Chemical analysis and physico-chemical properties of chickpea and lentil cultivars

Some high yielding cultivars of chickpea (Kabuli and desi) (Cicer arietinum) and lentil (Lens esculenta) were used for chemical analysis and physico-chemical properties namely protein, fat, sugars, starch, in vitro digestibility of starch and protein; seed weight, seed volume, seed density, hydration capacity, swelling capacity, water absorption capacity and cooking time. Among chickpea, Gora Hisari (Kabuli) and Haryana Chana (desi) cultivars, and among lentil LH 82-6 cultivar manifested higher contents of protein, fat, sugars, starch and in vitro digestibility of starch and protein. Values of seed volume, seed density, hydration capacity, swelling capacity and water absorption capacity were also found higher for these cultivars which might have contributed towards less cooking time.     

Cooking quality and nutritional attributes of some nely developed cultivars of chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Eight nely developed and to commonly gron chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) cultivars ere evaluated for their cooking quality by measuring cooking time, ater absorption and sensory properties. Nutritional aspects of cooked hole seed samples ere measured chemically (including amino acids and minerals) and biologically in nitrogen-balance experiments ith rats. Results indicated that kabuli (cream seed coat) may be generally preferred to desi (bron seed coat) cultivars in terms of cooking time and sensory properties. Calcium content as noticeably higher in desi than in kabuli cultivars, hereas magnesium, iron, copper and zinc shoed no definite trend. Levels of lysine, threonine, methionine and cystine of these genotypes ere ithin the range of FAO values. Desi and kabuli revealed no noticeable difference in protein and amino acids. Hoever, biological value as considerably higher for kabuli than for desi. Consequently, kabuli contained more utilisable protein and may be nutritionally better than desi. In general, cooking quality and nutritional aspects of both nely developed and control cultivars ere similar.     

Relationships Between Selected Properties of Seeds,Flours, and Starches from Different Chickpea Cultivars

ABSTRACT

Five desi (PBG-1, PDG-4, PDG-3, GL-769, and GPF-2) and one kabuli type (L-550) chickpea cultivars were evaluated for their seed mass, volume, hydration capacity, swelling capacity, cooking time, and instrumental textural properties (hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness). Flour was prepared from these chickpea cultivars and various physicochemical and functional properties were determined. The pasting (pasting temperature, peak viscosity, breakdown, and final viscosity) and gelatinization (T _o, T _p, T _c, and ΔH _gel) properties of these flours were measured using Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), respectively. Starch was also isolated from chickpea cultivars and evaluated for amylose content, swelling power, solubility, and syneresis values. Physicochemical, cooking, and instrumental textural properties of seeds of different chickpea cultivars were related to physicochemical, gelatinization, and pasting properties of their flours and physicochemical properties of their starches. Selected properties of chickpea seeds were significantly correlated with the properties of their starches and flours. Hardness value of soaked chickpea seeds was positively correlated to cooking time, seed mass, seed volume, hydration, and swelling capacity (p < 0.01). Water solubility index (WSI) of chickpea flours was positively correlated to seed mass, volume, hydration capacity, and hardness value (p < 0.05). Selected instrumental textural parameters of seeds had positive correlation with ΔH _gel of flours (p < 0.01). Peak viscosity of flours showed positive correlation to breakdown, final viscosity, bulk density, and negative correlation to cohesiveness of soaked seeds (p < 0.01). Final viscosity showed negative correlation to bulk density and water absorption index (WAI) (p < 0.01) of flours.     

Milling and physicochemical properties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties

BACKGROUND: Physical characteristics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds such as grain size, weight and hull content are important from a milling and marketing point of view. Chemical characteristics provide the information on nutritional status of grains. Chickpea of Desi (cv. A1) and Kabuli (cv. L550) cultivars were analyzed for their physicochemical, milling and milled flour quality characteristics. RESULTS: Between dry and wet milling, higher yield of dhal was obtained from wet milling, which was found to be true in both cultivars. An extra yield of 2–4% was obtained in wet milling. Between the cultivars, Desi was found to be the higher dhal‐yielding cultivar in both dry and wet milling methods. Fat, ash and protein contents were found to be higher in Kabuli than in Desi and the values were respectively 5.3%, 3.5% and 24.9% for Kabuli and 4.3%, 2.2% and 22.6% for Desi. CONCLUSION: The chickpea cultivars Desi and Kabuli vary significantly in their physical properties such as seed color, size, 100‐seed weight and 100‐seed volume. Between the dry and wet milling, a higher yield (2–4%) of dhal was obtained from wet milling. Between the cultivars, electronic nose analysis of chickpea flour indicated the possibility of differentiating the variations associated with varietal difference and milling. The gel electrophoresis pattern of chickpea showed as many as 15 protein bands in flours from both the cultivars, either in phosphate or SDS buffer. The Rapid Visco Analyzer profile did not show a significant difference between the two cultivars. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Extraction and characterization of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) albumin and globulin

ABSTRACT:  Albumin and globulin fractions of 1 Desi and 2 Kabuli varieties of chickpeas ( Cicer arietinum ) were extracted with water and salt solutions (K₂SO₄ and NaCl). The extractable yields and particularly the albumin-globulin ratio varied greatly with the extraction medium and chickpea variety. Depending on the procedure employed, albumin could be extracted as a major fraction of chickpea proteins. Higher levels of essential amino acids and sulfur containing amino acids were found in albumins than in globulins of all chickpeas investigated. The common structural characteristics of both Kabuli and Desi chickpea albumins and globulins were clearly identified by densitometric profiles of their sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel patterns. Albumins contained subunits with higher molecular weights than those of globulins. The in vitro digestibility of the chickpea proteins by papain, pepsin, chymotrypsin, and trypsin indicated that globulins were more susceptible to proteolytic hydrolysis.     

Differential sensitivity of Desi (small‐seeded) and Kabuli (large‐seeded) chickpea genotypes to water stress during seed filling: effects on accumulation of seed reserves and yield

Water stress during the reproductive phase, especially during seed development, is considered detrimental for chickpea yield. In the present study, the relative sensitivity of Desi and Kabuli chickpea types to water stress during seed filling was assessed in terms of effects on quantitative and qualitative aspects of seed yield. Leaves of both types experienced stress injury (evaluated as electrolyte leakage) to the same extent and possessed almost similar values of water potential at the end of 14 days of water stress. The stressed plants of Kabuli type lost more chlorophyll and had less photosynthesis than Desi type. At maturity, Desi type showed more diminution of vegetative dry matter due to stress over control than Kabuli type. On the other hand, Kabuli type showed a proportionally greater reduction in seed weight per plant, average seed weight, average seed size, number of pods (single‐ and double‐seeded) and harvest index. The stressed seeds of Kabuli type showed 48 and 46% reduction over control in starch and protein content compared with 25 and 40%, respectively in Desi type. The accumulation of soluble sugars was relatively greater due to stress in Kabuli (47%) than Desi type (23%). Fat and fiber content declined by 39 and 35% over control in Desi seeds because of stress whereas Kabuli type showed 46 and 67% decreases, respectively. Protein fractions, namely albumins, globulins, glutelins and prolamins, decreased in stressed seeds of Kabuli by 32, 40, 16 and 15% over control relative to 40, 48, 30 and 28%, respectively, in Kabuli type. The activities of sucrose synthase, invertase and soluble starch synthase were inhibited to a higher extent in Kabuli seeds than Desi seeds under stress. Kabuli seeds showed significantly more reduction in the accumulation of amino acids such as phenylalanine + tyrosine, tryptophan, valine, alanine and histidine and minerals (Ca, P, Fe) due to stress compared with Desi type. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Study of selected quality and agronomic characteristics and their interrelationship in Kabuli‐type chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.)

Impact of genotype on quality, agronomic characteristics and their interrelationship in Kabuli‐type chickpea was investigated to provide significant feedback to breeder for selection/evolution of the most suitable varieties. Seven genotypes were studied for seventeen physical, chemical and agronomic characteristics. The effect of Kabuli‐type chickpea genotype on the physicochemical parameters, cooking time and agronomic characteristics were significant. Maximum seed size and volume were recorded for CC98/99 (0.32 g and 0.26 mL seed^?1, respectively), density and swelling index for the genotype FLIP97‐179C (having minimum seed size and volume), while the rest of the genotypes were statistically the same. Weight, volume after hydration, hydration capacity and swelling capacity followed the same pattern. Maximum moisture, protein and mineral concentration were noted in CC98/99. Seed protein concentration for the remaining genotypes was statistically non‐significant from one another. Longer period was taken by CM 2000 for flowering and maturity (130 and 181 days, respectively). Minimum time to flowering and maturity was taken by CC98/99. Genotype CC 98/99 outyielded all other genotypes (2107 kg ha^?1). Seed size and seed volume were strongly and positively correlated with protein content, weight after hydration, volume after hydration, hydration and swelling capacities (r = 0.83–1.0). Strong correlation was also noted among different agronomic characters.     

Nutritive value of mango seed kernel

Seed kernels of two cultivars (Chausa and Dusheri) of mango (Mangifera indica) were analysed for chemical composition, lipid classes, fatty acid composition, amino acid profile and chemical evaluation of protein quality. The seed kernels constituted about 18% of the total fruit and had 5% protein, 6–7% crude fat, 0.19–0.44% tannins, iodine value of 34–44 and saponification number 202–213. Oleic acid (42%) and stearic acid (39%) were the principal fatty acids in the oil. The in vitro digestibility was low in these cultivars, possibly due to the presence of tannins. Sulphur-containing amino acids (methionine+cystine) and isoleucine were the limiting amino acids in Chausa and Dusheri, respectively. The essential amino acid index and protein quality index were high, thus indicating the good quality of the protein in mango seed kernel.     

Nutritive value and antinutritional factors in different varieties of Sesbania seeds and their morphological fractions

Four different Sesbania seeds, S. aculeata, S. rostrata, S. sesban (accession 10865D) and S. sesban (accession 15019D), were analysed for their physicochemical properties, nutritive values and antinutritional factors (ANFs) in order to assess feasibility of use as an unconventional food resource. Seeds of both the accessions of S. sesban were smaller in size but their seed coat+endosperm fractions were higher (56–57%) than those of S. aculeata and S. rostrata (49–51%). S. rostrata had a lower hydration capacity, hydration index, swelling capacity and swelling index than other seeds. The crude protein content in different seeds ranged from 29.1 to 33.1%, crude lipid 4.7–6.0%, crude fibre 10.9–15.8%, total crude carbohydrates 44.6–47.4% and gross energy 19.2–20.0 kJ/g. Except for isoleucine, histidine and tryptophan, all other essential amino acids were deficient compared to the FAO/WHO reference pattern. The seed fractions showed similar amino acid pattern to that of whole seed with slightly higher values. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were the major fatty acids (FAs) and the total unsaturated and essential FAs ranged from 78.1 to 82.3% and 77.2 to 80.3%, respectively, with S. aculeata having the highest value. The ranges of starch fractions in different seeds were: total starch 17.5–20.4%, digestible starch 7.3–10.2% and resistant starch 10.2–11.2%. The soluble sugar contents ranged from 8.8 to 10.6%. The ranges of antinutritional factors in different seeds were: total phenols 2.96–5.95%, tannins 1.97–2.25%, condensed tannins 1.82–5.14%, phytic acid 1.89–2.37%, saponins 0.52–1.46%, trypsin inhibitors 5.25–14.0 (mg trypsin inhibited per gram of sample) and lectin activity 10.2–20.5 units. There was a wide variation in the ANFs contents of seed coat+endosperm, and cotyledons.     

不同品种杏仁氨基酸组成分析及综合评价

选取新疆种植的10 种杏仁作为研究对象,通过必需氨基酸指数（essential amino acid index,EAAI）和氨基酸比值系数分（score of ratio coefficient of amino acid,SRC）等化学指标对杏仁蛋白质营养价值进行系统分析;并在主成分分析和聚类分析的基础上对10?种杏仁的品质进行综合评价。结果表明杏仁总氨基酸质量分数在16.7%～23.12%之间,必需氨基酸与总氨基酸比值在32.18%～33.75%之间,EAAI值＞100,SRC值＜100,且品种间差异较大,其中限制性氨基酸为含硫氨基酸和赖氨酸。通过主成分分析提取3?个主成分,累计方差贡献率为90.295%,由每个主成分贡献率重新建立的综合评价模型较好地反映了杏仁蛋白质的综合信息,并将10?种杏仁按品质排名。聚类分析将10?种杏仁分为4?类,结果与主成分分析一致。     

Relationship between cooking time and some physical characteristics in chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.)

The time required to cook chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) varies from 55 to over 200 min. Seed weight and volume, swelling index and hydration capacity were found to correlate with cooking time. Correlation coefficients of between 0.65 and 0.75 were found for kabuli-type (large seed) chickpeas, and coefficients of between 0.78 and 0.87 when desi types (small seed) were included. These relationships enable large numbers of chickpea genotypes to be screened rapidly into long, medium and short cooking time types.     

Antinutrients (phytic acid,polyphenols) and minerals (Ca,Fe) availability (in vitro) of chickpea and lentil cultivars

High yielding cultivars of chickpea (Desi and Kabuli) (Cicer arietinum) and lentil (Lens esculenta) were analysed for their total mineral content, per cent availability (in vitro) of minerals and level of antinutrients. Gora Hisari (Kabuli chickpea), Haryana channa (Desi chickpea) and La-12 (lentil) were found superior. These cultivars contain highest per cent availability (in vitro) of calcium and iron and lowest values of phytic acid and polyphenols compared to other cultivan of chickpea and lentil.     

不同品种鹰嘴豆淀粉糊与凝胶特性研究

以不同品种的鹰嘴豆Kabuli和Desi为原料,采用快速黏度仪、质构仪和流变仪研究淀粉糊与凝胶特性的差异。研究表明:Kabuli淀粉在糊化过程中的峰值、谷值、最终黏度等特征值均高于Desi淀粉,而降落值、回值及成糊温度却低于Desi淀粉。Kabuli淀粉的品质优于Desi淀粉,但这2种鹰嘴豆淀粉糊的糊丝均属于短糊系列。在不同热过程中Desi淀粉形成凝胶速度快,强度大;Kabuli淀粉的凝胶强度随温度的变化是可逆的。Kabuli淀粉凝胶破裂强度、弹性模量均小于Desi淀粉凝胶。     

金银花籽组成成分的分析研究

分析了金银花籽的营养成分、氨基酸组成、微量元素的含量以及金银花籽油的理化指标和脂肪酸组成。结果表明,金银花籽含22.22%的油,21.43%的蛋白质,15.37%的糖类,13.04%的水分和4.05%的灰分;金银花籽蛋白质中氨基酸种类齐全;金银花籽油富含不饱和脂肪酸,含量高达85.28%。金银花籽油的理化指标为:相对密度d2400.9158,折光指数n201.4796,皂化值180.31mgKOH/g,酸值2.55 mgKOH/g。     

Variation among physical,chemical and technological properties in three Sicilian cultivars of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Three Sicilian chickpea cultivars (‘Calia’, ‘Etna’ and ‘Principe’) were evaluated for physical, chemical and technological properties. Whereas no substantial differences were ascertained on seeds chemical composition, the cultivars greatly differed in terms of seed size, specific surface area (SSA) and seed coat incidence. These last two properties affected the technological properties of the seeds. In particular, a high SSA (‘Calia’) contributed to a faster softening, whilst a great coat thickness (‘Etna’) delayed both hydration and softening rate. The time required to obtain an acceptable firmness (cooking time) was greatly reduced by presoaking the seeds in salt solution (0.5% NaCl or NHCO₃). ‘Calia’ required the lowest cooking time when soaked in distilled water or in 0.5% NaCl. Presoaking seed in NaHCO₃ allowed halving the cooking time in all cultivars.     

四棱豆油脂、脂肪酸、蛋白质、氨基酸的分析

以4 个四棱豆品种的种子为材料,采用索式提取法、毛细管柱测定总脂肪含量及分析各脂肪酸含量;利用凯氏定氮法、全自动氨基酸分析仪测定蛋白质总量及各蛋白氨基酸组成。结果表明,四棱豆种子中油脂总量在20%～22%,主要含有28 种脂肪酸,油酸占单不饱和脂肪酸的90.7%;多不饱和脂肪酸主要为亚油酸、α - 亚麻酸和EPA;饱和脂肪酸平均含量为25.76%,主要为棕榈酸和硬脂酸。蛋白质总量在38% 左右,必需氨基酸含量丰富。     

Variability of Some Physico-chemical Characters in Desi and Kabuli Chickpea Types

A collection of 50 chickpea accessions (26 kabuli and 24 desi types) was evaluated for 2 years for eight physico-chemical seed characters: 100-seed weight, hydration capacity, hydration index, coat thickness and contents of protein, oil, acid detergent fibre (ADF) and starch. Significant differences were found between desi and kabuli types for the majority of the characters. The variance component due to the genotype×year interaction was important for the hydration index, starch and protein content, showing the importance of the year effect on genotypic expression of these characters. One kabuli accession and five desi accessions with high and stable protein content were selected. There was no overlap between the variation limits of desi and kabuli for coat thickness and ADF content. There were high positive and significant correlations between seed weight and oil content for both types of chickpea.     

Chemical composition and functional properties of Ulva lactuca seaweed collected in Tunisia

The chemical composition and some functional properties of the dried “Ulva lactuca” algae, collected from the littoral between the Taboulba and Sayada area, were determined. The dried “U. lactuca” algae were investigated for their soluble, insoluble and total dietary fibre content, mineral amount, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, swelling capacity (SWC), water holding capacity (WHC) and oil holding capacity (OHC). Results showed that “U. lactuca” alga powder was characterised by a high content of fibres (54.0%), minerals (19.6%), proteins (8.5%) and lipids (7.9%). The neutral fibres contain hemicellulose (20.6%), cellulose (9.0%) and lignin (1.7%). The proteinic fraction analysis indicated the presence of essential amino acids, which represent 42.0% of the total amino acids. The fatty acids profile was dominated by the palmitic acid, which represents about 60.0% of the total fatty acids, followed by oleic acid (16.0%). The study of the functional properties proved that SWC, WHC and OHC of this alga varied with temperatures and that were comparable to those of some commercial fibre rich products.     

Nutritional assessment of defatted oil meals of melon (Colocynthis citrullus L.) and fluted pumpkin (Telfaria occidentalis hook) by chick assay

Analytical data on fatty acid, amino acid and mineral content of defatted melon seed and fluted pumpkin seed are presented and discussed. Also discussed are experimental data on availability of amino acids and minerals in these meals. Defatted melon seed and fluted pumpkin seed have protein contents of 66.20% and 66.54%, respectively, with an excellent pattern of amino acids, containing higher levels of most essential amino acids (except lysine) than soya bean meal. Amino acid availability is high (melon seed 95.30%, pumpkin seed 93.12%) and similar to the level in soya bean meal (94.31%). Mineral availability is significantly lower in melon seed (53.63%) and soya bean meal (54.94%) than in pumpkin seed (58.84%). The potential for increased dietary utilisation of melon and fluted pumpkin meals and flours to meet the dietary needs of monogastric animals as well as human subjects is discussed.     

Characteristics and composition of different seed oils and flours

The nutritional quality and functional properties of paprika seed flour and seed kernel flours of pumpkin and watermelon, and also the characteristics and structure of their seed oils, were studied. Paprika seed and seed kernels of pumpkin and watermelon were rich in oil and protein. All flour samples contained considerable amounts of P, K, Mg, Mn and Ca. Paprika seed flour was superior to watermelon and pumpkin seed kernel flours in contents of lysine and total essential amino acids. Antinutritional compounds, such as stachyose, raffinose, verbascose, trypsin inhibitor, phytic acid and tannins, were detected in all flours. Pumpkin seed kernel flour had higher values of chemical score, essential amino acid index and in-vitro protein digestibility than the other flours examined. The first limiting amino acid was lysine, for both watermelon and pumpkin seed kernel flours, but it was leucine in paprika seed flour. Functional properties were excellent in watermelon and pumpkin seed kernel flours and fairly good in paprika seed flour. Flour samples could be potentially added to food systems such as bakery products and ground meat formulations, not only as a nutrient supplement, but also as a functional agent in these formulations. Oil samples had high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, with linoleic and oleic acids as the major acids. All oil samples could be fractionated into seven classes including triglycerides as a major lipid class. Data obtained for the oils characteristics compare well with those of other edible oils.