Antioxidant potential of single-variety red wines aged in the barrel and in the bottle

Wine constitutes a dynamic system in continuous evolution, in which numerous reactions involving polymerization and condensation take place between its phenolic compounds during the ageing process, which undoubtedly affect its structure and, very probably, its antioxidant effect. This study set out to evaluate the effect of ageing on the antioxidant potential of wine. A group of 162 wines were studied, of varying ages, which had undergone different ageing processes, both in the barrel and in the bottle, and which were prepared from different grape varieties and vintages. Total antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH, DMPD, ORAC and FRAP), scavenger activity (HRSA and SRSA) and the biomarkers of oxidative stress (DNA-damage and ABAP-LP) were all analysed. The assay methods showed different behaviours for the same wines, thus the young wines presented higher indices for ABTS, DPPH and DMPD, whereas those that were aged showed higher indices for ABAP-LP and ORAC. Finally, the antioxidant potential of the wines in the study appeared not to be influenced by other factors, such as microoxygenation or grape variety.     

Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Primitivo Wine: Comparison among Winemaking Technologies

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to assess the influence of 9 winemaking technologies (traditional, delestage, saignée, delayed punching‐down, addition of grape seed tannins, addition of ellagic‐skin‐seed tannins, heating of must‐wine, cryo‐maceration, and prolonged maceration) on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Primitivo musts and wines. Three methods for the determination of the antioxidant activity were compared: DPPH, β‐carotene bleaching assay, and ABTS. Oenological parameters and composition of the phenolic fraction of 1‐y‐aged wines was also determined. The addition of tannins allowed the increase of the phenolic content of musts and wines in a greater amount than the other technologies. The results concerning the antioxidant activity depended on the method applied. Concerning musts, the DPPH assay did not highlight great differences among technologies, whereas the addition of tannins allowed the obtainment of the highest antioxidant activity according to β‐carotene and ABTS assays. The wine aging determined an increase of the antioxidant activity, independently on the method applied. Wine obtained through traditional technology, saignée, and addition of tannins showed the highest antioxidant activities according to DPPH and β‐carotene. The highest correlation coefficients (0.961 and 0.932) were calculated between phenolic content and ABTS values of musts whereas the lowest values (0.413 and 0.517) were calculated between phenolic content and ABTS values of wines. Wines produced through traditional technology were the richest in anthocyanins. The addition of tannins allowed to obtain high content in monomeric anthocyanins, flavonoids, flavans reactive to vanillin, and coumaroylated malvidin and a low content in acetylated malvidin. Practical Applications: It is well known that a moderate consumption (equivalent to 2 glasses per day) of red wine is actually recommended since it appears associated with a decreased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms involved in this protective effect are not completely understood although they appear related to the presence of phenolic compounds. To increase the intake of these compounds without increase of the wine consumption, it is necessary to improve their extraction during maceration. This study could represent a helpful tool for wineries aimed to know the way to increase the antioxidant content of their wines, thus changing them in functional beverages and prolonging their shelf life.     

A comparative study on the antioxidant properties of Slovakian and Austrian wines

The antioxidant properties of 86 wine samples (35 white and 17 red from the Slovak, and 12 white and 22 red from the Burgenland, regions) were investigated by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt cation radical (ABTS⁺) as oxidants. Generally, the red wines showed, on the average, more than 10 times higher antioxidant activity towards ABTS⁺ than the white wines. A similar ratio was found for the total phenolics content. A linear correlation was found between the antioxidant activities determined by DPPH and ABTS⁺ and the phenolics concentration. This trend is supported by the significant difference of the total integral value of the aromatic region in ¹H NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectra between the red and white wine samples. The content of the phenolic acid components of 16 selected wine samples determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) correlates with the antioxidant activities. No significant differences were found between Slovakian and Austrian wines.     

Phenolic compounds and antioxidative properties of selected wines from the northeast of Thailand

The phenolic contents and antioxidative properties of selected wines, produced in the northeast of Thailand, were evaluated and compared, particularly those produced at Suranaree University of Technology (SUT) Farm as a case study. Nine wine varieties were used to evaluate their total phenolic content (TPC) by Folin–Ciocalteu method, free radical scavenging efficacy by DPPH method and reducing power by ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP) method. The red wines had significantly higher (p < 0.05) amounts of total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activities (AA) compared to white wines. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used as a powerful and high performing tool for analysis of principal phenolic compounds in the wines. t-Resveratrol was found in Shiraz, Zinfandel and blended wine varieties. (+)-Catechin was found in all wine varieties, except in Chasselar Dore. (+)-Catechin was present in wines at a higher level than (−)-epicatechin. In red wine, gallic acid was the dominant phenolic acid found.     

Tokay wines as scavengers of free radicals (an EPR study)

Wines are increasingly considered to be beneficial to health, so we expanded our previous investigations of red and white wines to Tokay wines, employing electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). Four sources of free radicals were used in scavenging experiments: thermally decomposed radical initiators, K₂S₂O₈ and 2,2′-azo-bis(2-methylpropionamidine) hydrochloride (AAPH), as well as the cation radical of 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) salt (ABTS), and the stable free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The radical-scavenging abilities of 30 samples of Tokay wines from the Slovak region were compared with 10 samples of red and 10 samples of white wines originating from various regions. Tokay wines show a very good scavenging ability, positioned between white and red wines expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacities (TEAC) with 14.8 ± 1.5 for red, 8.1 ± 3.4 Tokay and 3.3 ± 1.6 for white wines in mmol dm⁻³ wine.     

Free radical scavenging and antibacterial activities of southern Serbian red wines

Free radical scavenging and antibacterial activities were determined for several red wines from different grape varieties from the southern Serbia wine region. The amount of polyphenols and anthocyanins in selected wines was investigated and the potential antibacterial activity of the wines against pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was also determined. The free radical scavenging and antibacterial activity of the wines was correlated with polyphenolic and anthocyanin content. The significant differences in the antioxidant and antibacterial activities between the wines from grape cultivars (Cabernet Sauvingon and Pinot Noir) and the indigenous varieties (Vranac and Prokupac) were not confirmed. The hypothesis of a protective effect of red wine is supported by our results that show that the red wines with higher amounts of polyphenols and anthocyanins had higher antioxidant and antibacterial properties.     

微型DPPH、ABTS和FRAP法动态监测从红酒中分离得到的不同种类多酚化合物的抗氧化活性

本文确定了微型1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力测定法(2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)、2,2-联氮基双(3-乙基-苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐总抗氧化能力测定法(2,20-Azino-bis(3-ethylben zothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt,ABTS)和铁离子还原/抗氧化力测定法(ferric reduction ability plasma assay,FRAP)测定从红酒中分离得到的不同种类多酚化合物抗氧化活性的最佳反应时间以及抗氧化活性的大小。以抗氧化剂Trolox和Vc为对照,动态监测红酒中不同种类多酚化合物在三种体系中的反应过程,计算不同浓度下红酒多酚类化合物的抗氧化活性。结果表明,三种反应体系的最佳反应时间分别是100 min、240 min和370 min。不同种类的红酒多酚类化合物与抗氧化剂一样,其样品浓度与抗氧化活性呈明显的量效关系。从相关性分析得出,表儿茶素、多聚体、低聚体、花色苷是影响葡萄酒抗氧化活性的主要成分,可以将其确定为葡萄酒质量控制的指标。本文建立的微型DPPH、ABTS和FRAP法操作简单,重复性好,样品消耗少。     

不同原料的米酒多酚及其抗氧化性能比较

为了更好地了解不同原料对米酒发酵过程中多酚及其抗氧化活性的影响,采用6种大米原料进行甜米酒的传统固态发酵工艺酿制.通过Folin-Ciocalteu法和高效液相色谱分别测定米酒的总多酚含量和主要酚类成分,根据ABTS自由基清除率和铁离子还原力(FRAP)检测米酒的抗氧化活性,并对米酒多酚含量与抗氧化性进行相关性分析,对...     

三种甘薯发酵酒抗氧化特性研究

通过测定渝紫263、紫薯王以及豫薯王三种甘薯发酵酒中理化指标和酚类物质含量,以及对铁离子还原能力、DPPH自由基清除能力、羟基自由基清除能力,研究了3种甘薯发酵酒的抗氧化特性。结果显示,三种甘薯发酵酒总酚含量分别为247.5 mg/L、200.5 mg/L、63.5 mg/L,渝紫263发酵酒和紫薯王发酵酒的各项酚类物质含量及铁离子还原能力、DPPH自由基清除能力均明显高于豫薯王发酵酒,且三种甘薯发酵酒的羟基自由基清除均明显高于对照组VC。表明三种甘薯发酵酒均具有较强的抗氧化特性。     

3种不同类型黄酒抗氧化作用比较研究

目的比较3种不同类型黄酒的抗氧化作用。方法测定了3种不同类型黄酒中总酚含量,采用二苯苦味酰肼(1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)法、2,2'-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸[2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS]法、邻苯三酚自氧化法及羟自由基抑制法对3种不同类型黄酒的清除自由基活性进行比较。结果传统型、清爽型和特型黄酒中总酚含量分别为254、185、205mg/L。传统型黄酒对DPPH自由基、ABTS·~+自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的清除率分别为63.2%、63.8%和58.6%,清爽型对上述3种自由基的清除率分别为28.9%、25.8%和22.7%,特型黄酒对这3种自由基的清除率分别为45.9%、35.9%和34.7%。传统型、清爽型和特型黄酒对羟自由基的抑制率分别是38.6%、18.2%和24.1%。结论 3种不同类型黄酒对DPPH自由基、ABTS·~+自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基均具有较强的清除作用,其中,传统型黄酒抗氧化能力最强。     

不同来源红曲米多酚类化合物和抗氧化活性的聚类分析

为了研究不同红曲米样品抗氧化性差异,考察了10种红曲米样品中总多酚和总黄酮含量与DPPH、ABTS自由基清除力,并进一步分析了多酚类化合物的种类和含量。结果表明,红曲米总多酚和总黄酮含量与其DPPH和ABTS自由基清除力呈显著的正相关性(P＜0.01);其中广东红曲的总多酚、总黄酮含量和抗氧化性的指标最高,其次为福建红曲,浙江红曲最低。同时多酚类化合物的种类及含量在不同的红曲米样品间差异较大,以多酚类化合物种类和含量作为区分依据,10种红曲米样品被分为4组,呈现产地聚集。表明红曲米样品中多酚类化合物的种类和含量受产地来源的影响较大。     

Antioxidant Properties of Sparkling Wines Produced with β-Glucanases and Commercial Yeast Preparations

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant potential of sparkling wines produced with β-glucanases, autolysated yeasts, yeast cell walls, and purified mannoproteins. Total antioxidant capacity (measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] radical-scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power [FRAP] assay), and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity (HRSA) were higher in the wine samples with coadjuvants (in relation to the control wine). The highest values of antioxidant activity were achieved with purified mannoproteins and, in lesser extent, with β-glucanases. Neutral polysaccharides and total proteins were highly and positively correlated with DPPH, FRAP, and HRSA assays. However, correlations between the levels of each different phenolic family and antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities were not found. β-Glucanase and commercial yeast preparations can be excellent coadjuvants to increase the antioxidant properties of sparkling wines. Practical Application: β-Glucanase and commercial yeast preparations can be excellent coadjuvants to increase the antioxidant properties of sparkling wines. The suggested improvement has significant implication for the production of high added value sparkling wines.     

Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolic fractions from selected Moroccan red wines

The present study is the first effort to a comprehensive evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of fractionated red wines from Morocco. The results obtained revealed that the wine samples were characterized by a higher phytochemical concentration than the same variety of wines with a different geographical origin and other more consumed red wines, confirming what was reported in a previous authors' work. The most phenolic-rich fractions were the ones containing phenolic acids and quercetin glucoronides from Syrah and Merlot wine samples while Cabernet Sauvignon exhibited the highest monomeric anthocyanin content. The antioxidant activity of wine extracts was tested by ferric reducing antioxidant power and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl assays. Samples revealed a higher reducing capacity than radical scavenging property and a good correlation between antioxidant activity and polyphenolic content values. As regards the antimicrobial properties, each fraction exhibited activity against a broad spectrum of food-borne microorganisms, revealing not only a moderate to high natural preserving capacity, but also potentially beneficial influence on human health. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In consideration of the scarcity of data regarding composition and biological properties of Moroccan red wines, the present study may represent a valuable reference for wine consumers and producers.     

苦荞红曲保健酒的抗氧化活性

为研究苦荞红曲保健酒的总黄酮和总酚的体外抗氧化活性,测定其对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基的清除能力和铁离子还原/抗氧化能力（FRAP值）,并且与市售黄酒、VC、Trolox进行对比。结果表明,苦荞红曲保健酒有一定DPPH自由基清除率、ABTS自由基清除率和铁离子还原力。被测样品的抗氧化活性与总黄酮、总酚的含量有显著的相关性（P〈0.01）。     

Comparative studies on the antioxidant properties and polyphenolic content of wine from different growing regions and vintages,a pilot study to investigate chemical markers for climate change

Many health benefits of wine result from specific polyphenolic compounds. Factors such as climate, CO₂ levels and region are known to affect polyphenolic compounds in wine; therefore a pilot study was conducted to focus on the Australian climate which has shifted from El Niño to La Niña. This research paper presents the influence of climate conditions and growing regions on the in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant capacity of red and white wine and the profile and concentration of polyphenols in these wines from the 2008 and 2009 vintages. The ORAC and polyphenolic data show that warmer climate wines had lower in vitro antioxidant capacity values but retained good bioavailability based on data from the RBC ex vivo assay compared to cool climate wines. Based on this pilot study, further research is being conducted at the National Measurement Institute, Australia (NMIA) with the goal of determining more polyphenolic compounds which appear to be affected by climate conditions.     

干红树葡萄酒与干红葡萄酒功能成分及其抗氧化活性对比

分别测定干红树葡萄酒与2种干红葡萄酒(法国干红葡萄酒、国产干红葡萄酒)中的总多酚、总黄酮、白藜芦醇、单宁、酚酸、维生素、花青素及矿物质等功能性成分,采用DPPH法、ABTS法、邻二氮菲法和FRAP法分析3种酒的抗氧化能力,并对其差异进行分析比较。结果表明:干红树葡萄酒与2种干红葡萄酒功能成分种类及含量各有特点和优势。干红树葡萄酒中没食子酸、VA、VC、Mn与Zn含量均极显著高于国产干红葡萄酒和法国干红葡萄酒;法国干红葡萄酒中总多酚、总黄酮、白藜芦醇、儿茶素、咖啡酸、香豆酸、阿魏酸、矢车菊色素及Fe含量均极显著高于国产干红葡萄酒和干红树葡萄酒;国产干红葡萄酒中单宁、VD、飞燕草色素、矮牵牛色素、天竺葵色素、芍药色素、锦葵色素、Ca和Mg含量均极显著高于法国干红葡萄酒和干红树葡萄酒。3种酒抗氧化活性亦各具特色,树葡萄红酒对DPPH·的清除能力最强,法国干红葡萄酒对·OH的清除能力最强,国产干红葡萄酒对ABTS~+的清除能力及对铁离子的还原能力最强。     

Polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of selected China wines

Thirty-seven China wines, produced from different geographical origins, were examined in this study. The antioxidant activity of wines was measured by different analytical methods: oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), reducing power, 2,2-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothialozine-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·), hydroxyl radical-scavenger activity, superoxide radical-scavenger activity, lipid peroxidation and chelating capacity. Furthermore,total phenols, total flavonoids, total flavanols and total anthocyanins of wines were determined. As expected, the red wines had much higher phenolic content and antioxidant capacity than rosé wines or white wines. Among the red wines, Cabernet Sauvignon and Muscat Hamburg, respectively, represented the wines with the highest and lowest phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity. Among the white wines, Italian Riesling had the lowest phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Taken together, a close relationship between phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity, for all wines, was observed.     

不同酿酒酵母PDEs缺失突变株对磨盘柿果酒抗氧化及挥发性物质的影响

以磨盘柿子为原料,考察野生型及基因型为PDE1/Dpde1、Dpde1/Dpde1、PDE2/Dpde2和Dpde2/Dpde2的环核苷酸磷酸二酯酶基因缺失的酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）发酵过程中可溶性固形物、总糖、乙醇体积分数和pH值等基本理化指标,总酚和总黄酮等活性物质以及2’-联氨-双-（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐自由基、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力和总还原力等抗氧化能力的变化;并采用顶空固相微萃取技术与气相色谱-质谱联用相结合的方法,对不同菌株发酵的磨盘柿果酒挥发性物质成分进行比较分析。结果表明,在12?d达到发酵终点,4?株突变体发酵速率均比野生型快,其中Dpde2/Dpde2菌株的发酵速率最快;4?株突变体菌株酿造的磨盘柿果酒中总黄酮含量和抗氧化能力均高于野生型菌株,Dpde2/Dpde2菌株酿造的磨盘柿果酒抗氧化功效最强。PDEs基因缺失菌株与野生型酿酒酵母酿造的磨盘柿果酒中的风味物质种类差异不大,PDE2/Dpde2菌株酿造的磨盘柿果酒中酯类相对含量较高。     

Phenol content,antioxidant activity and metal composition of Croatian wines deriving from organically and conventionally grown grapes

The present study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity, the polyphenol and metal content of conventionally and organically produced wines, which underwent similar winemaking processes. The wine grapes were grown under well-defined organic and conventional conditions from the two different wine-growing sub-regions of Croatia, Prigorje and Southern Dalmatia. The values of antioxidant activity, as evaluated by two free radical methods, ABTS and DPPH, was found systematically higher in organic wines compared to conventional ones. In a reversed phase HPLC analysis, used in order to characterise the phenol fraction of wines, higher concentrations of chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, catechin, trans-resveratrol, all studied hydroxybenzoic acids and flavonols were found in the organically produced wines. No apparent trend was found in the metal contents of the wines, but ICP-MS analysis confirmed that both wine productions, organic and conventional, were well within the toxicological safety limits.     

Phenolic composition,colour, antioxidant activity and mineral profile of Cabernet Sauvignon wines

Phenolic compounds and mineral content constitute important quality parameters of wines. It is probably during ageing, that the greatest number of polymerisation and condensation reactions occurs, notably modifying the composition of the wine. The aim of this study was to characterise Cabernet Sauvignon wines of different vintages from two regions in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. It was not possible to clearly observe an evolution of the phenolic content and colour parameters in the different vintages of the wines. The ABTS method gave higher antioxidant value than DPPH, which showed higher correlation with total polyphenols. Principal components analysis showed differences between the wines, especially in relation to vintage. Also, the study allowed a clear separation of wines in relation to place of vineyards in terms of mineral composition.