metals in promoting lipid oxidation was examined. Addition of the metal chelators ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN) to MST did not inhibit lipid oxidation, which suggests that endogenous metals present in MST were not promoters of lipid oxidation. Hence it seems unlikely that the mechanism of inhibition by flavonols involved metal chelation in the comminuted muscle.     

Reutilization of mango byproducts: study of the effect of extraction solvent and temperature on their antioxidant properties

Mango biowastes, obtained after processing, contain large amounts of compounds with antioxidant activity that can be reused to reduce their environmental impact. The present study evaluates the effect of solvent (methanol, ethanol, acetone, water, methanol:water [1:1], ethanol:water [1:1], and acetone:water [1:1]), and temperature (25, 50, and 75 °C) on the efficiency of the extraction of antioxidants from mango peel and seed. Among the factors optimized, extraction solvent was the most important. The solvents that best obtained extracts with high antioxidant capacity were methanol, methanol:water, ethanol:water, and acetone:water (β-carotene test, antioxidant activity coefficient 173 to 926; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances test, inhibition ratio 15% to 89%; 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid ABTS(·+); and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl DPPH· scavenging, 7 to 22 and 8 to 28 g trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity [TE] per 100 g mango biowaste on a dry matter basis [DW]). Similarly, the flavonoid (0.21 to 1.4 g (+)-catechin equivalents per 100 g DW), tannin (3.8 to 14 g tannic acid equivalents per 100 g DW), and proanthocyanidin (0.23 to 7.8 g leucoanthocyanidin equivalents per 100 g DW) content was highest in the peel extracts obtained with methanol, ethanol:water, or acetone:water and in the seed extracts obtained with methanol or acetone:water. From the perspective of food security, it is advisable to choose ethanol (which also has a notable antioxidant content), ethanol:water, or acetone:water, as they are all solvents that can be used in compliance with good manufacturing practice. In general, increasing temperature improves the capacity of the extracts obtained from mango peel and seed to inhibit lipid peroxidation; however, its effect on the extraction of phytochemical compounds or on the capacity of the extracts to scavenge free radicals was negligible in comparison to that of the solvent. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: There are many antioxidant compounds in mango peel and seed, and they could be used as a natural and very inexpensive alternative to synthetic food additives. However, the conditions in which the antioxidants are extracted must be optimized. This work proves that conditions such as extraction solvent or temperature have a crucial impact on obtaining extracts rich in antioxidants from mango biowastes.     

Inhibition of hemoglobin-mediated lipid oxidation in washed fish muscle by cranberry components

Fractions enriched in phenolic acids (Fraction 1), anthocyanins (Fraction 2), flavonols (Fractions 3 and 4) and proanthocyanidins (Fractions 5 and 6) were prepared from cranberry powder using Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. Fractions 2, 3, 4, and 5 had nearly equivalent reactivity in the total phenolate assay employed per mg dry weight of each fraction while Fractions 1 and 6 were less reactive. The ability of cranberry fractions to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals as well as their inhibitory effects on hemoglobin (Hb)-mediated lipid oxidation in washed cod muscle were assessed. Addition of cranberry fractions at a level of 74 μmol quercetin equivalents per kg of washed cod muscle extended the induction time of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation in the order: Fraction 1, Fraction 3, Fraction 4 > Fraction 2 > Fraction 5 > Fraction 6. This suggests that oligomeric polyphenols (e.g., proanthocyanidins) were least effective at inhibiting Hb-mediated lipid oxidation in washed cod muscle compared to the other classes of polyphenolics in cranberry. The ability of the different cranberry fractions to scavenge DPPH radicals did not reflect their relative ability to inhibit lipid oxidation in the washed cod muscle system. Quercetin was tentatively identified as a component in cranberry that was especially effective at inhibiting Hb-mediated lipid oxidation. The ability of flavonol and proanthocyanidin-enriched fractions to inhibit Hb-mediated lipid oxidation in spite of efforts to wash away the added polyphenolics prior to Hb addition indicated these classes of polyphenolics had binding affinities for insoluble components of washed cod muscle.     

Pressurized solvent extraction of wheat germ oil

This study examined the pressurized solvent extraction of wheat germ oil. The effects of temperature (45–135 °C at 1500 psi), extraction time, sample size and solvent type on the extraction efficiency and oil quality were studied. Extraction efficiency of the normal-hexane was compared to that of the iso- and high purity-hexane, iso-propanol, ethanol and acetone. The extracts were analyzed for n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Pressurized solvent extraction reduced extraction time significantly as compared to Soxhlet extraction. The time required for complete oil recovery was dependent on the amount of wheat germ used for extraction. The amount of extract collected was highest when ethanol was used as a solvent for pressurized solvent extraction. Soxhlet and pressurized solvent extractions resulted in similar oil yields when hexane was used as a solvent. Fatty acid composition of the extracts was not affected by either temperature or extraction method. The experimental results indicate that a pressurized solvent extraction technique reduces solvent consumption and extraction time with no adverse effect on the extraction yield and fatty acid composition of the oil.     

Antioxidant and antiradical properties of cranberry juice and extracts

The antioxidant capacities of cranberry juice and three extracts isolated from frozen cranberries containing anthocyanins, water-soluble and apolar phenolic compounds, were evaluated at pH 2.5 and 7, respectively. The free radical-scavenging (FRS) and the lipid peroxidation inhibition (LPI) activities of each samples, and extracts, were studied using the N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) decoloration test and the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay, respectively. The cranberry phenols displayed good free radical-scavenging properties, but were less efficient at inhibiting the peroxidation of lipids. Of all the samples tested, the water-soluble phenolic compounds showed the greatest free radical-scavenging (68.2 mmol TE/mg phenol) and antioxidant (13.4 mmol TE phenol) activities. The polarity of the phenols, the pH of the medium and the juice process had a great influence on the antioxidant activities. The phenols isolated from cranberries with an aqueous solvent have greater antioxidant properties than those extracted with an organic solvent mixture. The antioxidant activity of the cranberry samples adjusted at pH 2.5 was greater than those adjusted at pH 7. Compared to the cranberry extracts, the juice exhibited a much lower antioxidant activity, especially when compared with the extract containing water-soluble compounds which the extraction conditions were similar to those used to obtain the juice.     

红枣叶片叶绿素提取方法的比较

以骏枣叶片为试验材料,采用分光光度计比色法比较了3种提取溶剂和4种提取方法对骏枣叶片中叶绿素含量的影响,以期从中选出最佳提取方法。结果表明：同种浸提液不同提取方法时,研磨＋室温静置提取和室温静置提取效果较好;同种提取方法不同浸提液时,乙醇浸提液提取效果要显著高于丙酮提取液浸提效果,提取液提取效果分别为：体积分数95%乙醇〉体积分数95%乙醇＋体积分数80%丙酮〉体积分数80%丙酮。骏枣叶片叶绿素的提取采用95%乙醇研磨后黑暗中放置2h（其间不停搅拌）这一提取方法。     

八角提取物的GC-MS分析及其抗氧化性的研究

采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析鉴定了超临界和溶剂萃取地八角提取物的化学成分,同时采用自由基的清除能力来测定八角提取物的抗氧化性。GC-MS分析结果表明:二种提取物中共分离出63个峰,有机溶剂和超临界CO2萃取地提取物分别鉴定出57和53种化合物,各占面积的97.77%和97.17%;其中主要成分反式茴香脑相对含量分别为70.61%和77.31%。DPPH自由基(2,2—联苯-1-三硝基苯肼,DPPH·)检测法表明,两者均有一定的自由基清除能力,但在相同浓度下溶剂萃取地八角提取物对DPPH自由基的清除能力略强于超临界萃取地提取物,并且在大于0.3g/L浓度时,两种提取物的清除自由基的能力接近BHT和Vc。     

不同制油工艺过程中大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子活性变化比较研究

本研究分别对压榨、预榨－浸出和直接浸出三种大豆制油工艺进行工艺测定,通过测定各工序大豆样品的胰蛋白酶抑制因子（ＴＩｓ）活性,研究比较不同制油工艺过程对大豆ＴＩｓ活性的影响。结果表明：压榨和预榨－浸出工艺中的蒸炒工序对ＴＩｓ活性影响最大,ＴＩｓ活性率分别在９０％和９５％以上;而直接浸出工艺因各厂家现行操作条件差异较大,ＴＩｓ活性变化趋势不一,成品粕中ＴＩｓ活性亦有较大差异。以预榨－浸出工艺成品粕的Ｔ     

Effects of extraction solvent on wheat bran antioxidant activity estimation

Significant levels of antioxidant activities and phenolic components have been detected in wheat and wheat-based food products, indicating that wheat may serve as an excellent dietary source of natural antioxidants for disease prevention and health promotion. Several solvent systems have been used to prepare antioxidant extracts from wheat and wheat-based food products. This makes it difficult to compare and understand the antioxidant activities of wheat reported from different research groups. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of four selected solvent systems at ambient temperature for 15 h and Soxhlet extraction with absolute ethanol on antioxidant activity measurements. The four solvent systems included 50% acetone (v/v), 70% methanol (v/v), 70% ethanol (v/v), and ethanol, and antioxidant activities were tested using ORAC, radical scavenging activities against stable DPPH^• and cation ABTS^•+, and total phenolic content. The results showed that the extracting solvent significantly altered the antioxidant property estimations of wheat bran, and 50% acetone is a recommended solvent for extracting phenolic antioxidants from wheat bran for analytical purpose.     

Antioxidant properties of extracts from Ginkgo biloba leaves in meatballs

The aim was to determine the effect of Ginkgo leaf extracts on the stability of lipids and cholesterol in pork meatballs over 21 days of refrigerated storage. The antioxidants used were characterized by their antioxidant activity towards lipids and cholesterol. Extracts were prepared from green and yellow leaves from Ginkgo biloba L. trees. Water, acetone and ethanol were used as extractants. The extracts showed stabilizing effects on both lipid and cholesterol oxidation processes. The lipid oxidation process of pork meatballs was mostly inhibited by the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the yellow leaves. Their antioxidant activity was higher than that of BHT. All the extracts had a stabilizing effect on cholesterol and most of them inhibited the formation of oxidized derivatives. The acetone and ethanol extracts of green leaves and the ethanol extract of yellow leaves inhibited the formation of cholesterol oxidation products formation most effectively.     

大叶紫薇叶提取物抗氧化性能的研究

采用不同溶剂对大叶紫薇叶进行浸泡提取,计算提取率,并用FolinCiocalteu方法测定总酚含量;采用DPPH分析法和FRAP分析法评估了不同溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性,选出抗氧化活性最高的提取物添加到猪肉中,于4℃光照下贮存12d,通过测定贮存期间猪肉的TBARS值、pH值和亨特L、a、b值,评估了提取物抗脂质氧化、防腐保鲜和护色作用,并与BHT、VE、茶多酚比较。结果表明,不同溶剂提取物显示出不同的抗氧化活性,其中甲醇提取物抗氧化活性最高(高于BHT),其提取率和总酚含量也最高。大叶紫薇叶甲醇提取物在生猪肉中具有明显的抗脂质氧化和防腐保鲜的作用,且随着提取物含量的增大,抗氧化的效果增强,有明显的量效关系。     

Characterization and Stability of Pigments Extracted from Terminalia Catappa Leaves

ABSTRACT: Terminalia catappa is a tree growing in Southeast Mexico; its leaf color ranges from red to yellow and it is a potential source of natural pigments. Petroleum ether:acetone and hexane:acetone were used for pigment extraction. The maximum extraction was 24 mg/100 g of leaves with 70:30 petroleum ether:acetone. Seven pigments were identified in the extracts (violaxanthin, violeoxanthin, lutein epoxide, lutein, two lutein isomers and β-cryptoxanthin). A lower pigment concentration was obtained in saponified than in unsaponified extracts. Antioxidant-free extracts underwent deterioration when stored under light. Conversely, pigments remained stable after 10 days at 40 °C, provided they were preserved with 0.1% BHT and stored in the dark.     

土荆芥提取物对谷蠹和赤拟谷盗的触杀与熏蒸活性研究

采用超声波辅助冷浸提取法以4种不同极性的溶剂(100％乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯和石油醚)对土荆芥活性成分进行粗提,测试粗提物对谷蠹和赤拟谷盗的触杀与熏蒸活性.结果表明:土荆芥4种溶剂提取物对谷蠹具有明显的触杀活性,在0.468 mg/cm2剂量处理3d后致试虫校正死亡率达81.67％～ 100％;丙酮和100％乙醇提取物具有显著的熏蒸活性,丙酮提取物在0.36～0.52 g/mL处理3d后均致试虫全部死亡,100％乙醇提取物在0.52 g/mL处理下致试虫校正死亡率高达94.64％.土荆芥乙醇、丙酮和石油醚提取物对赤拟谷盗具有明显的触杀活性,在1.144 mg/cm2剂量处理3d后致试虫高达91.67％～ 100％的死亡,但4种溶剂提取物的熏蒸活性不明显.     

紫甘蓝色素提取方法研究

采用传统水浴提取法、超声波辅助提取法和微波萃取法对紫甘蓝天然色素的提取工艺条件进行研究。得到各方法的较优化提取条件：传统水浴提取法最佳工艺条件为25%乙醇溶液为溶剂、pH2、55℃水浴浸提4h;超声波辅助提取法最佳工艺条件为25%乙醇为溶剂、pH2、55℃水浴、超声波辅助浸提45min;微波萃取法最佳工艺条件为25%乙醇为溶剂、pH2、55℃水浴、微波功率300W、微波萃取时间3min。后两种方法的提取效果基本一致并优于传统水浴提取法,提高了生产效率。该色素具有良好的应用前景。     

An investigation into green coffee press cake as a renewable source of bioactive compounds

The residual biomass of coffee, obtained after the oil extraction from coffee beans, called coffee beans residual press cake, has been attracted interest as a source of compounds with antioxidant capacity. This study investigated the effects of ethanolic and methanol-acetone extracts of green coffee beans (GCB) and its residual press cake (GCC) on the phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity. Antioxidant capacity was assayed through five different methods (total phenolic compounds, •DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and β-carotene bleaching assay), and the phenolic profile of the samples through High Performance Liquid Cromatography. GCB and GCC enclosed chlorogenic (55.16 and 64.96 mg g⁻¹, respectively) and caffeic (25.07 and 44.37 mg g⁻¹, respectively) acids as the major components, and the cake presented higher antioxidant capacity than the actual green bean. Antioxidant capacity was higher for GCC extracted with methanol and acetone. This study on the evaluation of the effects of the type of solvent on the bioactive compounds from GCB and GCC showed that this by-product can be a source of new value-added products, such as phenolic antioxidant adjuncts for food or pharmaceutic processing.     

A comparative study on phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of legumes as affected by extraction solvents

ABSTRACT:  The objective of this study was to investigate how 6 commonly used solvent systems affected the yields of phenolic substances and the antioxidant capacity of extracts from 8 major classes of food legumes. Several antioxidant-related phytochemical compositions, namely, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and condensed tannins content (CTC), were investigated. In addition, antioxidant activities were tested using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The results showed that the 50% acetone extracts exhibited the highest TPC for yellow pea, green pea, chickpea, and yellow soybean. Acidic 70% acetone (+0.5% acetic acid) extracts exhibited the highest TPC, TFC, and FRAP values for black bean, lentil, black soybean, and red kidney bean. The 80% acetone extracts exhibited the highest TFC, CTC, and DPPH-free radical scavenging activity for yellow pea, green pea, chickpea, and yellow soybean. The 70% ethanol extracts exhibited the greatest ORAC value for all selected legumes. These results indicated that solvents with different polarity had significant effects on total phenolic contents, extracted components, and antioxidant activities. High correlations between phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities of legume extracts were observed. The information is of interest to the nutraceutical food/ingredient industries since legumes are a rich source of antioxidants.     

Extraction of ginger rhizome: kinetic studies with dichloromethane, ethanol, 2-propanol and an acetone—water mixture

The kinetics of extraction of [6]-gingerol from ground Jamaican ginger rhizome have been determined at 30°C in dichloromethane, ethanol, isopropanol and an 80% (v/v) acetone + 20% (v/v) water mixture. The extractions all proceeded in three stages: an initial 'washing' stage, a fast stage and a subsequent much slower stage. The rate of extraction of hexahydrocurcumin in ethanol was found to follow a simpler pattern. From the first order plots, the diffusion coefficients of the extracted solubles within the ginger particles were calculated. They varied inversely with the 0.6 power of the solvent viscosity, which explained why the rates of [6]-gingerol extraction decreased in the sequence: acetone < acetone + water < dichloromethane < ethanol < isopropanol. These results show that solvents of low viscosity should be chosen to attain fast extraction rates. The diffusion coefficient of [6]-gingerol was also measured at 30°C in pure acetone, ethanol and isopropanol. The values in these bulk solvents were 13–20 times greater than the diffusion coefficients of [6]-gingerol within the ginger particles for the fast stage and over 900–1800 times greater than those for the slow stage. These hindrance factors quantify the effect of the ginger matrix environment on internal diffusion.     

Kinetics study of microwave-assisted solvent extraction of oil from olive cake using hexane: Comparison with the conventional extraction

Microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MASE) of oil from olive cake can be used as an alternative for conventional solvent extraction (CSE).The present research showed that, compared to the CSE, the MASE gave better yields within very short times. The results obtained with this new procedure indicated that the radiation power and exposition time enhanced extraction ability.The Patricelli model has been applied to describe the MASE kinetic. The coefficients of determination were found to be very high in all the cases (R² ≥ 0.992) indicating a good fit of the experimental data at tested conditions. The results obtained were compared with those given by the same model in the case of the conventional extraction.Industrial relevanceOlive cake pollutes the environment around the Mediterranean basin where it is generated in great amounts within a short period (from November to March). To avoid this pollution, it must be treated. Its valorization by recovery of its residual oil using conventional solvent extraction is time-consuming and needs large volumes of solvent. Compared to this conventional technique, the microwave-assisted solvent extraction can be a nice alternative because it gives better yields within short times and consumes less solvent.     

含水丙酮浸出棉籽油及脱除棉酚的研究

用含水丙酮浸出预榨棉饼提油及去毒的最佳工艺条件是:浸出时间120min、丙酮含水10％、棉饼/溶剂=1∶1.1。在此条件下可使浸出棉籽粕中残留游离棉酚小于0.045％,粕中残油率低于1％。