黄原胶/聚乙烯醇互穿网络水凝胶的电刺激响应行为

以戊二醛为交联剂,制备了黄原胶/聚乙烯醇(XG/PVA)互穿聚合物网络水凝胶,并研究了其吸水率、力学性能和电刺激响应行为。结果表明,在NaCl溶液中,该水凝胶的平衡溶胀比随NaCl溶液离子强度增大而减小,随pH值的增大而增大,当pH≥7时基本保持不变;经离子强度为0.01 mol/L NaCl溶液充分溶胀的XG/PVA互穿聚合物网络水凝胶其弹性模量为0.9844 MPa,拉伸强度为1.5691 MPa,断裂伸长率为1.60;在非接触的直流电场作用下,于NaCl溶液中,该水凝胶发生弯曲,凝胶的弯曲速度和弯曲偏转程度随外加电场的增加而增大;NaCl溶液离子强度对凝胶弯曲行为产生影响,当溶液离子强度I≤0.05时,凝胶向电场负极弯曲,当溶液离子强度I≥0.05时凝胶向电场正极弯曲;在循环电场作用下,其弯曲响应行为具有良好的可逆性。     

黄原胶/聚乙烯醇互穿网络水凝胶的电刺激响应行为EI北大核心CSCD

以戊二醛为交联剂,制备了黄原胶/聚乙烯醇(XG/PVA)互穿聚合物网络水凝胶,并研究了其吸水率、力学性能和电刺激响应行为。结果表明,在NaCl溶液中,该水凝胶的平衡溶胀比随NaCl溶液离子强度增大而减小,随pH值的增大而增大,当pH≥7时基本保持不变;经离子强度为0.01 mol/L NaCl溶液充分溶胀的XG/PVA互穿聚合物网络水凝胶其弹性模量为0.9844 MPa,拉伸强度为1.5691 MPa,断裂伸长率为1.60;在非接触的直流电场作用下,于NaCl溶液中,该水凝胶发生弯曲,凝胶的弯曲速度和弯曲偏转程度随外加电场的增加而增大;NaCl溶液离子强度对凝胶弯曲行为产生影响,当溶液离子强度I≤0.05时,凝胶向电场负极弯曲,当溶液离子强度I≥0.05时凝胶向电场正极弯曲;在循环电场作用下,其弯曲响应行为具有良好的可逆性。     

明胶/海藻酸钠(京尼平交联)互穿网络膜的制备与性能

为了提高海藻酸钠与明胶各自的性能,首先,以海藻酸钠和明胶为原料,以京尼平、CaCl2为交联剂,采用分步交联法制备了明胶/海藻酸钠互穿网络膜。然后,利用FTIR对明胶/海藻酸钠互穿网络结构进行了表征与分析,根据FTIR结果推测了互穿网络结构形成的机制。最后,探讨了京尼平的加入量和明胶与京尼平的质量比对互穿网络膜力学性能和交联度的影响,及海藻酸钠与明胶的质量比对互穿网络膜力学性能、断面形貌、热稳定性和吸水保水性能的影响。结果表明:当明胶与京尼平的质量比为200∶1、海藻酸钠与明胶的质量比为2∶1时,互穿网络膜具有最佳的力学性能、吸水保水性能和相容性;此外,互穿网络膜的力学性能也优于纯海藻酸钠膜与纯明胶膜的。明胶的加入提高了互穿网络膜在低温区的热稳定性,但降低了高温区的热稳定性。海藻酸钠与明胶之间可能以分子间作用力、氢键及离子键等相互作用,提高了二者各自的初始分解温度与最大热分解温度。研究解决了海藻酸钠与明胶力学性能差的问题,为拓展海藻酸钠在医用领域的应用提供参考。     

氧化海藻酸钠交联海藻酸钙/明胶(半)互穿网络的制备及热稳定性研究

以自制的氧化海藻酸钠为交联剂,制备了海藻酸钙/明胶(半)互穿网络,采用红外光谱表征了(半)互穿网络的结构;通过热重分析研究了海藻酸钙/明胶(半)互穿网络的热稳定性,解释了两者共混过程中的作用机理;并与戊二醛为交联剂制备的海藻酸钙/明胶(半)互穿网络的热稳定性进行了比较。研究结果表明,两种交联剂制备的(半)互穿网络的结构与热稳定性相似,氧化海藻酸钠可以取代毒性较大的戊二醛交联明胶制备海藻酸钙/明胶(半)互穿网络;海藻酸与明胶在共混的过程中发生了物理或化学反应。     

海藻酸钙水凝胶对电刺激的响应行为

以CaCl2为交联剂采用浸渍法制备了海藻酸钙水凝胶,研究了海藻酸钙水凝胶的溶胀吸水率及其电刺激响应行为．结果表明,在NaCl水溶液中,海藻酸钙水凝胶的平衡溶胀比随着NaCl溶液浓度的增大而增大,随着交联剂CaCl2溶液浓度的增大而减小．海藻酸钙水凝胶在NaCl水溶液中在非接触直流电场作用下向负极弯曲,其弯曲速度、弯曲偏转程度和应变随着外加电场强度的增大而增大,随着NaCl溶液离子强度的变化在离子强度I=0．03时出现临界最大值,随着交联剂CaCl2溶液浓度的增大而减小．在周期性电场作用下,海藻酸钙水凝胶的弯曲响应行为具有良好的可逆性．     

海藻酸钠/二氧化硅互穿聚合物网络的制备

以海藻酸钠为聚合物基体,采用溶胶-凝胶法使正硅酸乙酯在海藻酸钠中水解聚合,形成二氧化硅含量分别为0%、20%、30%、40%的有机/无机互穿网络膜。通过红外(FT-IR)、透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)及X射线衍射(XRD)对所得样品进行分析表征,结果表明,无机相SiO2的加入对海藻酸钠膜的结构和结晶性能都产生了一定的影响。控制合适的SiO2含量可以获得相容性好的互穿网络膜。     

具有半互穿网络结构的电场响应性水凝胶正渗透脱盐性能

为了提高凝胶驱动正渗透(FO)脱盐过程的性能,利用互穿聚合物网络技术制备一种具有半互穿网络的电场响应性水凝胶聚(2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸-co-丙烯酰胺)/羧甲基纤维素钠(P(AMPS-AM)/CMC)用作新型汲取剂。使用红外光谱和扫描电镜表征其化学结构和形貌,考察其在水中的溶胀性及在电场刺激下的响应性,并探究其在FO脱盐过程中的性能。结果表明,P(AMPS-AM)/CMC呈现孔洞结构;溶胀过程符合二级溶胀动力学模型且理论平衡溶胀度为181.5 g/g;在15 V电压刺激下具有明显的消溶胀性。在FO试验中,与未经CMC改性的P(AMPS-AM)相比,P(AMPS-AM)/CMC产生类似的初始水通量但其在15V电压刺激下的水回收率是前者的1.9倍,且连续3次再生后水回收率仅下降7.97%。此外,与已报道的水凝胶汲取剂相比,P(AMPS-AM)/CMC不仅可获得较高的水通量而且在水回收率上具有一定的优势。     

互穿网络水凝胶的前端聚合制备及吸附性能研究

采用前端聚合方法,以丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体,在4种线性高分子水溶液中制备了半互穿网络结构(semi-IPN)的水凝胶,其中的线性高分子分别为:聚乙烯醇(PVA)、聚乙二醇(PEG)、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)。用扫描电镜(SEM)、吸水率和吸附量对互穿网络水凝胶的结构和性能进行了表征,结果表明:水解对水凝胶的吸水性能影响显著,使吸水率平均提高9.1倍,但对吸附性能影响较小,使亚甲基蓝吸附量提高不足1倍;在4种互穿网络水凝胶中,P(AM-AA)/PEG的吸水率最大,高达627.9g/g,P(AM-AA)/PAM互穿网络水凝胶对亚甲基蓝有最大的吸附能力,吸附量为91.6mg/g。     

对电场响应的聚电解质凝胶响应机理及应用

聚电解质凝胶是在聚合物网络结构中含有化学键结合的离子化基团的水凝胶。有些聚电解质水凝胶在施加电场的电解质溶液中能发生形变。本文叙述了对电场刺激发生响应的聚电解质凝胶的发展、响应机理，以及在人工肌肉、自动开关元件、药物释放体系方面的应用，并指出将其应用于组织工程的可行性。     

磺化β-环糊精水凝胶的电刺激响应行为

将β-环糊精用环氧氯丙烷交联制成水凝胶,然后用浓硫酸改性引入-SO3H基团,制备了一种电响应性β-环糊精水凝胶,研究了该凝胶的溶胀性能和电刺激响应行为。结果表明,该凝胶在Na2SO4溶液中其平衡溶胀率随Na2SO4离子强度的增大而减小。在Na2SO4溶液中于非接触直流电场作用下,该凝胶向电场负极弯曲,弯曲速度和应变随外加电压的增大而增大,并随Na2SO4离子强度的增大于0.05处出现最大值。但该水凝胶的电响应行为不受外界溶液pH的影响。在循环电场作用下,其电刺激响应行为具有良好的可逆性。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

The Influence of Nitrogen and Boron Implant into Silicon Substrate on the Phase and Internal Stress of c-BN Films

Cubic boron nitride(c-BN) film was deposited on a Si (100) substrate by the RF-magnetron sputtering.The mainly problems for fabrication of c-BN films are the low purity and high intrinsic compressive stress. In order to solve the two problems, the c-BN film with the buffer interlayer was deposited on the substrate which had been implanted with nitrogen and/or boron ions. The results show: the implantation of nitrogen ions can obviously increase c-BN content and reduce the internal stress slightly; while the implantation of boron shows no obvious improvement to the content of c-BN, which can reduce the internal stress in the film obviously. In addition, it is suggested that the implantation of nitrogen and boron shows the best result, which not only can increase the content of c-BN, but also reduce the internal stress in the c-BN film obviously.