In Situ Damage Detection for Fiber‐Reinforced Composites Using Integrated Zinc Oxide Nanowires

A multifunction material that increases strength is capable of harvesting energy from ambient vibration and acts as a structural health monitoring system is presented. Current in situ damage detection of fiber‐reinforced composites typically uses methods which require external sensors, precise initial measurements for each component under evaluation, or input current to the structure. To overcome these limitations, this work utilizes a multifunctional interphase of piezoelectric zinc oxide nanowires integrated into fiber‐reinforced composites to provide an in situ ability to sense damage. The nanowires are grown onto insulating reinforcing fibers which are sandwiched between carbon fiber electrodes, thus fully integrating the sensing element into the fiber‐reinforced composite. The fully distributed nanowire interphase proves capable of detecting multiple damage modes using passive voltage measurements as demonstrated during multiple loading configurations. This work also analyzes voltage emissions corresponding to damage to provide signal characteristics corresponding to the damage state of the specimen to indicate damage progression and the approach of catastrophic failure. The result of this work is thus a multifunctional structural material with damage detection capabilities. The principles investigated in this work can also be extended to alternative structural composites containing integrated piezoelectric materials in the form of nanoparticles, nanowires, or films.     

Sensing of Damage Mechanisms in Fiber‐Reinforced Composites under Cyclic Loading using Carbon Nanotubes

The expanded use of advanced fiber‐reinforced composites in structural applications has brought attention to the need to monitor the health of these structures. It has been established that adding carbon nanotubes to fiber‐reinforced composites is a promising way to detect the formation of microscale damage. Because carbon nanotubes are three orders of magnitude smaller than traditional advanced fibers, it is possible for nanotubes to form an electrically conductive network in the polymer matrix surrounding the fibers. In this work, multi‐walled carbon nanotubes are dispersed into epoxy and infused into a glass‐fiber preform to form a network of in situ sensors. The resistance of the cross‐ply composite is measured in real‐time during incremental cyclic tensile loading tests to evaluate the damage evolution and failure mechanisms in the composite. Edge replication is conducted to evaluate the crack density after each cycle, and optical microscopy is utilized to study the crack mode and growth. The evolution of damage can be clearly identified through the damaged resistance parameter. Through analyzing the damaged resistance response curves with measurements of transverse crack density and strain, the transition between different failure modes can be identified. It is demonstrated that the integration of an electrically conducting network of carbon nanotubes in a glass fiber composite adds unique damage‐sensing functionality that can be utilized to track the nature and extent of microstructural damage in fiber composites.     

Carbon‐Decorated FePt Nanoparticles

FePt magnetic nanoparticles are an important candidate material for many future magnetic applications. FePt exists as two main phases, that is, a disordered face‐centered cubic (fcc) structure, which is generally prepared by chemical methods at low temperatures, and the high‐temperature chemically ordered face‐centered tetragonal (fct) structure. The fcc FePt, with low coercivity but associated with superparamagnetic properties, may find applications as a magnetic fluid or as a nanoscale carrier for chemical or biochemical species in biomedical areas, while fct FePt is proposed for use in ultrahigh‐density magnetic recording applications. However, for both of these applications an enhancement of the intrinsically weak magnetic properties, the avoidance of magnetic interferences from neighbor particles, and the improved stability of the small magnetic body remain key practical issues. We report a simple synthetic method for producing FePt nanoparticles that involves hydrothermal treatment of Fe and Pt precursors in glucose followed by calcination at 900 °C. This new method produces thermally stable spheroidal graphite nanoparticles (large and fullerene‐like) that encapsulate or decorate FePt particles of ca. 5 nm with no severe macroscopic particle coalescence. Also, a low coercivity of the material is recorded; indicative of small magnetic interference from neighboring carbon‐coated particles. Thus, this simple synthetic method involves the use of a more environmentally acceptable glucose/aqueous phase to offer a protective coating for FePt nanoparticles. It is also believed that such a synthetic protocol can be readily extended to the preparation of other graphite‐coated magnetic iron alloys of controlled size, stoichiometry, and physical properties.     

Template‐Assisted Synthesis of Mesoporous Magnetic Nanocomposite Particles

A new concept is proposed to synthesize mesoporous magnetic nanocomposite particles of great scientific and technological importance. Mesoporous silica coatings were created on micrometer‐sized magnetite (Fe₃O₄) particles using cetyltrimethylammonium chloride micelles as molecular templates. The characterization by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen adsorption–desorption, diffuse‐reflectance Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and zeta‐potential measurements confirmed the deposition of mesoporous silica thin layers on the magnetite particles. The synthesized particles showed a drastic increase in specific surface area with an average pore size of 2.5 nm. The coating material showed a negligible effect on the saturation magnetization of the original particles that were fully protected by silica coatings. The synthesized mesoporous magnetic nanocomposite particles have a wide range of applications in toxin removal, waste remediation, catalysis, reactive sorbents, and biological cell separations.     

80nm FBG sensing interrogation system based on tilted FBG

An 800 nm band fiber Bragg grating sensing interrogation system using tilted FBG as the core wavelength division component is presented. A charge coupled device （CCD） linear array is put on the focal plane of the lens to detect the light. TFBG is used to tap light out of the fiber core to fiber cladding. The sensing wavelength is 795 to 830 nm, with accuracy of 20 pm and scan speed 100Hz. Using FBG sensor, we achieve the temperature sensitivity of 1.8 ℃ and strain sensitivity of 18 με.     

光纤传感技术在智能材料损伤定位评估中的应用

传感技术是智能材料结构主要应用的技术之一。智能材料结构中的光纤传感网络分布范围大，传感网络输出信号可以是大面积的分布信号，也可以是数十甚至成千上万个离散的信号，且常常呈非线性。应用光纤传感神经网络的方法对智能型材料损伤定位进行分析研究，可以解决以上实时监控的问题。通过实验，结果表明神经网络技术进行智能材料的损伤定位，可以提高损伤位置的识别率。     

采用信息融合的红外目标检测算法

针对空中红外目标检测过程中存在的检测精度不高、易受干扰等问题,本文提出了一种信息融合的目标检测算法。首先,针对单一滤波模式的不足,采用降采样方式将多种模式的滤波方法进行融合,有效提高了滤波后的图像信噪比,减少了预处理时间。然后,对质心检测选定的检测区域进行显著性检测和边缘检测,并将结果进行融合,增强了目标区域的信号强度,改善了算法的检测精度。文中从理论上介绍和分析了该算法对红外目标检测的有效性,并通过Matlab仿真实验与其他单一检测算法进行了对比。实验结果表明,信息融合的检测算法能够在多种复杂情况下有效检测出空中红外目标,证明融合检测算法的抗干扰性和适应性上更强、检测精度更高、算法的鲁棒性更好。     

Voltage‐Induced Coercivity Reduction in Nanoporous Alloy Films: A Boost toward Energy‐Efficient Magnetic Actuation

Magnetic data storage and magnetically actuated devices are conventionally controlled by magnetic fields generated using electric currents. This involves significant power dissipation by Joule heating effect. To optimize energy efficiency, manipulation of magnetic information with lower magnetic fields (i.e., lower electric currents) is desirable. This can be accomplished by reducing the coercivity of the actuated material. Here, a drastic reduction of coercivity is observed at room temperature in thick (≈600 nm), nanoporous, electrodeposited Cu–Ni films by simply subjecting them to the action of an electric field. The effect is due to voltage‐induced changes in the magnetic anisotropy. The large surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio and the ultranarrow pore walls of the system allow the whole film, and not only the topmost surface, to effectively contribute to the observed magnetoelectric effect. This waives the stringent “ultrathin‐film requirement” from previous studies, where small voltage‐driven coercivity variations were reported. This observation expands the already wide range of applications of nanoporous materials (hitherto in areas like energy storage or catalysis) and it opens new paradigms in the fields of spintronics, computation, and magnetic actuation in general.     

毫秒/纳秒激光致碳纤维环氧树脂损伤形貌研究

为了研究碳纤维环氧树脂在不同脉宽激光辐照下的损伤形貌,采用全自动变焦测量技术进行了实验验证,测量了碳纤维环氧树脂在毫秒/纳秒脉冲激光辐照下,损伤面积、损伤深度以及损伤形貌随激光能量密度的变化。结果表明,在毫秒脉冲激光作用下,材料损伤区域中心会产生一定的温度积累,损伤区域有一定的热效应,出现熔融、热解等现象,当激光能量密度为20.5J/cm2时,材料的损伤深度达到了47.3μm,材料表面析出的碳化物的高度为157.1μm,损伤深度以及表面碳化物的高度都随着能量密度的增大而增大;在纳秒激光作用下,光斑周围有明显的热反应区域,当能量密度大于47.3J/cm2时,表面的热反应区尤为明显,损伤面积随激光能量密度的增大明显增大,由于作用时间较短,损伤主要为表层损伤;树脂热解的气体向外膨胀,导致纤维结构断裂。研究结果为激光对碳纤维环氧树脂的损伤效果提供了实验依据。     

基于THz-TDS的碳纤维复合材料无损检测

基于反射式THz-TDS成像技术对碳纤维缠绕增强复合材料缺陷进行无损检测实验,获得不同缺陷碳纤维样品的成像结果及数据。结果表明,反射式THz-TDS成像技术在0.1～3.5 THz波段对碳纤维复合材料中的热损伤、划伤缺陷、磨损缺陷及孔洞缺陷成像清晰,分辨率较高;且获得的时域波形对样品热损伤缺陷敏感,适用于局部检测对整体性能的判断。     

Nanogold‐Loaded Sharp‐Edged Carbon Bullets as Plant‐Gene Carriers

The higher DNA delivery efficiency into plants by gold nanoparticles embedded in sharp carbonaceous carriers is demonstrated. These nanogold‐embedded carbon matrices are prepared by heat treatment of biogenic intracellular gold nanoparticles. The DNA‐delivery efficiency is tested on a model plant, Nicotiana tabacum, and is further extended to the monocot, Oryza sativa, and a hard dicot tree species, Leucaena leucocephala. These materials reveal good dispersion of the transport material, producing a greater number of GUS foci per unit area. The added advantages of the composite carrier are the lower plasmid and gold requirements. Plant‐cell damage with the carbon‐supported particles is very minimal and can be gauged from the increased plant regeneration and transformation efficiency compared with that of the commercial micrometer‐sized gold particles. This is ascribed to the sharp edges that the carbon supports possess, which lead to better piercing capabilities with minimum damage.     

800 nm FBG sensing interrogation system based on tilted FBG

An 800 nm band fiber Bragg grating sensing interrogation system using tilted FBG as the core wavelength division component is presented. A charge coupled device (CCD) linear array is put on the focal plane of the lens to detect the light. TFBG is used to tap light out of the fiber core to fiber cladding. The sensing wavelength is 795 to 830 nm,with accuracy of 20 pm and scan speed 100 Hz. Using FBG sensor,we achieve the temperature sensitivity of 1.8 ℃ and strain sensitivity of 18 με.     

基于C8051单片机的金属探测器系统设计

为提升和完善金属探测器的性能,并且降低其成本,设计了一种基于单片机C8051F350单片机的金属探测的方案。通过采用平衡式线圈作为接收线圈来感应通电线圈周围磁场的变化,并将磁场的变化转化为电压的变化,经放大器AD620进行放大,在单片机内进行MD转换,并将测得的电压与预设的基准电压相比较来确定是否检测到了金属。本设计采用软硬件结合的方法消除干扰,提高探测器的性能,确保系统的精确性。     

Label‐Free Bioanalysis Based on Low‐Q Whispering Gallery Modes: Rapid Preparation of Microsensors by Means of Layer‐by‐Layer Technology

Low‐Q‐whispering gallery modes (low‐Q‐WGM) can be used for label‐free detection of interactions between biomolecules, measuring their binding and release kinetics or for analysis of changes in the medium in real‐time. The main advantage of the low‐Q‐WGM approach over other label‐free methods is the possibility of measurements in small cavities as the method uses microparticles down to 6 µm as sensors. Commercially available dye‐doped microparticles that are used as low‐Q‐WGM sensors exhibit several drawbacks. Therefore, alternative particle types are developed and optimized as low‐Q‐WGM sensors. First, dye‐doped particles made of different materials are screened. The most critical parameter for WGM performance is the refractive index (RI) of sensor particles. Furthermore, surface roughness of particles, determined by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, affects their performance as WGM microsensors. In the second test, fluorescent dyes immobilized on nonfluorescent particles by means of nanometer thick layer‐by‐layer (LbL) films are shown to generate a strong WGM signal. The LbL‐coated particles show remarkably less background fluorescence than dye‐doped particles and are easier to prepare. Finally, this article proposes rapid preparation methods for WGM microparticle sensors based on various parameters such as material type, RI, surface roughness, and number of coated polymer layers.     

Effective allied network security system based on designed scheme with conditional legitimate probability against distributed network attacks and intrusions

Dependence on the Internet is increasing dramatically. Therefore, many researchers have given great attention to the issue of how to tighten Internet security. This study proposes a new scheme for the distributed intrusion prevention system (DIPS), in which the concept of ‘union’ is presented for satisfying the increasing requirements of Internet security issues. In this proposed design, the network intrusion detection system (NIDS) applies a misuse detection technique to detect well‐known intrusion behavior on the Internet. Meanwhile, for anomaly detection technique, a tool named ‘Scent’ (a network traffic sniffer) is combined with conditional legitimate probability to reveal previously undiscovered intrusion packets that do not match the intrusion signatures in NIDS. Moreover, blocking distributed denial‐of‐service (DDoS) attacks inside the protected allied network is also covered. To increase the detection accuracy, reduction of false positives and false negatives is also accomplished. Experimental results reveal that the suggested network security system scheme is effective and efficient in resolving the intrusion activity problem of real network environments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Distributed fiber-optic stress-location measurement by arbitrary shaping of optical coherence function

A functional distributed fiber-optic stress-location measurement technique by arbitrary shaping of the optical coherence function has been demonstrated. The technique measures the distribution or location of stress-induced polarization mode coupling in a polarization-maintaining fiber by manipulating the optical coherence function. The location of applied stress is given by optical path difference between the two polarization modes, which is determined by the synthesis of the coherence function. Three types of coherence function-a scanning peak, a scanning low-sidelobe peak, and a standing triangle-have been synthesized experimentally and used for stress locating. When using the coherence function of scanning peak, the coherence peak is slid to scan over the measurement range by a phase modulation to obtain the stress distribution; when using the triangular coherence function, the detection range is set within a linear slope of the triangle so that the stress location is directly converted into the value of the coherence degree.     

An effective graph‐theoretic approach towards simultaneous detection of fault(s) and cut(s) in wireless sensor networks

A failed sensor node partitions a wireless sensor network (WSN) into 2 or more disjoint components, which is called as a cut in the network. The cut detection has been considered as a very challenging problem in the WSN research. In this paper, we propose a graph‐theoretic distributed protocol to detect simultaneously the faults and cuts in the WSN. The proposed approach could be accomplished mainly in 3 phases, such that initialization phase, fault detection phase, and a cut detection phase. The protocol is an iterative method where at every time iteration, the node updates its state to calculate the potential factor. We introduced 2 terminologies such as a safe zone or cut zone of the network. The proposed method has been evaluated regarding various performance evaluation measures by implementing the same in the network simulator NS–2.35. The obtained results show that the proposed graph‐theoretic approach is simple yet very powerful for the intended tasks.     

基于最近邻比较和中值滤波的拉曼光谱spike自动检测及剔除方法研究

激光拉曼光谱技术具有原位、实时、多物质同时探测的优点,在实验室内已经得到了广泛研究,并逐渐应用于深海海底等极端环境下的原位探测。由于CCD等光谱探测器可能受到宇宙射线的干扰,会在拉曼谱图上形成位置随机的spike,对拉曼光谱分析造成干扰。将最近邻比较和中值滤波相结合的方法应用于海水实测拉曼光谱spike的检测剔除,首先将原始拉曼光谱分为拉曼峰区域和非拉曼峰区域,对拉曼峰区域使用最近邻比较法处理,对非拉曼峰区域使用中值滤波方法,结果显示该方法能将非拉曼峰区域和拉曼峰区域的spike完全剔除,没有出现误检和漏检,且不会对拉曼特征峰强度产生影响,有助于提高拉曼光谱定性定量分析的精确性和稳定性。     

Multivalent Aptamer Functionalized Ag2S Nanodots/Hybrid Cell Membrane‐Coated Magnetic Nanobioprobe for the Ultrasensitive Isolation and Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play key roles in the development of tumor metastasis. It remains a significant challenge to capture and detect CTCs with high purity and sensitivity from blood samples. Herein, a nanoplatform is developed for the efficient isolation and ultrasensitive detection of CTCs by combining near‐infrared (NIR) multivalent aptamer functionalized Ag₂S nanodots with hybrid cell membrane‐coated magnetic nanoparticles. Multivalent aptamer functionalized Ag₂S nanodots are synthesized using a one‐pot method under mild conditions (60 °C). White blood cell and tumor cell membranes are fused as the hybrid membrane and coated with magnetic nanoparticles, which are further modified with streptavidin (SA). Through the specific interaction of SA‐biotin, the multivalent aptamer‐Ag₂S nanodots are grafted with hybrid cell membrane‐magnetic nanoparticles. Due to the features of hybrid cell membrane modification, multivalent aptamer functionalization, magnetic separation, and NIR fluorescence measurements, the nanoplatform shows sensitive recognition, efficient capture, easy isolation, and sensitive detection of CTCs due to its great enhancement in anti‐interference from background and improvement on binding ability toward CTCs. The capture efficiency and purity for CTCs is as high as 97.63% and 96.96%, respectively. Furthermore, the nanoplatform is successfully applied to the detection of CTCs in blood samples.     

三维成像激光雷达线阵探测模式分析

以三维成像激光雷达对地面车辆目标探测为应用背景,采用线阵光电探测器并行接收的新体制来提高对目标成像的速度和实时性。按照对目标照射的激光辐射形式,总结出两种线阵探测模式：一种是激光多束发射模式,另一种是激光泛光发射模式。对这两种模式的机理、实现方式及优缺点进行了分析,并分别建立了两种模式下的激光雷达探测方程。采用信噪比和测距精度来分析两种模式的探测和测距性能。分别推导出了两种模式下信噪比与距离,发射功率与距离的关系表达式并进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,在相同距离和发射功率下,激光多束发射模式的回波信噪比更高;在相同距离和测距精度下,激光泛光发射模式需采用更高的发射功率。