Evaluation of antioxidant activities of various solvent extracts of Carissa opaca fruits

The chloroform and aqueous fractions of Carissa opaca fruit, a traditional medicinal fruit in Pakistan possessed a high amount of total phenolic and flavonoid contents as compare to other solvent fractions with potent antioxidant activities in scavenging DPPH, superoxides, hydroxyl, hydrogen peroxide, ABTS radicals, and had strong iron chelating activity. On the other hand, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest inhibition of β-carotene linoleic acid peroxidation and phosphomolybdate assay. A high correlation coefficient existed between EC₅₀ values of DPPH, superoxides, hydroxyl, hydrogen peroxide, ABTS radicals, total phenolics and flavonoids, but a non significant correlation was found in the case of iron chelaters, β-carotene and phosphomolybdate assay. This study verified that the chloroform and aqueous fractions have strong antioxidant activities which were correlated with its high level of phenolics and flavonoids. These fractions can be used as a source of potential antioxidant or functional food material.     

Antioxidant properties of extract and fractions from Enteromorpha prolifera, a type of green seaweed

The ethanol extract and its solvent subfractions, partitioned by n-hexane (HX), chloroform (CF) and ethylacetate (EA), from Enteromorpha prolifera were measured for antioxidant activities, and a structural identification of the active compound was performed using spectroscopic techniques. The CF fraction showed the most potent 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl (OH) radical scavenging activities with strong reducing ability. The DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacities of the CF fraction were comparable to the capacities of the positive controls, BHA and α-tocopherol, at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 1.0 mg/mL. However, little correlation (r² = 0.03–0.48) was observed between antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of the extracts. Further fractionation and spectroscopic analysis of the CF fraction suggested that the strong antioxidant activity of the extracts from E. prolifera was because of a chlorophyll compound, pheophorbide a, rather than phenolic compounds.     

银鲳酶解物抗氧化活性研究

选用胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶对银鲳蛋白进行酶解以制备蛋白酶解物,以羟基自由基清除活性为指标确定银鲳最佳水解酶。结果显示,碱性蛋白酶的水解物抗氧化活性最强。实验对碱性蛋白酶水解银鲳的酶解条件(时间、温度、pH、酶添加量和固液比)进行正交实验设计,并对最佳水解条件下所获得的酶解物进行抗氧化活性测试。结果表明,银鲳蛋白碱性蛋白酶水解物对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基具有清除作用,其自由基清除效果呈现剂量依赖性,而且银鲳蛋白水解物还具有明显还原能力。所有这些体外抗氧化数据说明,银鲳蛋白水解物有明显的抗氧化效力。     

Flavonols of lotus (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nelumbo nucifera,</Emphasis> Gaertn.) seed epicarp and their antioxidant potential

Large amounts of fresh seed epicarp of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (FSENN) are discarded in China without any utilization. The aim of this study was to identify the flavonols found in a fraction of an extract of FSENN, and to measure their levels and investigate antioxidant properties. Glycosylated flavonols in fraction 2 (Fr2) from the extract of FSENN and their aglycones were identified by HPLC-ESI–MS² (negative mode), and six glycosylated and one aglycone flavonols in Fr2 were found. We also quantified flavonol aglycones (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin) using HPLC method. The result showed that the quercetin content (10.2 mg/g of dry fraction) was higher than that of other aglycones. Antioxidant properties of Fr2 were evaluated in vitro by a number of methods including 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, the β-carotene bleaching method, and hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability using the chemiluminescence method. This antioxidant potential in terms of IC₅₀ values was 5.48, 40 ± 0.14 and 0.62 ± 0.05 μg (dry Fr2)/mL on DPPH radicals, hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. The Fr2 also exhibited antioxidant property in the β-carotene bleaching assay. In total, it possesses high levels of flavonol compounds with high antioxidant potential, and it is beneficial for the treatment or prevention of a variety of diseases and has nutraceutical potential.     

菜籽粕脱毒液中植酸的提取及其抗氧化活性

采用碱沉淀法从菜籽粕脱毒液中回收提取植酸并对该制备植酸的抗氧化活性进行研究。以BHT为阳性对照,考察植酸对猪油的酸价和过氧化值的影响;采用流动化学发光法和可见分光光度法,以VC为阳性对照,考察植酸清除羟自由基( ·OH)、超氧阴离子自由基(O2 ·)、1, 1-二苯基-2-苦苯肼自由基(DPPH自由基)及H2O2的能力。结果表明：回收提取植酸以NaOH调节溶液pH8为优,得率达92.83%,植酸含量为45.96%;植酸对猪油的酸败和过氧化有一定的抑制作用且优于BHT;制备植酸(实验制备)清除各种自由基的能力依次为：O2 ·＞ ·OH＞H2O2＞DPPH自由基,且除DPPH自由基外对其他自由基清除效果均优于VC。表明植酸是一种较好的天然抗氧化剂。     

Antioxidant activities of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Panax notoginseng

Traditional Chinese medicinal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) and Panax notoginseng (PN) have been widely used for the prevention and treatment of vascular diseases in the clinics. To better understand their mechanisms of pharmacological actions, the in vitro antioxidant activities of extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza (ESM) and extract of Panax notoginseng (EPN) were evaluated with different antioxidant testing systems. Their activities of scavenging superoxide anion radicals, DPPH radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide, chelating Ferrous ion, and ferric ion reducing power were assessed. The results showed that the mechanisms of their antioxidant effects were distinct and diverse. ESM possessed strong reducing power and high scavenging activities against free radicals including superoxide anion, hydroxyl and DPPH radicals, but a weaker scavenging activity for hydrogen peroxide. ferrous ion chelating activity of ESM was undetectable at the tested concentrations. In contrary, EPN exhibited strong ferrous ion chelating activity and high scavenging activities against hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and a weak activity against superoxide anion and DPPH free radicals. EPN did not show any ferric ion reducing power. Since their antioxidant mechanisms are complementary, the combined use of ESM and EPN might be even more beneficial. These antioxidant properties of SM and PN are likely part of the reasons that they are effective in the prevention and treatment of vascular diseases.     

Comparison of antioxidant properties of persimmon vinegar and some other commercial vinegars in radical-scavenging assays and on lipid oxidation in tuna homogenates

Five kinds of vinegars (two kinds of persimmon vinegars, unpolished rice vinegar, polished rice vinegar, and apple vinegar) were evaluated for their scavenging activity towards 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, superoxide radicals, and hydroxyl radicals, and for their antioxidant activity in tuna homogenate. The total phenolic content was also determined by the modified Folin-Ciocalteu method. Markedly high phenolic contents and radical-scavenging activities were found for vinegar made from persimmon Saijyo varieties, and unpolished rice vinegar. When incorporated into fatty tuna homogenates, persimmon vinegar effectively inhibited lipid oxidation in the homogenates. Persimmon vinegar may be as useful in fish processing as are other naturally occurring antioxidants, helping to prevent the formation of off-flavour in fish and their products and to increase shelf life.     

Enzyme-enhanced extraction of antioxidant ingredients from red algae Palmaria palmata

The effect of various protease and carbohydrase treatments on the extraction of polyphenols and other antioxidant ingredients from the red algae Palmaria palmata (dulse) was investigated. In addition, the relative contribution of different fractions to the overall antioxidant capacity of the hydrolysate was evaluated. Considerable differences were observed both in total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities of the hydrolysates evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferrous ion-chelating ability assays. All the proteases tested had significant enhancing effect on the extraction of polyphenols and other active components compared to carbohydrases and cold water extraction (control). The Umamizyme extract had the highest TPC and consequently exhibited the strongest scavenging capacity against DPPH and peroxyl radicals. Further fractionation of the Umamizyme extract revealed that the crude polyphenol fraction possessed the highest peroxyl radical scavenging activity, whereas the crude polysaccharide fraction was more effective for chelating ferrous ions. The data from this study suggest the potential of protease treatment to improve value-added utilization of dulse extracts as antioxidants in functional foods and nutraceuticals.     

乌饭树果乙醇提取物不同极性分部的体外抗氧化活性研究

目的筛选乌饭树果乙醇提取物中抗氧化活性最强的极性分部。方法采用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、氯仿、正丁醇和水等5种不同极性溶剂对乌饭树果乙醇提取物进行进一步梯度萃取,并分析比较其总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T_(AC))、抗脂质过氧化能力及对羟基自由基OH·、超氧阴离子自由基O_2~-·的清除效果。结果乌饭树果乙醇提取物的5个不同极性分部均具有一定的抗氧化活性,但其活性大小差异极显著(P0.01),T_(AC)大小依次为:乙酸乙酯部氯仿部正丁醇部石油醚部水部。同时,在OH·、O_2~-·自由基清除能力和抗脂质过氧化能力上,乙酸乙酯部均优于氯仿部和正丁醇部,且呈明显的量效关系。结论乌饭树果乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯部具有最强的抗氧化活性,且对OH·、O_2~-·的清除能力及抗脂质过氧化能力均强于L-抗坏血酸及其它部位,可作为天然抗氧化剂的潜在有效来源。     

猕猴桃根提取物体外抗氧化作用的研究

探讨猕猴桃根提取物的体外抗氧化作用.采用DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子、羟基自由基、过氧化氢和还原力的反应体系,测定猕猴桃根提取物的体外抗氧化作用,并用VC进行对照实验.实验条件下,ERHM对DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子(·O2-)、羟基自由基(·OH)、过氧化氢H2O2等均有较强的清除或抑制作用,且显示较好的量效关系,同时具有一定的还原力.其消除DPPH自由基的EC50为8.03 μg/mL,清除超氧阴离子(·O2-)的EC5o为1.28 mg/mL,抑制羟基自由基(·OH)能力可达69.4％,浓度为100 μg/mL时对过氧化氢(H2O2)的清除率为42％.猕猴桃根提取物具有较强的还原力,能有效清除DPPH和超氧阴离子自由基,并抑制羟基自由基的产生.所以,ERHM有效成分具有较为显著的抗氧化作用.     

天然抗氧化剂对辣椒鸡油抗氧化性能的影响

为了筛选出适合辣椒鸡油的天然抗氧化剂,以延长其保质期,研究并比较了6种天然抗氧化剂（迷迭香提取物、维生素E、茶多酚、维生素C、槲皮素和硫辛酸）对辣椒鸡油酸值、过氧化值、DPPH自由基清除能力和总还原能力的影响。结果表明：6种天然抗氧化剂在辣椒鸡油中均具有一定的抗氧化能力;在抑制酸值方面,槲皮素效果最佳,维生素C最差;在抑制过氧化值方面,槲皮素效果最佳,维生素E最差;在DPPH自由基清除能力方面,迷迭香提取物效果最佳,硫辛酸最差;在总还原能力方面,槲皮素效果最佳,维生素E最差;槲皮素、迷迭香提取物和茶多酚在酸值、过氧化值、DPPH自由基清除能力和总还原能力方面均位于前三。综合考虑抗氧化效果、抗氧化剂稳定性、成本等因素,可优先选择迷迭香提取物和茶多酚作为辣椒鸡油的抗氧化剂以提高其储藏性能。     

高海拔地区传统牦牛酥油中抗氧化乳酸菌的筛选

以耐酸、耐过氧化氢为耐受性指标,DPPH自由基、OH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力为抗氧化指标,对采集自西藏不同海拔的牦牛酥油中的乳酸菌进行筛选。结果表明:西藏牦牛酥油中分离得到的61株乳酸菌,有7株既耐低酸环境又对H_2O_2具有较好耐受性,其中C19(Lactobacillus plantarum)的DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基清除力最优,分别为30.84%和26.91%,E1(Lactobacillus rhamnosus)的OH自由基清除力最优,为57.60%。菌株的DPPH自由基、OH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基清除率无对应关系,并且海拔与乳酸菌的抗氧化活性呈非正比关系。C19和E1两株乳酸菌具备开发成为天然抗氧化发酵剂的潜力。     

马兰提取物抗氧化性研究

目的：考查马兰中水提取物和乙醇提取物抗氧化活性。方法：分别以水和乙醇为提取液,探讨马兰中水提取物和乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性,包括还原能力以及清除DPPH自由基、羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和H2O2的能力。 结果：提取物主要成分为黄酮类化合物。马兰水提取物的抗氧化活性为：超氧阴离子自由基(IC50 2.2μg/mL)＞H2O2(IC50 2.8μg/mL)＞羟自由基(IC50 5.6μg/mL)＞DPPH自由基(IC50 8.5μg/mL) ＞金属螯合性(IC50 28.0μg/mL)。而马兰乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性为：H2O2(IC50 2.0μg/mL) ＞超氧阴离子自由基(IC50 2.1μg/mL)>羟自由基(IC50 2.5μg/mL)> DPPH自由基(IC50 5.6μg/mL) ＞金属螯合性(IC50 51.2μg/mL)。结论：马兰提取物具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

荷叶活性物质超声、微波辅助提取比较及人工胃液处理对其抗氧化活性的影响

为了提高荷叶抗氧化活性物质的提取效率及探索体内胃环境消化对荷叶提取物抗氧化活性的影响,本实验采用测定总还原力、总抗氧化力、羟自由基及DPPH自由基清除率的方法对超声和微波辅助提取荷叶抗氧化活性物质的效率进行了比较,并采用人工胃液在体外模拟体内胃环境对荷叶粗提物进行了处理。结果表明,微波辅助提取所得提取液的抗氧化活性(总还原力、总抗氧化力、羟自由基及DPPH自由基清除率)强于超声辅助提取液,其总黄酮和总多酚含量也高于超声辅助提取液;荷叶粗提物经人工胃液处理后,其抗氧化活性(总抗氧化力、羟自由基、超氧阴离子及DPPH自由基清除率)显著增强。     

橄榄苦苷对核桃油抗氧化稳定性的研究

通过测定过氧化值(POV)、清除DPPH自由基、清除羟自由基能力以及总抗氧化能力的体外抗氧化活性,探究橄榄苦苷对核桃油的抗氧化能力,并通过响应面法优化,筛选出最佳浓度复配抗氧化剂。结果表明:橄榄苦苷对核桃油有较强的抗氧化和清除自由基的能力,当橄榄苦苷的添加量为200 mg/kg时,其POV值为(12.6±0.49) mmol/kg,清除DPPH能力、羟自由基能力为(72.5±0.38)%、(76±0.62)%,总抗氧化能力为(69.6±0.55)%;橄榄苦苷、柠檬酸和VC对核桃油的抗氧化稳定性有较好的增效作用,最佳浓度配方为265 mg/kg橄榄苦苷+135 mg/kg柠檬酸+197 mg/kg%VC。     

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF ENDEMIC SIDERITIS LEPTOCLADA AND MENTHA DUMETORUM AQUEOUS EXTRACTS USED IN TURKEY FOLK MEDICINE

Total phenolic contents, hydroxyl radicals and one 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities, antioxidant capacities and reducing powers of Sideritis leptoclada, which is an endemic plant to Turkey, and Mentha × dumetorum were investigated in water extracts. Total phenolic contents were detected to be 0.32 µg gallic acid/µg dry biomass in the presence of 1.33 and 9.82 µg/mL, respectively. Fifty percent scavenging activities of hydroxyl and DPPH radical were determined with 0.03 and 0.16 mg/mL extracts of S. leptoclada and 0.21 and 1.6 mg/mL extracts of Mxdumetorum. In addition, total antioxidant capacities of S. leptoplada were also higher than Mxdumetorum and there was a significant difference between the controls. The result of this study suggests that extracts of S. leptoclada and Mxdumetorum can be used as potential source of natural antioxidants and as a possible food supplement or in the pharmaceutical industry.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The research is focused on the determination of new potential plant sources of antioxidants that can be used as food. Antioxidants are vital substances that possess the ability to protect the body from damage caused by reactive oxygen species induced oxidative stress. In this study, infusions in boiled water of Sideritis leptoclada , which is a plant endemic to Turkey, and Mentha x dumetorum have high levels of antioxidant capacity. The results of the study show that extracts of S. leptoclada and Mxdumetorum can be used as a supplement agent to increase in quality of food and for the pharmaceutical industry.     

HPLC–MS analyses and bioactivities of novel chemicals in Devil’s club (Oplopanax horridus (Sm.) Miq.)

Devil’s club (Oplopanax horridus (Sm.) Miq.) has traditionally been used as a folk medicine by native North Americans for the treatment of various chronic diseases. A methanolic extract and its sub-fractions by liquid–liquid re-extraction, i.e., chloroform (CHCl₃), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (BuOH), and water fractions, were analysed by their anti-cancer activity with in vitro cell proliferative bioassays, and their antioxidant capacities in terms of the determination of total phenolic content (TPC), ORAC value, and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The whole extract of the dried root contained high TPC and possessed strong ORAC and DPPH radical scavenging activities. In addition, the extract exhibited a strong anti-proliferative ability against HT-29 cancer cells, e.g., with an inhibitive rate of 56.5% with a 0.2-mg/mL extract. Further investigation by HPLC–UV–MS identified significant bioactive phenolic compounds in the chloroform fraction, including gallic acid, caffeic acid, 4-O-feruloylquinic acid, 5-O-feruloylquinic acid, ferulic acid, methyl feruloylquinate, methyl ferulate, and quercetin. These results suggested that the associated bioactivity of the plant might result from the contribution of phenolic compounds.     

Antioxidant activity and protective effect against plasmid DNA strand scission of leaf, bark, and heartwood extracts from Acacia catechu

The antioxidant activity of methanol extract/fractions of leaf, bark, and heartwood of Acacia catechu was evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including free radical, superoxide and hydroxyl radical, reducing power, metal ion chelation, as well as hydroxyl radical induced DNA strand scission. The leaf, bark, and heartwood powder was extracted in methanol and the lyophilized methanol extract was fractionated with different solvents in the order of increasing polarity. The results indicate that ethyl acetate fraction of heartwood has the highest antioxidant capacities, presenting lower EC(50) values particularly in free radical scavenging activity, including DPPH radicals (4.76 ± 0.14 μg/mL), superoxide anions (26.21 ± 0.79 μg/mL), and hydroxyl radicals (33.69 ± 1.42 μg/mL), in direct assay systems. Reducing power was also highest in ethyl acetate fraction of heartwood (EC(50) of 79.05 ± 1.02 μg/mL). As for the chelating power on ferrous ions, leaf extract was more effective than bark and heartwood extracts. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate and acetone fractions of heartwood significantly protected pBR322 supercoiled plasmid DNA against strand scission induced by hydroxyl radicals in a Fenton's reaction mixture. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The present investigation suggests that the three organs of A. catechu differ significantly in their antioxidant potential as seen in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay, metal ion chelating assay, superoxide radical scavenging assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. Further, our results showed that crude methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of heartwood of A. catechu might have a good potential as a source for natural health products due to its antioxidant and DNA protective activities.     

食醋醇沉上清液的生物活性

对食醋的体外抗氧化活性进行了研究，浓缩食醋在用乙酸乙酯萃取后加入乙醇，收集乙醇沉淀上清液，用Sephadex G25将其分成不同相对分子质量组分，测定不同分离组分对二苯代苦味酰肼自由基（DPPH）的清除活性、还原力、酚质量分数、对羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的抑制活性。结果表明：食醋提取物（醇沉上清波）在所有的测试体系中都表现出抗氧化性，在食醋提取物及各分离组分中，总酚质量分数较高的组分具有较强的DPPH自由基清除活性和还原力，在羟自由基体系和超氧阴离子自由基体系中的抗氧化活性与酚质量分数相关性较小，这些结果表明食醋中含有有益于人体健康的抗氧化活性成分。     

蜂蜜中酚类物质及其抗氧化活性研究进展

酚类物质是蜂蜜中重要的生物活性成分,包括酚酸、黄酮及其衍生物,具有抗氧化活性,可以清除超氧阴离子自由基、过氧亚硝酸盐自由基、脂质过氧化自由基、DPPH自由基、ABTS＋ ·、羟自由基等。本文综述了国内外蜂蜜中酚类物质的提取、检测、主要成分及其抗氧化活性的研究进展,旨在为蜂蜜中酚类物质的开发及应用提供依据。