Nutritive value of mango seed kernel

Seed kernels of two cultivars (Chausa and Dusheri) of mango (Mangifera indica) were analysed for chemical composition, lipid classes, fatty acid composition, amino acid profile and chemical evaluation of protein quality. The seed kernels constituted about 18% of the total fruit and had 5% protein, 6–7% crude fat, 0.19–0.44% tannins, iodine value of 34–44 and saponification number 202–213. Oleic acid (42%) and stearic acid (39%) were the principal fatty acids in the oil. The in vitro digestibility was low in these cultivars, possibly due to the presence of tannins. Sulphur-containing amino acids (methionine+cystine) and isoleucine were the limiting amino acids in Chausa and Dusheri, respectively. The essential amino acid index and protein quality index were high, thus indicating the good quality of the protein in mango seed kernel.     

Biochemical studies of some non conventional sources of protein. Part 4. The proteins of mango waste stone kernels

The gross chemical composition, protein content and amino acid composition of mango stone kernels of four Egyptian varieties (Ewsi, Hendi, Fonso and Timour) were investigated. Carbohydrates are the main components of the seed. The protein content varies between 5.0 and 7.2% and the ether extract ranged from 10.8% to 13.6%. High glutamic acid, aspartic acid and leucine content and low concentration of sulfur-containing amino acids are characteristic for the proteins of mango kernels. Lysine level is also low, the concentration of other essential amino acids is acceptable. Sulfur-containing amino acids are the first limiting ones followed by lysine and threonine.     

樟树籽油抗氧化能力及物质基础研究

植物油中天然抗氧化成分对油脂的加工、货架期及营养品质具有重要影响。为研究樟树籽油抗氧化活性及物质基础,本文分别对其脂肪酸组成、不皂化物含量、总酚含量和DPPH自由基清除率进行测定,分析总多酚及不皂化物对樟树籽油抗氧化活性的贡献率,明确樟树籽油抗氧化活性物质基础。结果表明,樟树籽油中主要为中链脂肪酸癸酸和月桂酸,二者含量占总脂肪酸的94.80%,不皂化物含量为0.55±0.01% ,总多酚含量为33.07 ±0.63 mg.kg_^-1。樟树籽油对DPPH自由基清除率的IC₅₀值为0.13 g.mL_^-1。相同质量浓度的樟树籽油、不皂化物和总多酚对DPPH自由基清除率分别为98.92±1.58%、38.49±0.66%、49.60±3.78%。因此,不皂化物及总酚对樟树籽油抗氧化贡献率分别为38.91%、50.14%。研究结果表明樟树籽油具有较强的抗氧化能力,其抗氧化活性物质主要为多酚类成分和不皂化物,二者对樟树籽油抗氧化能力的总贡献率高达89.05%。本研究初步明确了樟树籽油的抗氧化活性成分,可为樟树籽油的开发利用奠定基础。     

Nutrient composition of some less-familiar oil seeds

Seven less familiar oil seeds, namely gokhru, thumba, onion, tobacco, grape, niger seeds and mango seed kernels were analysed for their proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid composition. Gokhru, niger, tobacco and onion seeds were found to be good sources of protein and fat. Crude fibre contents of thumba and grape seeds were high. The seeds of thumba, niger, onion and mango (seed kernel) contained 4 g lysine per 16 g N. The methionine content of onion-seed protein was very high. Fatty acid profiles of fat from these oil seeds revealed a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids with the exception of gokhru.     

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Brazilian mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of four mango varieties cultivated in Brazil were analyzed. The profile of flavonol-O-glycosides and xanthone-C-glycosides was characterized in pulps from Haden, Tommy Atkins, Palmer, and Ubá cultivars and in the agro-industrial residues from Ubá variety by LC–ESI–MS analysis. The first three varieties were collected from conventional production, whereas Ubá was obtained from organic production. The total phenolic content of the peels and seed kernel extracts was analyzed utilizing Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent. The aqueous-methanolic extracts of pulp, peel and seed kernels were analyzed for antioxidant activity (AA) by free radical-scavenging and reducing power. A total of 12 flavonoids and xanthones were identified in the pulps, peels and seed kernels, with larger amounts of these compounds being present in the organically grown Ubá variety. The Ubá mango pulp presented higher AA and the peel and seed kernel extracts showed higher AA than did a commercial standard.     

淡丰后梅梅仁成分分析、油脂组成和蛋白质的物理性质

以淡丰后梅（Prunus mume cv. Danfenghou）梅仁为材料,分析其常量化学成分,研究梅仁油脂及蛋白的功能特性。结果表明,梅仁的粗油脂含量为（31.49±3.39）%,粗蛋白含量为（32.44±0.14）%。油脂中脂肪酸组成以油酸（62.599 74%）和亚油酸（28.959 75%）为主,二者总量高达91.3%,不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量为92.599 51%。VE中β-生育酚含量为0.32 mg/g,γ-生育酚含量为0.10 mg/g。氨基酸分析及评分表明,梅仁蛋白的氨基酸种类多且含量丰富,限制性氨基酸为赖氨酸,含量最高的氨基酸为谷氨酸。十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果表明,梅仁蛋白由6 条亚基组成,分子质量范围为15～47 kD。梅仁蛋白的等电点为pI 5.0,梅仁蛋白的乳化性为0.039,乳化稳定性为42.63 min,起泡性为37.04%,泡沫稳定性为41.67%。加热组样品的疏水性数值为408.29±1.09,高于未加热组样品（295.21±12.38）。     

文冠果种仁营养物质和脂肪酸组成与氨基酸的评价

以不同产地文冠果种仁为材料,对文冠果种仁营养物质、脂肪酸、活性成分、氨基酸等组成与含量成进行了测定与分析。并应用氨基酸比值系数法,以WHO/FAO氨基酸参考模式为评价标准,对其必需氨基酸的组成进行了评价。结果表明：文冠果种仁中粗脂肪的含量为56.2%,蛋白质的含量为25.9%,粗纤维含量为10.4%,灰分含量为2.4%。文冠果种仁含有丰富的P、Ca、K、Mg、Na、Cu等多种微量元素。文冠果种仁中含有13种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸约为91.74%。文冠果种仁中含有维生素C、维生素E、多酚、黄酮、甾醇等活性物质。文冠果种仁中含有17种氨基酸,氨基酸总含量为24.27%,其中8种人体必需氨基酸的总含量为8.44%,亮氨酸含量最高,为1.84%。其必需氨基酸的构成比例基本符合食品法典委员会（WHO/FAO）的标准,其氨基酸的比值系数评分（SRC）为77.55。文冠果种仁营养物质、活性成分丰富,所含人体必需氨基酸的种类齐全,并且含有独特的功能性脂肪酸-神经酸,是有利于人体健康的优质食品原料。     

Characteristics and composition of different seed oils and flours

The nutritional quality and functional properties of paprika seed flour and seed kernel flours of pumpkin and watermelon, and also the characteristics and structure of their seed oils, were studied. Paprika seed and seed kernels of pumpkin and watermelon were rich in oil and protein. All flour samples contained considerable amounts of P, K, Mg, Mn and Ca. Paprika seed flour was superior to watermelon and pumpkin seed kernel flours in contents of lysine and total essential amino acids. Antinutritional compounds, such as stachyose, raffinose, verbascose, trypsin inhibitor, phytic acid and tannins, were detected in all flours. Pumpkin seed kernel flour had higher values of chemical score, essential amino acid index and in-vitro protein digestibility than the other flours examined. The first limiting amino acid was lysine, for both watermelon and pumpkin seed kernel flours, but it was leucine in paprika seed flour. Functional properties were excellent in watermelon and pumpkin seed kernel flours and fairly good in paprika seed flour. Flour samples could be potentially added to food systems such as bakery products and ground meat formulations, not only as a nutrient supplement, but also as a functional agent in these formulations. Oil samples had high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, with linoleic and oleic acids as the major acids. All oil samples could be fractionated into seven classes including triglycerides as a major lipid class. Data obtained for the oils characteristics compare well with those of other edible oils.     

Effect of antioxidant principles isolated from mango (Mangifera indica L) seed kernels on oxidative stability of buffalo ghee (butter‐fat)

A method was developed to extract and isolate the antioxidant principles, ie mainly phenolic and phospholipid classes, from mango (Mangifera indica L) seed kernels using organic solvents. The presence of at least six phenolic compounds and eight phospholipids in the isolates was confirmed by chromatographic techniques. A phenolic preparation and a phospholipid preparation were prepared separately by dissolving the isolated compounds from mango seed kernels in buffalo ghee. The phenolic preparation contained 9.6 mg% water‐extractable phenolics, 69.5 mg% total phenolics and 6.39 mg% phospholipids. The phospholipid preparation contained 155.8 mg% phospholipids, 0.11 mg% water‐extractable phenolics and 0.19 mg% total phenolics. The addition of these preparations to buffalo ghee at 5, 10 and 20% levels individually and in combination significantly increased the levels of phenolics and phospholipids respectively. Samples of buffalo ghee with added BHA contained levels of these compounds similar to that of a control sample without any other additives. The antioxidant indices calculated from the induction period of ghee samples stored at 80 ± 2 °C. in comparison with the control were, in order, 10.11 (20% phospholipid and phenolic preparation) > 8.88 (10% phospholipid and phenolic preparation) > 8.66 (20% phenolic preparation) > 6.44 (5% phospholipid and phenolic preparation) > 5.44 (10% phenolic preparation) > 4.88 (20% phospholipid preparation) > 3.00 (5% phenolic preparation) > 2.77 (10% phospholipid preparation) > 2.22 (5% phospholipid preparation) > 1.44 (0.02% BHA). This demonstrated that the phenolics and phospholipids isolated from mango seed kernel, when added jointly to buffalo ghee, helped in extending the shelf‐life of ghee. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Chemical compositional characterization of some apple cultivars

Eight commercially harvested apple cultivars were analysed by gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, in particular the composition and level of sugars, organic acids, amino acids, phenolic compounds and fatty acids. The results showed great quantitative differences in the composition of the apple cultivars, particularly in their phenolic contents. Fructose was the most dominant sugar in the different apple cultivars, followed by glucose and sucrose, while malic acid was the principal organic acid. The C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids were the most abundant fatty acids, and the C18 family accounted for more than 70% of the total fatty acids content. Asparagine and serine were the principal amino acids. Chlorogenic acid and protocatechuic acid were the dominating phenolic compounds. The results provide important information on how to make the best use of the apple cultivars investigated, for both technological research and processing practice.     

酸枣仁油的理化性质及成分分析

对酸枣仁油的理化性质和脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明,酸枣仁油主要由6种脂肪酸构成,其中油酸、亚油酸含量最高,分别为49.1%、26.0%;通过测定酸枣仁油Sn-2位脂肪酸组成,确定了酸枣仁油甘三酯的脂肪酸分布。酸枣仁油VE总含量为18.67 mg/100 g油。使用GC/MS对酸枣仁油的不皂化物成分进行了分析,检测出7种主要物质,其中角鲨烯的含量高达39.2%(占酸枣仁油不皂化物总量)。     

Nutritional composition of underutilized bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) kernels

The kernels of five bayberry cultivars (Biqi, Zaodamei, Ding-ao, Dongkui and Wandao), grown in Zhejiang Province, China, were analyzed for their proximate composition, protein fractionation, amino acid profile, fatty acid composition and mineral contents. The antinutritive compounds, tannin and cyanide, were also quantified. These bayberry kernels possessed 25.0–27.64% DW protein. A majority of storage protein in bayberry kernels was of the globulin form. The kernel protein was rich in methionine, arginine, aspartic and glutamic acids while limiting amino acid was lysine. The most outstanding feature was the abundant fat content (62.5–68.1% DW) of kernels. Approximately 84.9–90.1% of the fatty acids were unsaturated with oleic acid (43.3–50.7%) and linoleic acid (34.1–46.8%). Bayberry kernels were good sources of magnesium, potassium and calcium. These results may offer a scientific basis for use of the under-exploited bayberry seeds.     

Chemical composition,protein fractionation,essential amino acid potential and antimetabolic constituents of an unconventional legume,Gila bean (Entada phaseoloides Merrill) seed kernel

Physical characteristics of pods and seeds, proximate composition, different protein fractionation, SDS‐PAGE analysis of proteins, amino acid composition, starch content, fatty acid profiles and various antimetabolic substances of Gila bean (Entada phaseoloides Merrill) were studied. The pod length and the number of seeds per pod ranged from 55 to 90 cm and from 5 to 11 respectively. The kernel comprised 66.1% of the seed weight (18.41 ± 1.14 g). The seed kernels contained 256.7 g kg^?1 crude protein, 108.1 g kg^?1 lipid, 27.3 g kg^?1 ash and a high content of carbohydrate (585.7 g kg^?1). The levels of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and iron were similar to those in conventional pulses. Among the different protein fractions of seed kernels, albumins constituted the major storage proteins (69.7%). The kernel proteins were rich in essential amino acids, particularly sulphur‐containing amino acids, and their values appeared to be higher than the FAO/WHO (1990) reference protein for a 2–5‐year‐old growing child and soybean, and comparable to hen egg. Seed kernel lipids contained high levels of unsaturated fatty acids, oleic and linoleic acids, which accounted for 83% of the total fatty acid recovered. The kernel exhibited high trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor activities (96.65 mg TI g^?1 and 30.02 CIU mg^?1 sample respectively) in addition to containing phenolics, phytic acid, lectins and oligosaccharides. Another major toxic constituent was identified as a group of triterpenoid saponins (3.21%), which had high haemolytic activity (HeU) against cattle erythrocytes and caused high mortality in fish. The in vitro digestibility of the kernel protein was low (67%). © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

谷子油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

对谷子的基本组成和谷子油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明,谷子中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总糖和淀粉含量分别为13.9%、5.6%、66.5%和63.7%。谷子油的酸值(KOH)为11.9 mg/g,碘值(I)为132.9 g/100 g,过氧化值为30.9 mmol/kg,皂化值(KOH)为194.4 mg/g,不皂化物含量为2.73%。谷子油主要由10种脂肪酸组成,其中饱和脂肪酸含量占16.81%,主要为棕榈酸(7.87%)、硬脂酸(6.17%)和花生酸(2.03%);不饱和脂肪酸含量达83.26%,其中以亚油酸含量(65.30%)最高,其次为油酸(14.20%)和亚麻酸(2.93%)。因此,谷子油是一种极具开发价值的营养保健油脂。     

野生与人工养殖的虎斑乌贼肌肉营养成分比较

分析研究人工养殖和野生条件下虎斑乌贼（Sepia pharaonis）肌肉的一般营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸的组成。结果表明：人工养殖和野生虎斑乌贼的蛋白质含量差异较小,分别为20.24%和20.15%;野生型与人工养殖的虎斑乌贼的脂肪含量分别为0.81%和0.97%,人工养殖条件下,脂肪含量略有提高。不饱和脂肪酸的总含量两者相似,其中二十碳五烯酸（eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA）和二十二碳六稀酸（docosahexaenoic acid,DHA）的总含量分别为37.13%和33.63%。在氨基酸种类和含量方面,人工养殖和野生虎斑乌贼都测得17 种氨基酸,鲜样中总含量分别是18.84%和18.07%,其中必需氨基酸/总氨基酸分别为42.83%和42.00%。     

Characterisation of fatty acids and bioactive compounds of kachnar (Bauhinia purpurea L.) seed oil

Information concerning the exact composition of kachnar (Bauhinia purpurea) seed oil is scare. In the present contribution, a combination of CC, GC, TLC and normal-phase HPLC were performed to analyse lipid classes, fatty acids and fat-soluble bioactives of kachnar seed oil. n-Hexane extract of kachnar oilseeds was found to be 17.5%. The amount of neutral lipids in the crude seed oil was the highest (ca. 99% of total lipids), followed by glycolipids and phospholipids, respectively. Linoleic, followed by palmitic, oleic and stearic, were the major fatty acids in the crude seed oil and its lipid classes. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acid, was higher in neutral lipid classes than in the polar lipid fractions. The oil was characterised by a relatively high amount of phytosterols, wherein the sterol markers were β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. β-Tocopherol was the major tocopherol isomer with the rest being δ-tocopherol. In consideration of potential utilisation, detailed knowledge of the composition of kachnar (B. purpurea) seed oil is of major importance.     

不同产地野生长柄扁桃仁氨基酸组成及营养价值评价

采集主产区陕西省和内蒙古自治区11 个地区的长柄扁桃仁为实验材料,采用氨基酸自动分析仪测定其氨基酸组成,并进行了营养价值评价。结果表明,不同产地长柄扁桃仁总氨基酸含量在21.74～32.35 mg/g之间,平均为26.78 mg/g;必需氨基酸占总氨基酸比例范围在24.86%～28.22%之间,第一限制氨基酸为蛋氨酸,氨基酸比值系数分平均值为69.13;以氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸含量等指标,将11 个产地长柄扁桃仁氨基酸聚类分为4 类,其中呼和浩特市小井沟生态园长柄扁桃仁蛋白含量最高,品质最好;长柄扁桃仁中味觉氨基酸和药用氨基酸含量丰富,开发利用潜质较大。     

苦瓜籽油脂肪酸成分的GC-MS分析

利用索氏抽提法提取苦瓜籽油,对苦瓜籽油的碘值、皂化值、不皂化物、熔点等理化性质进行了测定,并用氢氧化钾-甲醇室温酯化法对苦瓜籽油甲酯化,通过GC-MS对其脂肪酸成分进行分析.结果表明,苦瓜籽脂肪含量(36.81%)和蛋白含量(43.05%)都较高,苦瓜籽油常温下呈蜡状白色固体,同时有特殊的刺鼻苦涩气味.熔点为53℃,不...     

牡丹籽油化学成分及功能研究进展

综合介绍了牡丹籽油的化学成分,包括脂肪酸组成、不皂化物组成以及微量元素,并对其抗氧化、保肝、降血脂、降血糖等营养保健功能及食用安全性进行综述分析,以期为牡丹籽油的深入开发提供借鉴。     

Influence of Chemical Composition on the Isothermal Cocoa Butter Crystallization

ABSTRACT: The influence of chemical composition on the isothermal cocoa butter crystallization was investigated quantitatively. Apart from the fatty acid and triacylglycerol profile, the amounts of some minor components (diacylglycerols, free fatty acids, phospholipids, soap, unsaponifiable matter, iron, and primary oxidation products) were determined. With the forward model selection technique, a multiple linear regression model was established, showing the influence of chemical characteristics on the different crystallization parameters of the new model to describe the fat crystallization kinetics as developed by Foubert and others (2002). The ratios of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated to diunsaturated triacylglycerols have the most important effect on the amount of crystallization, the induction time of the 2nd step of the crystallization process, and the order of the reverse reaction. The more unsaturated fatty acids and the more diunsaturated triacylglycerols, the lower the amount of crystallization; the higher the induction time for the 2nd step of crystallization, the lower the order of the reverse reaction. The amount of diacylglycerols has the most important (negative) influence on the rate constant. Other minor components with a rather pronounced influence on different crystallization parameters are the free fatty acids, phospholipids, and traces of soap.