航天用镍基高温合金及其激光增材制造研究现状

新型航天器用镍基高温合金部件呈现出复杂化、薄壁化、复合化、一体化的发展趋势,使得传统的铸造或锻造加工技术无法胜任。基于逐层堆积的激光增材制造(LAM)技术是实现这类复杂部件制备的理想解决方案,能够进一步赋予高温合金更高的价值,极大地推动航天装备的发展。首先介绍了航天领域常用的镍基高温合金种类,然后以研究最多的IN 718和IN 625合金为例,总结了镍基高温合金增材制造的研究现状:归纳了镍基高温合金增材制造工艺优化方法,表明增材制造综合加工图和实验设计方法是两种行之有效的方法;指出了增材制造镍基高温合金材料的微观组织特点,讨论了增材制造后续热处理对材料微观组织和力学性能的影响规律,表明增材制造技术极快速冷却的特点引起镍基高温合金材料内部存在普遍的局部微观偏析现象,导致常规热处理工艺不再是最优工艺;并通过5个典型的增材制造镍基高温合金航天构件案例展示了增材制造技术的优势。在此基础上,针对镍基高温合金增材制造过程中存在的关键科学问题和技术难题,展望了增材制造镍基高温合金未来的研究方向。     

High-Throughput Alloy Development Using Advanced Characterization Techniques During Directed Energy Deposition Additive Manufacturing

In laser-based direct energy deposition (DED-LB) additive manufacturing (AM), wire or powder materials are melted by a high-power laser beam. Process-specific characteristics enable robust in situ fabrication of compositionally graded materials, e.g., through an adaption of powder mass flow from independent hoppers. Based on the high flexibility of this approach, pathways toward multimaterial AM have been unlocked. Obviously, such characteristics enable high-throughput alloy development. However, rapid alloy development demands substantial characterization efforts to assess phase and microstructural evolution. So far, property analysis is considered as the limiting factor for these high-throughput approaches. Herein, the use of high-brilliance X-Ray analysis and subsequent micropillar compression testing are introduced to tackle these challenges. As a proof of concept, their application to a compositionally graded material made from AISI 316L stainless steel and a CoCrMo alloy is presented. The results obtained reveal that X-Ray analysis can be exploited to evaluate process robustness, chemical characteristics, and phase composition within the gradient regions. Moreover, the use of micropillar compression testing provides spatially resolved insights into the mechanical properties of the gradient regions. The combination of both characterization techniques eventually opens pathways toward a robust and time-efficient alloy development using powder-fed DED-LB (DED-LB/P).     

增材制造用金属粉末材料的关键影响因素分析

通过分析增材制造过程中各因素的影响作用,提出材料是制约我国增材制造技术的主要问题,对增材制造用粉末材料的特点进行了解析,以期为解决我国增材制造用粉末的研发提供参考。     

电弧增材制造航空钛合金构件组织及力学性能研究现状

航空航天领域通常将钛合金作为承力结构件使用,对其性能和可靠性都有很高的要求,大型结构件的整体化制造是实现这些需求的有效途径。电弧增材制造技术因效率高、成本低、致密度高,在制备大型结构件方面具有一定优势。综述了国内外电弧增材制造钛合金组织的研究现状,介绍了改变形核条件以及引入轧制、超声等外场辅助技术调控后所得的电弧增材制造钛合金组织。对电弧增材制造钛合金的拉伸性能和疲劳性能进行了综述,总结了拉伸性能和疲劳性能的特点及断裂的原因。最后,对航空航天用钛合金电弧增材制造的组织及力学性能的关系进行了分析,并且对两者的调控前景进行了展望。     

Bottom‐Up Design of Composite Supraparticles for Powder‐Based Additive Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing promises high flexibility and customized product design. Powder bed fusion processes use a laser to melt a polymer powder at predefined locations and iterate the scheme to build 3D objects. The design of flowable powders is a critical parameter for a successful fabrication process that currently limits the choice of available materials. Here, a bottom‐up process is introduced to fabricate tailored polymer‐ and composite supraparticles for powder‐based additive manufacturing processes by controlled aggregation of colloidal primary particles. These supraparticles exhibit a near‐spherical shape and tailored composition, morphology, and surface roughness. These parameters can be precisely controlled by the mixing and size ratio of the primary particles. Polystyrene/silica composite particles are chosen as a model system to establish structure–property relations connecting shape, morphology, and surface roughness to the adhesion within the powder, which is accessed by tensile strength measurements. The adhesive properties are then connected to powder flowability and it is shown that the resulting powders allow the formation of dense powder films with uniform coverage. Finally, successful powder bed fusion is demonstrated by producing macroscopic single layer specimens with uniform distribution of nanoscale silica additives.     

增材制造技术在高温合金零部件成形中的应用

高温合金是指能够在600℃以上复杂应力状态下长期服役的金属材料,被广泛应用于航空航天以及核工业等领域.近年来,增材制造技术发展迅速,并且已经在高温合金零部件成形制造领域进行了大量应用探索.首先分别介绍了基于送粉和送丝的两种典型增材制造技术,以及利用以上两种技术成形得到的高温合金零部件微观组织形貌特征.由增材制造得到的高...     

Powder-Based Additive Manufacturing: A Critical Review of Materials,Methods, Opportunities,and Challenges

As a 0D material, powder particles can be used to create almost any complicated engineering component by utilizing the high-performance manufacturing capabilities of additive manufacturing (AM). Although powder-based AM methods provide an outstanding practical value and development for modern manufacturing world, they continue to face challenges such as a lack of accessible categories, temperature restrictions, and poor performance of molded components. Therefore, researching for new AM materials and procedures has become an extremely necessary endeavor. For this purpose, a firm grasp of the current state of the art of powder-based AM technologies is imperative. Hence, herein, a comprehensive review is presented on the most widely used powder-based AM methods, and the materials used by these methods. For each method, the development and current state, operating principles, limitations, and future prospects are summarized. In contrast, for materials, their classifications, properties, and preparation methods are explored in great detail, while also commenting on the specific compatibilities between powder materials and powder methods. Industrial and commercialized applications of powder-based AM are also presented in this work. Finally, the limitations of the current powder-based technologies are highlighted, with comments regarding the future of this field.     

电子束粉末床熔融增材制造装备发展综述

电子束粉末床熔融(EB-PBF)增材制造技术具备成形效率高、成形零件应力低等优势,适用于高温合金、高熔点金属的成形,在航空航天、生物医疗等领域具有广阔的应用前景。对电子束粉末床熔融装备的研究情况进行了概述,回顾了EB-PBF装备的发展历程,汇总分析了国内外主要厂商的装备特点及研发进展,综述了抗吹粉、多材料、多束流复合3个方面装备的关键改进与创新方法。在此基础上,着重介绍了离子中和、机械装置屏蔽、近红外预热等新型成形舱改进方案,及其对工艺过程稳定性的提升效果;介绍了新型铺送粉装置改进方案对多材料成形的潜力,即该方案可有效满足多材料成形、成形效率提高等需求;此外提出并实现了多电子枪同幅加热成形、电子束-激光复合成形等突破传统单电子枪加工思路的新型成形技术。最后,总结了该方向的研究进展并对其发展前景和主要发展方向进行了展望。     

Alternative Approach to Modeling of Nucleation and Remelting in Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing

In powder bed fusion (PBF) of metals, energy of a laser or electron beam is utilized to form near-net-shaped parts from a powder bed. A very promising application of PBF lies in the direct control of the resulting microstructure by adjusting process parameters. Especially the intentional tilting of grains in one certain direction offers a complete new field of activity for additively produced parts specially designed for a given load case. Nucleation is essential for utilization of this effect. Herein, an alternative approach for modeling nucleation in PBF of metals is introduced. The model is not intended to cover every physical effect of this extreme complex phenomenon. Based on observations reported from different researchers in the field of PBF, a heuristic approach is applied to consider new grains within a cellular automata (CA)-based crystal growth model for PBF. Utilizing the implicit capability of the CA to model competitive growth of grains, this approach does not require any additional computational capacities. The numerical calculations are carried out using a message–passing interface (MPI) parallelization on a high-performance computing (HPC) cluster located at the Regional Research Center Erlangen. The numerical results are validated by means of experiments and electron backscatter diffractometric measurements.     

电子束增材制造设备及应用进展

电子束增材制造是增材制造技术的主要方向之一,它在真空中进行,具有能量利用率高、零件残余应力低等优势,在航空航天、医疗领域获得较为广泛的应用.介绍了两种电子束增材制造方法——电子束选区熔化和电子束熔丝沉积,总结了设备、电子枪、工艺、材料组织调控等方面的研究与应用进展,并对电子束增材制造技术的发展进行了展望.     

Adapting Shot Peening for Surface Texturing Using Customized Additive Manufactured Shots

Surface textures in engineering materials not only affect the reflective properties and aesthetics but if properly designed can modulate surface-related properties such as wettability, fatigue, wear, corrosion, and scratch resistance. Herein, a new surface texturing method is introduced based on the conventional shot peening process. Custom shots are designed, and their surface texturing capability is investigated on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer substrates. A finite-element model is developed to bombard the substrate using AISI 316 stainless steel customized shots. The generated unique textures are compared qualitatively by visual examination and quantitatively using the standard surface roughness parameters. As a proof of concept, preliminary experiments are performed using a candidate custom shot and a spherical shot to treat the ABS sheets. The results highlight the high potential of the shot peening technique paired with additive manufacturing for customizing the peening media to be used for surface texturing polymeric materials.     

增材制造高熵合金研究进展

高熵合金(High-entropy alloys, HEA)由于具有优异的力学性能、抗高温氧化性能、耐腐蚀性能等优点,受到了越来越多学者的关注。目前高熵合金的制备一般采用传统的铸锻轧,这对于制备一些形状复杂的高端零部件和超细晶组织是一种严峻的挑战,而采用增材制造(Additive Manufacturing,AM)技术是解决上述问题的一个有效途径。重点阐述了国内外近年来在高熵合金增材制造材料种类、快速凝固非平衡组织演化、裂纹等成形缺陷、力学性能及成形特征方面的研究进展,为增材制造高熵合金进一步发展提供一定参考。最后,对增材制造高熵合金的研究进展进行了总结,并对增材制造高熵合金成分的设计提供了一定的思路。     

Additive Manufacturing of Porous Structures for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Applications

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have shown promising benefits in many applications. This has been enabled by the emergence of additive manufacturing (AM), which give the designers a large amount of geometrical freedom. In this paper, a novel design process of fused deposition modeling (FDM) combining both topology and infill optimization is introduced for AM of high performance porous structures. Tensile testing of FDM printed samples is first carried out to study the effect of the build orientation on the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) samples. It is found that samples built perpendicular to the load axis are the weakest with a tensile strength of 29 MPa and Young's modulus of 1960 MPa. The materials properties are fed to the finite elements analysis (FEA) for geometrical topology optimization, aiming to maximize stiffness and reduce weight of those parts. Afterwards, an infill optimization is carried out on the topology optimized parts using different mesostructures such as honeycomb, triangular, and rectangular to achieve high structural performance. The results showed that triangular pattern with 50% infill density had the lowest developed stresses, less mass, and strain energy when compared to other structures. Optimum UAVs parts of a quadcopter are successfully manufactured, assembled, and tested.

     

Post‐treatment selection for tailored fatigue performance of 18Ni300 maraging steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion

This study investigates the fatigue behaviour of additively manufactured 18Ni300 maraging steel. Specifically, the surface and material parameters impacting fatigue performance are analysed through various post‐treatment combinations. Vertically built miniaturised test samples produced by laser powder bed fusion are tested in as‐built and age‐hardening heat‐treated conditions. To utilise the potential of using additive manufacturing for complex‐shaped parts in which conventional machining tools could have limited access, vibratory finishing and sand blasting are employed. The fatigue results show that in as‐built microstructural condition, both the surface treatments significantly enhanced the fatigue performance, with vibratory finishing outperforming sand blasting owing to better surface finish. After heat treatment, sand‐blasted samples performed better than vibratory‐finished ones because of higher residual stresses. This competing interaction between post‐treatments sheds light on identifying the relative influence of various factors. With systematic postfracture and microstructural analyses highlighting the fatigue influencing factors, recommendations are drawn to select post‐treatments to achieve the desired fatigue performance.     

石墨烯基储能材料的增材制造研究进展

石墨烯是一种具有大比表面积、高电导率和良好的力学性能的二维材料,在高容量和大功率储能器件方面具有广阔的应用前景。然而现有的各种石墨烯电极制造技术无论从技术层面还是在生产率、性能方面都难以满足当前工业应用的需求。石墨烯增材制造(石墨烯3D打印)在复杂三维石墨烯结构的制造方面具有突出的优势和潜力,而且还具有设备简单、成型结构可控性高等优点。关于石墨烯基电极材料的增材制造及应用在近两年内迅速发展。概述了基于增材制造制备石墨烯结构的典型技术——直写成型(DIW)的机理和优点,介绍了基于该技术制备的石墨烯基电极材料在超级电容器和锂离子电池领域的应用,最后对石墨烯基电极材料的增材制造面临的挑战和未来发展趋势进行了展望。