HVOF喷涂纳米WC-12Co涂层的性能研究

为促进HVOF喷涂纳米WC-12Co涂层在工业上的应用,采用HVOF喷涂法分别制备了纳米和微米结构WC-12Co涂层.研究了涂层的结合强度,测试了两种涂层的显微硬度及耐冲蚀磨损性能,并利用扫描电镜对喷涂粉末、涂层显微组织、冲蚀表面形貌进行了分析.研究结果表明：两种涂层中纳米涂层显微硬度是普通涂层的1.5倍,最高达到1610 HV,纳米涂层中W C颗粒的分布更均匀,冲蚀率是微米级涂层的1/2左右,性能更优越.     

超音速火焰喷涂纳米结构WC-12Co涂层耐泥沙冲蚀性能研究

采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)分别制备了纳米结构、双峰结构及微米结构WC-12Co金属陶瓷复合涂层,比较了不同结构WC-12Co涂层的组织结构及显微硬度,进行了不同结构WC-12Co涂层和Ni60喷熔层的泥浆冲蚀磨损试验,并探讨了它们的泥浆冲蚀机理.结果表明:采用超音速火焰喷涂制备的纳米结构及双峰结构WC-12Co涂层结构致密,涂层显微硬度明显高于微米结构WC-12Co涂层;与微米结构WC-12Co涂层相比,纳米结构和双峰结构WC-12Co涂层具有更优良的抗泥浆冲蚀性能,其耐泥浆冲蚀性能分别提高了50%及20%以上.     

具备Al2O3原位合成特性的WC复合粉末设计与涂层

利用球磨法将Al粉添加到亚微米结构WC-12Co粉末中,设计并制备了具有Al2O3原位合成特性的纳米结构WC-Co-Al粉末。XRD分析显示球磨10h、30h和50h后的粉末中WC平均晶粒尺寸为93.1nm、39.0nm和44.8nm。超音速火焰（HVOF）喷涂时,WC-Co-Al粉末比球磨前WC-12Co粉末扁平化更好,涂层孔隙率为0.57%,比WC-12Co涂层（1.62%）更低。粉末中的Al元素与氧气反应原位生成了Al2O3硬质陶瓷颗粒,有效抑制了WC的氧化脱碳。WC-Co-Al涂层显微硬度为1298?3HV0.1,比WC-12Co涂层高出约36%,这得益于Al2O3颗粒的增强效应,WC晶粒纳米化和孔隙率降低。     

粉末结构对HVOF喷涂WC-Co涂层组织性能的影响

选用4种不同WC尺度的WC-12Co粉末作为初始喂料,通过超音速火焰喷涂系统(HVOF)制备了涂层。考察了不同粉末结构对涂层沉积过程的脱碳行为和涂层组织性能的影响。结果表明:WC颗粒尺寸减小加剧了涂层脱碳行为,涂层中W2C含量增加,粘结相非晶化现象明显,涂层硬度增加,但是当WC颗粒尺寸减小到纳米尺度时,韧性下降。双峰结构涂层表现出最好的韧性同时兼备较高的硬度。     

粉末结构对冷喷涂纳米结构WC-Co沉积行为的影响

纳米结构WC-Co具有比常规WC-Co更高的硬度,因此受到了广泛关注.冷喷涂制备纳米结构WC-Co涂层过程中,因粒子温度低于熔点,沉积过程需要依靠WC-Co粒子的塑性变形,然而WC-Co粒子变形能力有限,使得WC-Co涂层难以实现有效沉积.文中从粉末结构角度出发,选用3种不同孔隙结构的WC-12Co粉末,运用扫描电镜研究不同结构WC-12Co单个粒子在基体上的沉积行为,分析了3种粉末在相同喷涂工艺参数下沉积的涂层的组织结构.研究发现,定点喷涂容易实现,沉积的WC-12Co沉积层组织结构致密,硬度接近块材,为粉末的连续沉积制备涂层提供了可能.涂层的连续沉积需要粉末和基体材料均产生一定的变形,具有一定孔隙结构的纳米结构WC-Co粉末,因其多孔结构促进了粉末拟变形的发生,适合于冷喷涂制备纳米结构WC-Co涂层.     

超音速火焰喷涂微、纳米结构WC-10Co4Cr涂层及其性能

采用超音速火焰喷涂技术（HVOF）在06Cr13Ni4Mo不锈钢基体上分别制备了微米结构、纳米结构WC-10Co4Cr涂层。通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）表征和分析了不同结构WC-10Co4Cr涂层的物相组成、微观组织结构,并对涂层的显微硬度、孔隙率、结合强度、抗冲蚀性能进行了对比,探讨了涂层泥沙冲蚀机理。结果表明：HVOF制备的纳米结构 WC-10Co4Cr涂层组织致密,孔隙率更低,涂层的显微硬度、结合强度高于微米涂层,冲蚀质量损失量也小于微米涂层;纳米结构细化了涂层晶粒,增强了涂层的显微硬度和韧性,提高了涂层的抗微切削和抗疲劳剥落性能,有利于涂层的抗泥沙冲蚀性能。     

超细/纳米结构WC-10Co-4Cr涂层的透射电镜表征与性能分析

利用真空原位还原碳化反应合成超细/纳米WC-Co复合粉末,通过添加一定量Cr获得WC-10Co-4Cr复合粉末,经团聚造粒获得喷涂用复合粉末喂料,采用超音速火焰(HVOF)喷涂系统制备出超细/纳米结构的WC-10Co-4Cr涂层。利用X射线衍射仪,扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对涂层的物相、显微组织结构、元素分布特征等进行了系统表征,并对涂层耐磨性、耐蚀性进行了测试分析。结果表明:基于原位反应合成WC-Co复合粉制备的超细/纳米结构WC-10Co-4Cr涂层具有较好的耐磨性和耐腐蚀性。涂层以WC为主相,含有非晶结构的粘结相Co(Cr),同时存在少量六方晶体结构的W_2C相和非晶复相W_2C+Co(Cr)。对涂层中元素Co和Cr的分布进行了量化分析,得到其从WC晶粒到相界到共晶区再到Co区的变化规律。结合WC-10Co-4Cr复合粉末和超音速火焰喷涂工艺的特点,阐释了Cr在WC-10Co-4Cr涂层分布状态的形成原因,并讨论了对涂层性能的影响。     

三种超音速热喷涂工艺制备WC-12Co涂层的组织结构分析

用新研制的超音速等离子喷涂(S—APS)和2种进口超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)设备制备了WC—12Co涂层，分析了3种喷涂工艺对涂层的表面和断面显微形貌、组织结构、孔隙率和氧化、脱碳，以及涂层的显微硬度、结合强度的影响。结果表明，在所试验的条件下，超音速等离子喷涂WC—12Co涂层显示出最致密的组织结构和最高的显微硬度。     

纳米稀土对热喷涂WC-12Co涂层的改性作用

利用超音速火焰喷涂技术在45钢基体上制备了不同纳米稀土含量的WC-12Co涂层。通过物相分析并测定材料的显微硬度、结合强度、磨损性能,研究纳米稀土对WC-12Co涂层的改性作用。结果表明:适量纳米稀土的加入使WC-12Co涂层的显微硬度和结合强度显著提高,并且纳米稀土的加入有效地抑制了WC颗粒的脱碳,使组织细化。当纳米稀土含量在1.5wt%时,涂层的耐磨性最好。     

具备原位合成Al_2O_3的WC复合粉末与涂层的设计及制备

利用球磨法将Al粉添加到亚微米结构WC-12Co粉末中,设计并制备了具有Al2O3原位合成的纳米结构WC-Co-Al粉末。XRD分析显示球磨10、30和50 h后的粉末中WC平均晶粒尺寸为93.1、39.0和44.8 nm。超音速火焰(HVOF)喷涂时,WC-Co-Al粉末比未球磨的WC-12Co粉末扁平化更好,涂层孔隙率为0.57%,比WC-12Co涂层(1.62%)更低。粉末中的Al元素与氧气反应原位生成了Al_2O_3硬质陶瓷颗粒,有效抑制了WC的氧化脱碳。WC-Co-Al涂层HV_(0.1)显微硬度为12.98±0.73 GPa,比WC-12Co涂层提高约36%,这得益于Al_2O_3颗粒的增强效应,WC晶粒纳米化和孔隙率降低。     

Effect of flame conditions on abrasive wear performance of HVOF sprayed nanostructured WC-12Co coatings

Nanostructured WC-12Co coatings were deposited by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying with an agglomerated powder. The effect of flame conditions on the microstructure of the nanostructured coatings was investigated. The wear properties of the coatings were characterized using a dry rubber-wheel wear test. The results show that the nanostructured WC-Co coatings consist of WC, W2C, W and an amorphous binder phase. The microstructure of the coating is significantly influenced by the ratio of oxygen flow to fuel flow. Under the lower ratio of oxygen/fuel flow, the nanostructured coating presents a relative dense microstructure and severe decarburization of WC phase occurs during spraying. With increasing ratio of oxygen/fuel flow, the bonding of WC particles in the coating becomes loose resulting from the original structure of feedstock and the decarburization of WC becomes less owing to limited heating to the powder. Both the decarburization of WC particles in spraying and the bonding among WC particles in the coatings affect the wear performance. The examination of the worn surfaces of the nanostructured coatings reveals that the dominant wear mechanisms would be spalling from the interface of WCCo splats when spray particles undergo a limited melting. While the melting state of the spray particles is improved,the dominant wear mechanisms become the plastic deformation and plowing of the matrix and spalling of WC particles from the matrix.     

Effects of Rare Earth Elements on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of HVOF-Sprayed WC-Co Coatings

Rare earth has been widely used in materials manufacturing to improve hardness and toughness. In this paper, conventional, nanostructured, and rare earth CeO₂-doped WC-12Co powders were sprayed by using HVOF spraying technology. Microstructure, hardness, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness of the three coatings were investigated. The results showed that nanostructured WC-12Co coatings possessed the densest microstructure and excellent combination of strength and toughness. The WC particles with the size ranging from 50 to 500 nm distributed uniformly in the nanostructured WC-12Co coating. The average free path of Co matrix in rare earth-doped WC-12Co coating was shorter than that of conventional WC-12Co coating. XRD results showed no obvious decarburization in all three coatings. The addition of rare earth could improve the mechanical properties of the coating compared with that without rare earth. The hardness value of nanostructured WC-12Co coating (12.2 GPa) was similar to that of rare earth-doped WC-12Co coating (12.2 GPa), which was 15.1% higher than that of conventional WC-12Co coating. The elastic modulus and fracture toughness of nanostructured WC-12Co coating were the highest, and that of conventional WC-12Co coating was the lowest.     

A Comparison of Mechanical and Tribological Behavior of Nanostructured and Conventional WC-12Co Detonation-Sprayed Coatings

In the present study, WC-12Co coatings were deposited by detonation-spraying technique using conventional and nanostructured WC-12Co feedstock at four different oxy/fuel ratios (OF ratio). The coatings exhibited the presence of phases like W₂C and W due to the decarburization of the WC phase, and the proportions of these phases were higher in the nano WC-12Co coatings compared with conventional WC-12Co coatings. Coating hardness and fracture toughness were measured. The tribological performance of coatings was examined under dry sand rubber wheel abrasion wear, and solid particle erosion wear conditions. The mechanical and wear properties of coatings were influenced by degree of decarburization and more so in the case of nanostructured WC-Co coatings. The results indicate that the extent of decarburization has a substantial influence on the elastic modulus of the coating which in turn is related to the extent of intersplat cracking of the coating.     

粉末原料粒径对WC-17Co涂层性能的影响

本文利用超音速火焰喷涂技术喷涂四种不同粒径的WC-17Co粉末,评价粉末粒径对涂层机械性能和抗磨粒磨损性能的影响。结果表明,粉末的粒径越小,在超音速焰流作用下获得的速度和温度越高,形成的涂层越致密,颗粒间的粘接强度越高,同时涂层的显微硬度也越高。WC-17Co粉末的粒径越小,获得涂层的孔隙直径越小,颗粒间的粘接缺陷越少,因此涂层的抗磨粒磨损性能越好。但是当WC-17Co粉末的粒径过于微小时,涂层的断裂韧性将受到影响。在本文研究的四种粒径分布的WC-17Co粉末中,中间粒径且分布范围集中的粉末制得的涂层兼具良好的机械性能和抗磨粒磨损性能。     

Influence of Powder Porous Structure on the Deposition Behavior of Cold-Sprayed WC-12Co Coatings

The limited deformation of hard cermet particles and impacted coating makes it difficult for conventional thermal spray powders to continuously build up on impact in cold spraying. In this study, three nanostructured WC-12Co powders with different porous structure and apparent hardness were employed to deposit WC-Co coatings on stainless steel substrate by cold spraying. The deposition characteristics of three powders of porosity from 44 to 5% were investigated. It was found that WC-Co coating is easily built-up using porous powders with WC particles bonded loosely and a low hardness. The microhardness of WC-12Co coatings varied from 400 to 1790 Hv with powders and spray conditions, which depends on the densification effects by impacting particles. With porous WC-Co powders, the fracture of particles on impact may occur and low deposition efficiency during cold spraying. The successful building up of coating at high deposition efficiency depends on the design of powder porous structure.     

Mechanical properties of WC–Co coatings with different decarburization levels

In this study, two kinds of WC–Co coatings with different decarburization levels were deposited by high-velocity oxy-fuel(HVOF) spraying using the ultrafine WC–Co composite powder and commercial micronsized powder, respectively. The hardness and elastic modulus were measured on the top surface and cross sections of the prepared coatings by the nanoindentation method. The results show that the ultrafine-structured coating has much higher density and inhibited decarburization than the conventional coating, which thus results in higher hardness and elastic modulus values than the micronsized coating. The wear resistance of thermal-sprayed cermet coatings greatly depends on the cross-sectional hardness and elastic modulus which reflects the bond strength between splats to some extent. Based on the analysis, a better understanding of the microstructure and properties in cermet coating materials was obtained.     

Process temperature/velocity-hardness-wear relationships for high-velocity oxyfuel sprayed nanostructured and conventional cermet coatings

High-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) spraying of WC-12Co was performed using a feedstock in which the WC phase was either principally in the micron size range (conventional) or was engineered to contain a significant fraction of nanosized grains (multimodal). Three different HVOF systems and a wide range of spray parameter settings were used to study the effect of in-flight particle characteristics on coating properties. A process window with respect to particle temperature was identified for producing coatings with the highest resistance to dry abrasion. Although the use of a feedstock containing a nanosized WC phase produced harder coatings, there was little difference in the abrasion resistance of the best-performing conventional and multimodal coatings. However, there is a potential benefit in using the multimodal feedstock due to higher deposition efficiencies and a larger processing window. The original version of this article was published as part of the ASM Proceedings, Thermal Spray 2003: Advancing the Science and Applying the Technology, International Thermal Spray Conference (Orlando, FL), May 5–8, 2003, Basil R. Marple and Christian Moreau, Ed., ASM International, 2003.