菊芋全粉对米发糕贮藏品质特性的影响

目的 探究菊芋全粉添加量与米发糕品质特性之间的相关性。方法 在米发糕中添加不同比例(5%、10%、15%、20%、25%)的菊芋全粉,测定其贮藏过程(0、1、3、5、7 d)中感官品质、质构特性和体外消化特性等指标,探究菊芋全粉与米发糕品质指标之间的相关性。结果 与未添加菊芋全粉的米发糕相比,菊芋全粉的添加降低了米发糕的硬度、粘性和咀嚼性,感官评分从81.91下降到70.91,而米发糕抗性淀粉从26.02%增加至34.59%。菊芋全粉的添加能有效减缓米发糕在贮藏期间质构的劣变,贮藏第7d时,添加15%菊芋全粉的米发糕感官评分(80.83)高于对照组(66.57),且添加10%菊芋全粉的米发糕抗性淀粉高达42.23%。通过相关性分析,回复值、弹性和粘聚性是影响米发糕感官品质的主要因素,其中弹性与米发糕感官评分呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。结论 添加菊芋全粉可有效提升米发糕的感官品质及抗消化特性,并能有效减缓米发糕在贮藏期间的质构劣变,同时也丰富了米发糕品种多样性,可为菊芋资源的开发和高值化利用、发糕制品的深度研究提供理论参考。     

Relative importance of moisture migration and amylopectin retrogradation for pound cake crumb firming

Moisture migration largely impacts cake crumb firmness during storage at ambient temperature. To study the importance of phenomena other than crumb to crust moisture migration and to exclude moisture and temperature gradients during baking, crustless cakes were baked using an electrical resistance oven (ERO). Cake crumb firming was evaluated by texture analysis. First, ERO cakes with properties similar to those baked conventionally were produced. Cake batter moisture content (MC) was adjusted to ensure complete starch gelatinisation in the baking process. In cakes baked conventionally, most of the increase in crumb firmness during storage was caused by moisture migration. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) showed that the population containing protons of crystalline starch grew during cake storage. These and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data pointed to only limited amylopectin retrogradation. The limited increase in amylopectin retrogradation during cake storage cannot solely account for the significant firming of ERO cakes and, hence, other phenomena are involved in cake firming.     

Study of the retrogradation behaviour of rice cake using rapid visco analyser,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray analysis

Retrogradation of gelatinised starch is the main phenomenon that influences the texture of MiGao (rice cake). The hardness of the MiGao increased during stored at 25 °C for 5 days. Rapid visco analyser (RVA), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy and X‐ray were quantified to analysis the retrogradation behaviour of MiGao. The most significant change in the pasting curve was the increase in peak viscosity over time measured with an RVA. FT‐IR indicated changes in crystallinity of the MiGao crumb. The X‐ray diffraction patterns could be classified as typical of A‐type starch for the fresh MiGao. With aging, the B‐type structure increases, while the A‐type structure remains virtually unchanged. All the results suggested that the main mechanism underlying the changes in properties is suggested to be slow amylopectin crystallisation.     

Incorporation of chia seed flour into gluten-free rice layer cake: Effects on nutritional quality and physicochemical properties

The purpose of this research was to incorporate 0% to 30% chia seed flour into rice flour gluten-free layer cake and evaluate its effect on nutritional qualities and physicochemical properties. The supplement of chia seed flour resulted in higher batter viscosity, hardness of gluten free layer cake, crude protein, fat, ash, α-linolenic acid (increase up to 10.2% of total fatty acid), total phenolics content, and reducing power but the lower crust, crumb white index, cohesiveness, and resilience of gluten-free layer cake was found. Substitution of rice flour with 10% prehydrated chia seed flour can achieve a higher center height and volume index of gluten-free layer cakes. Higher carosine and angiotension I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity was observed in the supplement of 10% chia seed flour when compared to a rice flour layer cake. Gluten-free layer cake with 10% prehydrated chia seeds flour had similar overall acceptability, texture, flavor, and odor scores except for lower appearance score to those of gluten-free layer cake made with 100% rice flour and layer cake made with 100% wheat flour. Incorporation of 10% prehydrated chia seed flour results in more desirable volume index of gluten-free layer cake and it is feasible for gluten-free layer cake application. Gluten-free layer cakes with improved quality characteristics and high nutritional value can be manufactured by the incorporation of chia seed flour.     

Impact of heat-moisture treatment applied to brown rice flour on the quality and digestibility characteristics of Korean rice cake

Effect of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) of brown rice flour on the quality and digestibility of Korean rice cake (jeolpyeon) was investigated. Brown rice flour with 20% moisture content was heat-moisture treated at 100–110 °C for 1–2 h, and subsequently cooled to 4 °C for 1–2 h. The lightness of HMT rice cake decreased as HMT temperature and time increased, whereas redness and yellowness increased. The hardness, springiness, and cohesiveness of HMT rice cake were much lower than those of brown rice cake. HMT of rice cake caused an increase in the resistant starch content and a decrease in the rapidly digestible starch content. In sensory evaluation, hardness of HMT rice cake was substantially lower than that of rice cake made with untreated brown rice due to retardation of retrogradation. However, the overall acceptability of HMT rice cake was lower than that of white rice cake or brown rice cake.     

Improvement of the quality of gluten-free rice pound cake using extruded rice flour

To improve the quality of gluten-free rice pound cake (GRPC), the ‘Hanarum’ extruded rice flours (HERFs) prepared with 250 rpm screw speed, 160°C barrel temperature, and 24 and 30% feed moisture of ‘Hanarum’ rice flour (HRF) were used. HERF addition reduced crude lipid and ash contents of HRF. HERF addition showed a decrease in lightness and apparent amylose content, but an increase in yellowness, water-binding capacity, and damaged starch content. Increment of solubility was higher than that of swelling power. Pasting viscosities decreased with increasing HERF content and feed moisture of HRF. The specific volume of GRPCs ranged 1.87–1.98. The hardness, springiness, and chewiness were much lower in HERF24 (24% feed moisture) and in 10% added HERF. The sensory texture and the overall eating quality were significantly different with HERF addition (p<0.05). The 10% HERF added GRPCs showed higher scores compared to control and 5% HERF added GRPCs.     

方便年糕与宁波慈城年糕物性的比较研究

为比较方便年糕与传统年糕的区别,对两者的感官、质构和玻璃化温度等特性进行了研究。在相同条件下通过对2种年糕进行感官评定比较其感官属性,发现方便年糕在感官评定上总体优于传统年糕;通过质构仪的质地剖面分析比较两者在硬度、黏性、弹性、黏聚性、咀嚼性和恢复性等指标的区别,得出的结果与感官评定基本一致;用差示扫描量热仪测定两种年糕的淀粉玻璃化温度,初步揭示了方便年糕质量超过传统年糕的原因。研究结果为方便年糕的生产提供了科学依据。     

干法、半干法和湿法磨粉工艺制备的糙米米线品质研究

采用干法、半干法和湿法3种方式将糙米磨粉制备糙米米线,干法粉碎强度10～40 Hz,半干法调节含水量为20%～35%及湿法料液比为1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、1∶4,研究了3种磨粉方式对糙米米线蒸煮品质和质构性质的影响,并分析了糙米磨粉颗粒细度及损伤淀粉含量与糙米米线蒸煮品质的相关性。结果表明,磨粉方式及磨粉工艺条件显著影响糙米米线的蒸煮、质构和感官品质,糙米磨粉颗粒细度与糙米米线最佳蒸煮时间显著正相关,与糙米米线断条率显著负相关。糙米磨粉损伤淀粉含量与糙米米线最佳蒸煮时间、硬度显著负相关,损伤淀粉含量与糙米米线断条率显著正相关。干法粉碎强度10、半干法水分调节含量20%、30%和35%、湿法粉碎料液比1∶3～1∶4时,糙米米线的品质较好。     

Influence of phosphorylated rice flour on the quality of gluten‐free bread

The chemical modification of rice flour by phosphorylation is an alternative to improve the technological quality of bakery products. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of phosphorylation process of rice flour on technological properties (specific volume, crumb and crust colour) of gluten‐free breads and the hardening of these breads during two storage temperatures (21 °C and ?24 °C). Breads were made with native rice flour, with phosphorylated rice flour and with wheat flour, used as control. The phosphorylation causes significant reduction in the synaeresis of pastes and in retrogradation tendency of rice flours, varying from 258.7 cP (native rice flour) to 122 cP (phosphorylated rice flour). The breads prepared with phosphorylated rice flour showed reduction in the hardness in both storage temperatures studied and effect on rice bread volume, crumb appearance and colour, demonstrating the possibility of use of the phosphorylated rice flour in gluten‐free breads.     

制粉方法对糯米粉加工品质的影响

通过对不同制粉方法制备糯米粉的理化特性、热力学特性以及粉团质构特性(TPA)进行分析,研究不同制粉方法对糯米粉加工品质的影响。结果表明,3种制粉方法对糯米粉的加工品质影响明显,湿法制备的糯米粉其水分易控制,色泽好,灰分、酸度、脂肪酸值低,且溶解度小、溶胀度大、凝沉性弱,而3种方法制备的糯米粉的透明度、保水力和热力学特性值差异不明显;从粉团的质构特性可看出湿法制备的糯米粉的加工品质最好。     

Antistaling of rice starch in a gel model system and Korean rice cake: the role of wheat flour in retrogradation-retardation technology

This study focused on the mechanisms of retrogradation-retardation technology for applications in garaetteok (steamed and extruded cylinder-shaped rice cake) production. Based on the comparison of conventional and retrogradation-retardation methods, the addition of raw wheat flour was selected as a key process. The rheological properties of gelatinized rice starch pastes after treatment with raw or autoclaved wheat flour and Novamyl L were investigated. Among them, raw wheat flour and Novamyl L resulted in significantly lowered the elastic modulus. The textural properties of garaetteok treated with raw or autoclaved wheat flour were examined by texture profile analysis (TPA) during storage for 3 days at 4°C. The hardness of garaetteok made with raw wheat flour was maintained for up to three days. In contrast, autoclaved wheat flour did not affect elastic modulus or hardness. As a result, raw wheat flour effectively retards starch retrogradation through starch hydrolysis induced by amylase in wheat flour.     

低蛋白糯米粉对速冻汤圆品质的影响

目的研究不同低蛋白糯米粉含量对速冻汤圆品质的影响。方法低蛋白糯米粉和普通糯米粉分别以0:1、1:3、1:1、3:1、1:0(m:m)5个不同配比制作速冻汤圆,测定汤圆煮制后的质构特性、高径比、浑汤度,并对汤圆进行感官评价。结果低蛋白糯米粉和普通糯米粉配比为1:3(m:m)时,混粉的蛋白质含量5.03%,峰粘678 BU,制作的速冻汤圆软硬适中,粘附性降低了48.3%,汤圆软糯香甜、爽口不粘牙,感官评分最高。结论低蛋白糯米粉和普通糯米粉1:3(m:m)配比能明显改善速冻汤圆的品质,为速冻米面生产提供参考意义。     

不同品种和粒度对米粉糊化特性及米蛋糕品质的影响

为研究不同品种和粒度米粉对米蛋糕品质的影响,选取粳米、籼米、糯米三个品种,分别制备80、100、120、140目的米粉。通过测定不同品种和粒度米粉的糊化特性、米蛋糕的质构特性和感官品质等,采用定性方法分析得出不同品种和粒度米粉对米蛋糕品质的影响。结果表明:随着目数的增加,米粉小颗粒受到的机械损伤增大,水分迅速蒸发,米粉的水分含量逐渐减小;小颗粒粉体更容易吸水膨胀,糊化温度逐渐减小。而衰减值和回生值逐渐增大,峰值黏度和最终黏度先增大后减小;随米粉目数的增加,米蛋糕的咀嚼性逐渐减小,而硬度和弹性逐渐增大,内聚性和感官评分先增大后减小;不同品种米粉的糊化特性、老化特性以及蛋糕品质等均存在差异,米粉粒度对蛋糕品质具有一定的影响。在过筛目数为120目时,蛋糕的感官得分达到最高。当米粉过筛目数在140目粒径较小时,质地过于松软,食用时咀嚼性差,口感欠佳,蛋糕品质下降。相比于糯米粉而言,粳米粉和籼米粉更适宜制作蛋糕,由粳米粉为原料制作的蛋糕品质更好。综上所述,过筛目数为120目的粳米粉更适合制作蛋糕。     

Effect of wheat flour characteristics on sponge cake quality

BACKGROUND: To select the flour parameters that relate strongly to cake‐making performance, in this study the relationship between sponge cake quality, solvent retention capacity (SRC) profile and flour physicochemical characteristics was investigated using 38 soft wheat samples of different origins. Particle size average, protein, damaged starch, water‐soluble pentosans, total pentosans, SRC and pasting properties were analysed. Sponge cake volume and crumb texture were measured to evaluate cake quality. Cluster analysis was applied to assess differences in flour quality parameters among wheat lines based on the SRC profile. RESULTS: Cluster 1 showed significantly higher sponge cake volume and crumb softness, finer particle size and lower SRC sucrose, SRC carbonate, SRC water, damaged starch and protein content. Particle size, damaged starch, protein, thickening capacity and SRC parameters correlated negatively with sponge cake volume, while total pentosans and pasting temperature showed the opposite effect. CONCLUSION: The negative correlations between cake volume and SRC parameters along with the cluster analysis results indicated that flours with smaller particle size, lower absorption capacity and higher pasting temperature had better cake‐making performance. Some simple analyses, such as SRC, particle size distribution and pasting properties, may help to choose flours suitable for cake making. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Original article: Influence of flour mill streams on cake quality

Wheat‐milling process generates different flour streams that differ in particle size, composition and functional and cake‐making properties. Particle size, composition and pasting properties of flour fractions (two from break and three from reduction system) obtained during milling of three wheats varying in protein content were determined. Shape, textural, colour and sensory analyses were performed on cakes prepared with the different mill streams. The final break and reduction streams had the highest protein and ash contents, pasting temperatures and the lowest starch percentage. Cakes prepared with the last streams showed higher batter density and lower volume. These results could indicate good air incorporation but deficient air distribution. Last streams cakes showed a darker, more reddish and yellowish crumb that was significantly related to flour colour characteristics. Because of these differences, such cakes obtained the lowest sensory scores. In this study, it has been verified that, to adapt flours to cake preparation, the final streams should be eliminated. The particle size of each stream is the most determinant parameter to obtain cakes with better volume and texture, being the flours with small particle size the most adequate.     

乳酸湿热处理改善大米粉性质及粉条品质的研究

主要研究乳酸湿热处理对大米粉性质及其干粉条和湿粉条品质的影响。以水磨籼米粉为原料,通过不同浓度乳酸、湿热以及乳酸与湿热联用的方法对米粉进行处理,研究不同条件下制备的大米粉的糊化特性、溶解度、膨胀率以及干粉条和湿粉条的蒸煮品质和质构品质。实验结果表明:乳酸湿热处理对大米粉糊化特性影响显著,大米粉通过湿热处理、乳酸处理、乳酸湿热联用处理后,大米粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、衰减值、最终黏度、回生值都有所降低。在乳酸处理(pH=4)时,峰值黏度最高。乳酸湿热处理对大米粉的溶解度和膨胀度都有一定的影响,与原样相比,被处理过的样品其溶解度、膨胀度都逐渐降低。在粉条蒸煮品质测定中,乳酸处理(pH=4)后,干粉条和湿粉条的断条率、蒸煮损失率都达到最低。在粉条质构品质测定中,经过湿热处理、乳酸处理和乳酸湿热联用处理三种方法处理以后,湿粉条的硬度、咀嚼性均有所下降,在乳酸处理(pH=4)时,湿粉条的弹性达到最大;在湿热处理、乳酸处理和乳酸湿热联用处理中,干粉条的黏度有所下降,在乳酸(pH=4)时,干粉条的弹性达到最大。最终结果:在乳酸处理(pH=4)时,对改善大米粉性质及粉条品质的效果是最优的。     

Quality and textural behaviour of par-baked and rebaked cake during prolonged storage

The effect of par-baking and refrigerator storage on the quality of cake was investigated. Quality evaluation of rebaked cakes was performed by using physical, chemical and instrumental texture profile analysis. Cakes were par-baked for 15, 20 and 25 min at 175 °C and then they were stored at refrigerator temperature (4 °C) for 30, 60 and 90 days, wrapped with two polyethylene bags. After storage, par-baked cakes were rebaked at 175 °C and were subjected to analysis. Par-baking and intermediate storage time had a significant effect on baking loss, crumb moisture content, colour, symmetry index and textural properties of cake. The increase in the par-baking time led to a decrease in the baking loss and an increase in the moisture content of cake. Specific volume, moisture content, L colour value and symmetry index significantly decreased with increasing intermediate storage time, while baking loss significantly increased. However, regarding the crumb hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness, the results indicated that the best result was obtained when cakes were baked for 15 min at the par-baking stage. Overall, the cakes became firmer, less cohesive and less dry crumb as the intermediate storage time increased, whereas springiness increased.     

Physicochemical properties of flour recovered from broken rice noodles during production

Flour recovered from broken rice noodles was evaluated by microscopy, X‐ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, in vitro starch digestibility, pasting and gel texture analyses. Rice noodle making processes destroyed the granular and crystalline structures of rice flour (RF), but the process‐induced recrystallised amylopectin and amylose‐lipid complexes were observed. Higher level of resistant starch in broken rice noodle flour (BRNF) was due to the retrograded amylose, which formed during noodle making. The absence of pasting temperature and low pasting viscosity of BRNF were distinct from those of RF, whereas gel textures of both flours were similar. BRNF‐added rice noodles showed lower hardness, but the other cooking and texture qualities were close to the one without BRNF. Up to 17% of BRNF could be incorporated into composite rice noodle making. This study thus provided an approach to the management and utilisation of food processing wastes.     

Sponge cake microstructure,starch retrogradation and quality changes during frozen storage

The effect of frozen storage (6 months) on the microstructure (microscopy, flatbed scanning and image analysis), quality (texture, moisture and specific volume) and starch retrogradation of the cake crumb were evaluated. After 2 months of storage, texture (firmness, cohesiveness and resilience) was significantly (P < 0.05) affected and starch retrogradation was observed, while by the fourth month, the crystallinity increased and crumb fractures were noticeable. Additionally, the shrinkage of starch granules was observed as the starch circularity (Sc) values significantly decreased (P < 0.05) by the sixth month of storage. Although structural changes were not detected by image analysis, it was demonstrated that cake microstructure damage is related to physical changes because the Sc was significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with moisture and specific volume and therefore with the cake quality and texture. Moreover, sugar re‐crystallisation occurred during frozen storage, and it was significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with the deterioration in cake quality.