香菇粉对面团特性和酥性饼干品质的影响

目的 研究香菇粉对面团特性和酥性饼干品质的影响。方法 在面粉中添加不同浓度香菇粉, 对香菇面粉的白度、湿面筋含量、降落数值、粉质参数和拉伸参数等指标进行了测定。通过质构分析及感官品质评价, 研究了香菇粉对酥性饼干品质的影响。结果 在面粉中添加0%~25%的香菇粉, 增加了面粉的营养价值, 显著降低了面粉稳定时间、面团拉伸能量、面粉的白度和湿面筋含量(P＜0.05)。面粉降落数值随香菇粉添加量的增加呈先降低后增加趋势。质构分析表明, 香菇粉添加量为8%时, 酥性饼干的硬度和咀嚼性最低, 感官品质评分最高, 为73.5分, 接近满分75分。结论 在面粉中添加香菇粉, 有利于制作酥性饼干及需要低筋粉制作的食品。酥性饼干中香菇粉最佳添加量为8%, 此时该香菇酥性饼干不仅口感更酥脆, 而且增加了饼干中蛋白质、粗纤维等的含量, 降低了碳水化合物含量。     

Influence of dietary fat on pork eating quality

This study compared the influence of dietary fat sources on meat quality, fatty acid composition and sensory attributes in pork. The experiment was conducted with 43 entire male pigs (Pietrain×(Landrace×Large White)) which were fed a basal diet without added fat (control diet) or supplemented with different sources of fat: animal fat (1%, AF1; 3%, AF3), soyabean oil (1%, SBO1) and calcium soaps of palm oil (1%, CaSPO1). Dietary fat supplementation did not significantly affect ultimate pH, colour, Warner-Bratzler shear force values, sensory attributes or SFA. Pigs fed SBO1 had the lowest proportion of MUFA and the highest of PUFA. In conclusion, these dietary fat sources could be recommended for inclusion in diets, at these levels, with no detrimental effect on eating quality. Despite finding no significant differences, the PCA afforded a comprehensive view of the predominating attributes of pork from animals fed the different fats.     

The effect of inulin as a fat replacer on the quality of set-type low-fat yogurt manufacture

The influence of different levels of inulin on the quality of fat-free yogurt production was investigated. Inulin was added to milk containing 0.1% of milk fat to give inulin levels of 1, 2 and 3%. The experimental yogurts were compared with control yogurt produced from whole milk. The total solids content of milk was standardized to 14% by adding skim milk powder to the experimental yogurt. The chemical composition, pH, titratable acidity, whey separation, consistency, acetaldehyde and volatile fatty acidity contents were determined in the experimental yogurts after 1, 7 and 15 days. Sensory properties of the yogurts were evaluated during storage. The addition of inulin at more than 1% increased whey separation and consistency. Acetaldehyde, pH and titratable acidity were not influenced by addition of inulin. Tyrosine and volatile fatty acidity levels were negatively affected by inulin addition. With respect to the organoleptic quality of yogurt, inulin addition caused a decrease in organoleptic scores: the control yogurt had the highest score, and the lowest score was obtained in yogurt samples containing 3% of inulin. Overall, the yogurt containing 1% of inulin was similar in quality characteristics to control yogurt made with whole milk.     

Physicochemical and sensory properties of healthier frankfurters as affected by walnut and fat content

This study evaluates the physicochemical and sensory properties of healthier frankfurters with 25% added walnut (WF) versus low-fat frankfurters (6% pork fat) (LF) and traditional frankfurters (18% pork fat) (NF). Results reveal that cooking losses were unaffected (p ? 0.05) by the formulation of frankfurters. The addition of walnut led to higher (p < 0.05) redness and yellowness values, while colour parameters did not differ significantly between LF and NF sausages. Frankfurters with added walnut (WF) presented higher (p < 0.05) hardness and chewiness values than LF and NF frankfurters. Differences in composition were also accompanied by changes in the microstructure of the gel/emulsions. Frankfurters with added walnut presented a flavour significantly different from meat and scored lower (p < 0.05) on texture preferences. However, all frankfurters scored the same for overall acceptability.     

Rheological quality and stability of yog-ice cream with added inulin

Research was conducted to examine the effect of inulin on the rheological and textural characteristics of yog-ice cream desserts in relation to their sensory attributes. Addition of inulin to yog-ice cream was shown to increase viscosity of the yogurt-ice cream mix and increase hardness of the resulting yog-ice cream. Meltdown characteristics of the yog-ice creams demonstrated a clear relationship between increased oligosaccharide levels and improved melting properties.     

The effect of isomaltooligosaccharide as a fat replacer on the quality of nonfat kefir manufacture

The influence of different levels of isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) on the quality of kefir manufacture was investigated. Addition of IMO caused the kefir samples to decrease in whey separation and positively affected the texture of the kefir samples so that they had higher firmness values than the control. With respect to the organoleptic quality of the kefir samples, IMO addition caused a decrease in organoleptic scores: the control had the highest score, and the lowest score was observed in kefir samples containing 3 g/100 mL IMO. Overall, kefir containing 1% of IMO was similar in quality characteristics to control kefir made with whole milk.     

Production and quality evaluation of a nonfermented beverage prepared from dehydrated plantain pulp

Ripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) pulp was cut into thin slices, oven dried (70 °C, 6 h), milled, and sieved to produce flour. A beverage was formulated from the plantain flour at 1:7 (flour:water) ratio and 4% (w/v) sucrose addition level. The physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the beverage were evaluated. The effect of addition of various flavors on the sensory quality of the beverage was studied. The microbial status of the beverage was also assessed. The results showed that the plantain beverage contained 1.5% protein, 0.4% fat, 1.7% ash, 81% moisture, 15% total carbohydrate, 14 mg/100 ml ascorbic acid, and had pH 4.8. The sensory quality scores showed that the beverage was generally acceptable. Flavoring of the beverage did not significantly (p>0.05) improve its sensory quality attributes and overall acceptability preference. Total aerobic bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae counts were <100 cfu/ml. Yeast, mold, and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected in the plantain beverage.     

Effect of fat score on the quality of various meat products

In the larger Swiss abattoirs the fat score (FS) is determined by default as an indicator of fat quality. The FS refers to the iodine number and is related to the degree of unsaturation of the outer layer of backfat. In a feeding trial with Large White gilts, the FS was determined in 47 carcasses. Meat and fat tissues were prepared for the production of salami (SAL), raw-cured bacon (RCB), pork hamburger (PHB) and Vienna sausage (VIS). In the different meat products, the FS was closely related to the percentage of saturated (SFA: r = −0.49 to −0.79) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, r = 0.36 to 0.79) for RCB, SAL and PHB (p ? 0.05), but not for VIS. For RCB, significant correlations with FS were seen for the meat:fat-ratio (r = 0.39), fat firmness (r = −0.31) and one fat oxidation marker (1-octen-3-ol: r = 0.51). The texture (r = −0.60), a_w-value (r = 0.63) and one fat oxidation marker (1-octen-3-ol: r = 0.46) were significantly correlated with FS in SAL. On the whole, only a few variables correlated significantly with FS for SAL and RCB and the corresponding relationships were always linear. No significant correlation between FS and any of the technological and sensorial parameters were found for VIS or PHB.     

Effect of slaughter weight and breed on instrumental and sensory meat quality of suckling kids

The effects of breed and slaughter weight on chemical composition, fatty acid groups, texture, and sensory characteristics of meat of 141 suckling male kids from 5 Spanish breeds were studied. There was a decrease in texture and lightness and hue angle with the increase of the slaughter weight. Fatty acid composition was correlated with the intramuscular fat content. All the breeds except MO had values of n-6/n-3 ratio below 4, which is the healthy limit recommended, and a low atherogenic index as well as a low intramuscular fat content. A multivariate analysis discriminated light kid, which had the most tender and juicy meat, from heavy kid which had more intense kid and milk odours. Blanca Andaluza and Pirenaica had most tender and juicy meat. The effect of slaughter weight on meat traits should be considered separately for each breed to find the most appropriate meat according to consumers preferences.     

Effects of Osmotic Agents on Colour,Textural, Structural,Thermal, and Sensory Properties of Apple Slices

Effects of various osmotic agents (i.e., glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, sorbitol, and honey) were evaluated in terms of moisture loss and solid gain besides objective measurements of colour, texture, glass transition temperature; subjective sensory profile; and scanning electron microscopic cellular structure of osmotically dehydrated apple slices. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher solid gains were observed in the samples dipped in glucose and fructose solutions, whereas maltose-treated samples showed higher water loss. The glass transition temperatures varied from ?68.4 to ?45.6°C, minimum in the case of glucose and maximum in maltose-treated ones. The sucrose- and maltose-treated samples had significantly (p < 0.05) higher L* showing restricted browning. The a* value was maximum and minimum in the case of sucrose- and fructose-treated samples, respectively. Hardness was found to be significantly (p < 0.05) higher (20.104 N) in sucrose-treated samples, while it was at a minimum (4.441 N) in sorbitol-treated ones. The scanning electron microscope studies revealed that cellular structure was retained in sucrose-treated samples, while the damage was observed to be more in the glucose- and fructose-treated ones. The sensory attributes of the osmo-dehydrated samples were found to be better in the case of sucrose-treated samples. The type of humectant, in terms of molecular size, significantly influences the mass transfer process that could be optimized to make the process versatile to meet the requirements of processors and consumers.     

影响蚕蛹油酸败的因素研究

对不同温湿度储藏条件下蚕蛹油脂酸败随时间变化的情况,缫丝和后处理过程对蚕蛹油脂酸败的影响,以及不良蛹的蛹油酸败情况进行了研究。结果表明:时间越长,温度越高,蚕蛹酸败越严重;蚕蛹储藏的最佳相对湿度是70%～80%;不良蛹的油品低于正常蛹,缫丝过程对蛹油质量有较大的影响,在夏秋季高温期间,及时烘干缫丝蚕蛹可明显减少蛹油的酸败。     

Reducing salt and fat content: Impact of composition,texture and cognitive interactions on the perception of flavoured model cheeses

To better understand which composition levers are available to reduce salt content in food without altering flavour perception, this paper aimed at quantifying the impact of texture and composition (salt, fat and dry matter) of a model cheese: (i) on salt and flavour perception, and; (ii) on profile texture and flavour release.     

Effect of varying salt and fat levels on the sensory quality of beef patties

The interactive effects of varying levels of salt and fat on the sensory and physiochemical properties of beef patties were investigated. Twenty beef patties with varying levels of fat (30% 40% 50% 60% w/w) and salt (0.5%, 0.75% 1.0% 1.25% 1.5% w/w) were manufactured. All samples were assessed instrumentally for colour, moisture, fat, cooking loss and texture profile analysis. Sensory consumer evaluation was conducted using 25 consumers. The consumers rated each coded product, in duplicate, in terms of colour, texture, tenderness, juiciness, salt, taste, meat flavour, off flavour and overall acceptability. The data indicate that the most consumer acceptable beef patty was that containing 40% fat with a salt level of 1%. This is a 20% decrease in fat and a 50% decrease in salt levels when compared to commercial patties available in Ireland and the UK.     

Changes in fatty acid composition and improved sensory quality of backfat and meat of pigs fed bacterial protein meal

A total of 48 pigs (11.4 and 107.2 kg initial and final weight) were used to evaluate increasing dietary levels of bacterial protein meal (BPM) produced on natural gas (0, 50, 100, or 150 g kg⁻¹) on fatty acid composition, sensory properties, and susceptibility of pork to lipid oxidation. Increasing levels of BPM to diets increased the content of C16:1 fatty acids in backfat and muscle and total monounsaturated fatty acids in muscle, but decreased the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and iodine value in backfat and muscle. Pigs fed diets containing BPM had reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value in backfat and muscle, reduced intensity of odor and rancid odor and taste in pork after short-time storage, and reduced off-odor and off-taste after intermediate-time storage. To conclude, adding BPM to diets for pigs changed the fatty acid profile, improved the oxidative stability, and sensory quality of pork.     

Physical and sensory aspects of maltodextrin gel addition used as fat replacers in confectionery filling systems

Confectionery fillings are products used in confectionery and baking industry containing approximately 30–40 g fat/100 g product. Due to the high fat content, they have considerable high caloric value. Therefore, there is a trend to decrease fat content in confectionery filling formulations. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using two types of maltodextrin gels as potential fat replacers in confectionery fillings.     

Effects in ewe diet of rosemary by-product on lipid oxidation and the eating quality of cooked lamb under retail display conditions

Distilled dietary rosemary leaf (DRL) was tested to prevent lipid oxidation and sensory deterioration of cooked lamb under retail display conditions. Pregnant sheep were fed with a basal diet supplemented by 0%, 10% and 20% DRL. Cooked lamb fillets were stored for 0, 2 or 4 days at a temperature of 4 °C in a display cabinet and re-heated, simulating catering practices. The cooked lamb suffered rapid lipid oxidation and odour and flavour spoilage associated with slight rancidity and warmed-over flavour, and, to a lesser extent, with loss of colour and juiciness. DRL feeding delayed lipid oxidation measured as TBARS and volatile compounds, this being more effective in the first two days of storage. 10% and 20% of DRL provided equal antioxidant capacity. However, DRL feeding hardly prevented sensory deterioration, although incipient rancidity was delayed. Feeding DRL to ewes contributed to extend the shelf life of cooked lamb under retail display conditions.     

Effects of potato strip size and pre-drying method on french fries quality

Potato strips of 8 mm × 8 mm and 10 mm × 10 mm after blanching were pre-dried using two methods: convective and vacuum-microwave (VM). A two-stage frying in rapeseed oil was applied to prepare French fries from pre-dried potato strips. The quality of French fries in terms of texture, oil content and color was analyzed based on the results from instrumental tests and sensory evaluation. Using vacuum-microwave instead of hot air resulted in substantial shortening of the potato strips’ pre-drying time and decreasing the fat content in French fries. Pre-drying of potato strips, particularly by VM method, improved color and increased maximum cutting force as well as maximum cutting work estimated for French fries. French fries prepared from potato strips of 10 mm × 10 mm exhibited lower lightness, higher fat content and higher cutting strength compared with those made from potato strips of 8 mm × 8 mm. Based on the sensory results, it was found that the best French fries were those from pre-dried potato strips of 8 mm × 8 mm, independently of the pre-drying method used, and the worse were those from potato strips of 10 mm × 10 mm pre-dried with the convective method. SEM images confirmed structural changes occurred in potato tissue during pre-drying and frying.     

The effect of postmortem processing treatments on quality attributes of raw Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) measured by sensory and instrumental methods

The main objective of this study was to compare the effects of three different processing treatments on sensory attributes and instrumental quality measurements of raw Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets. Salmon was either pre-rigor filleted and restricted or allowed to contract (Vacuum-PRE and Contracted-PRE, respectively) or post-rigor filleted (POST). Sensory evaluation (appearance, flavour, texture) and instrumental quality measurements (colour, texture, fat, astaxanthin, liquid holding capacity) were performed at 5–7 days postmortem. Sensory evaluation revealed that Vacuum-PRE fillets had less desirable quality attributes than the other treatment groups, with higher scores for tenderness and whiteness and lower scores for hardness and colour intensity. The observed changes in fillet height between the treatment groups indicated that the immediate vacuum packaging of the Vacuum-PRE fillets had limited their contraction during rigor mortis development, resulting in the negative effects observed on quality. This implicates that the well-known positive effects of pre-rigor filleting regarding colour and texture can be reduced or even abolished if the fillets are restricted from contraction during rigor mortis development.