Materials and Designs for Wearable Photodetectors

Photodetectors (PDs), as an indispensable component in electronics, are highly desired to be flexible to meet the trend of next‐generation wearable electronics. Unfortunately, no in‐depth reviews on the design strategies, material exploration, and potential applications of wearable photodetectors are found in literature to date. Thus, this progress report first summarizes the fundamental design principles of turning “hard” photodetectors “soft,” including 2D (polymer and paper substrate‐based devices) and 1D PDs (fiber shaped devices). In short, the flexibility of PDs is realized through elaborate substrate modification, material selection, and device layout. More importantly, this report presents the current progress and specific requirements for wearable PDs according to the application: monitoring, imaging, and optical communication. Challenges and future research directions in these fields are proposed at the end. The purpose of this progress report is not only to shed light on the basic design principles of wearable PDs, but also serve as the roadmap for future exploration in wearable PDs in various applications, including health monitoring and Internet of Things.     

Toward Design of Novel Materials for Organic Electronics

Materials for organic electronics are presently used in prominent applications, such as displays in mobile devices, while being intensely researched for other purposes, such as organic photovoltaics, large‐area devices, and thin‐film transistors. Many of the challenges to improve and optimize these applications are material related and there is a nearly infinite chemical space that needs to be explored to identify the most suitable material candidates. Established experimental approaches struggle with the size and complexity of this chemical space. Herein, the development of simulation methods is addressed, with a particular emphasis on predictive multiscale protocols, to complement experimental research in the identification of novel materials and illustrate the potential of these methods with a few prominent recent applications. Finally, the potential of machine learning and methods based on artificial intelligence is discussed to further accelerate the search for new materials.     

Challenges of Materials Technology for low Consumption Vehicle Concepts

The material strategy in the automobile industry is geared towards product features such as consumption reduction (lightweight design), performance gain in the powertrain, safety, improved comfort and enhanced driving pleasure, or towards new functions and effects achievable using materials, surfaces and layers. All of these features are required to meet the criteria of low‐cost and environmentally‐friendly producibility and resources recovery. Lightweight design has a key role to play in the development of vehicles with low consumption and emissions. Some examples and current trends are reviewed in this article.     

Materials Selection for a Finite Life Time

Classical methods for materials selection only poorly account for the need of incorporating time into the design requirements. Corrosion, fatigue, wear and creep are phenomena that can lead to an accumulation of damage with time, ultimately causing failure. The first step in dealing with this is an evaluation of the potential risk for delayed damage followed by a qualitative ranking of the possible candidates. Beyond this point, both quantitative estimates and design rules have to be used to make the appropriate selection. Examples involving corrosion and creep will illustrate the possibility of and the need for under the form of.     

菌丝体材料产品化设计研究

目的 通过菌丝体材料的产品化设计实践,探索其设计原则与设计思路。方法 介绍菌丝体材料的特性并根据特性分析材料的可应用范围,阐述菌丝体材料的产品化现状及价值,并以材料驱动设计和可持续设计中的产品生命周期原则为理论依据,提出菌丝体材料产品化设计原则及设计思路。结论 总结出菌丝体材料产品化设计三原则,分别是材料的可持续性发展原则、产品的功能性与美观性兼具原则、创新产品的多样性原则,设计思路包括:认知菌丝体材料的特性;提出菌丝体材料的愿景;进行菌丝体材料的加工;测试菌丝体产品的功能;设计菌丝体产品的应用;探索菌丝体产品的可持续性。根据此原则与思路完成菌丝体板材设计,为今后的菌丝体材料产品化设计提供指导。菌丝体材料的产品化设计既可以拓展菌丝体材料的应用范围,规范菌丝体材料的设计流程,又能实现菌丝体材料的可持续性创新发展,为社会带来深远的环境和经济价值。     

金属材料系统科学框架

在思维方式上从局部分析式思维向整体系统式思维转变，在方法学上由分解－－分析向分析－－综合式转变，把材料的微观与宏观整体地联系起来，即实现原子结构（或电子结构）、相结构、组织结构和性质的理论大综合，建立材料信息科学和材料计算机设计科学，发展先进制备和应用科学，将是21世纪材料科学的最大任务。     

功能梯度材料

介绍了功能梯度材料的提出，开发流程，研究现状，对于当前功能梯度材料的设计过程，制备方法，性能评价方法和实验手段进行了详细叙述，提出了功能梯度材料应进一步发展的方向。     

水泥基材料设计应用价值研究

目的研究水泥基材料对于设计领域的应用价值和发展前景。方法通过对水泥基材料形态的易塑性、质感的多样性、混合的兼容性、性能的耐久性、文化的特质性的分析,以及就材料科学与相关科技的发展对水泥基材料设计应用的影响。结论水泥基材料已经打破了传统意义上对于水泥基材料的感官认识和应用范畴,跨越建筑工程领域的应用局限。越多越多的设计师和艺术家已经开始将其材料应用于工业设计、室内设计、服装设计、造型艺术等领域。随着水泥基材料与设计领域联系的深入,将推动水泥基材料科学的快速发展和相关工艺技术的研发,也为水泥基材料在设计领域更为广泛和多样化应用提供了可能。     

掺铋钇铁石榴石薄膜材料磁光性能的计算机辅助设计

从介电张量表达式出发,利用相应模型对微观表达式进行简化,得到了法拉第旋转角和光吸收系数的计算公式．进一步建立了描述Bi－YIG磁光性能的理论模型和参数数据库,在此基础上实现了Bi－YIG磁光性能的计算机辅助设计,其结果与实验符合得较好．     

材料智能型包装的分类及设计应用

目的 探索材料智能型包装的分类体系、应用领域与设计实现。方法 以现行材料智能型包装案例及文献为基础,对国内外相关的设计实践、专利及相关理论进行系统分析,并根据材料功能特性对其进行分类研究。结果 提出了更完善的材料智能型包装的概念、分类、应用领域与设计关键。根据材料本身及其应用在材料智能型包装上表现出来的功能特征,在包装的展示销售、保鲜提醒、商品防伪以及安全防护等方面具有良好的应用前景,重点阐述了功能特征表现较为明显的变色材料包装、发光材料包装、智能水凝胶材料包装、活性包装等,并提出材料在智能型包装设计过程中应着重把握材料选择的恰当性、信息传达的准确性以及图形表现的巧妙性3个方面。结论 对材料智能型包装的分类及设计应用进行了细化研究,为智能化包装的拓展研究提供了更多的方向,有利于推动包装产业的转型升级。     

核辐射屏蔽材料的研究进展

简述了核辐射对屏蔽材料的一般要求,综述了常用屏蔽材料的特点.指出屏蔽材料的屏蔽效果与其它性能如力学性能、耐热性及抗辐照性能之间的矛盾是屏蔽材料需要解决的关键问题.重点指出了核辐射屏蔽材料研究进展的几个特点:(1)引入梯度材料设计理论制备功能/结构一体化屏蔽材料;(2)稀土元素及其化合物在屏蔽材料中的合理有效利用;(3)基于遗传算法的优化设计方法在新型屏蔽材料设计中的作用越来越明显.     

几种常见缓冲托盘的缓冲材料研究

对应用于大型工业设备的缓冲托盘的常用缓冲材料:防振垫圈、单层发泡聚乙烯、乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物进行了介绍。试验研究了其中2种泡沫材料的静态压缩、跌落冲击性能曲线,为缓冲托盘的设计提供理论根据。     

卷烟包装辅料自动输送系统设计

目的 为了提高香烟包装生产智能制造水平,为大数据分析提供可靠数据源。方法 通过系统架构、数据流、物流、控制系统等多维度设计出香烟包装辅料自动输送系统;通过计算机网络实现无人送料AGV小车、堆垛机、穿梭车、输送机及辅料自动输送管理系统WMS服务器、调度系统WCS服务器、AGV调度服务器、数据库服务器、终端电脑等系统设备的连接。结果 实现了卷烟包装辅料多工况自动送料,辅料自动输送入库速度为41盘/h,机台空盘回收自动输送速度为24盘/h,机台要料自动输送速度为24盘/h。结论 辅料自动输送系统是信息化系统、物流设备、通讯技术的综合运用,实现了包装材料的自动化输送和数据统计等。     

两种缓冲材料并列组合的包装设计

提出了一种利用线弹性体材料的力学数据进行缓冲包装结构设计的方法,进行了详细的理论推导,得到了计算两种线弹性缓冲材料并列组合时结构尺寸的关系式。并对组合条件下的缓冲效果进行了讨论。     

多功能军品包装新材料设计与应用研究

阐述了多功能军品包装的必要性和重要性;介绍了军品包装在设计时一般应满足的主要性能要求;根据军品的外、中、内包装形式,着重讨论了制备的多功能军品包装材料的设计机理、主要性能及应用。     

Emerging Materials and Strategies for Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling

In recent decades, the growing demands for energy saving and accompanying heat mitigation concerns, together with the vital goal for carbon neutrality, have drawn human attention to the zero-energy-consumption cooling technique. Recent breakthroughs in passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) might be a potent approach to combat the energy crisis and environmental challenges by directly dissipating ambient heat from the Earth to the cold outer space instead of only moving the heat across the Earth's surface. Despite significant progress in cooling mechanisms, materials design, and application exploration, PDRC faces potential functionalization, durability, and commercialization challenges. Herein, emerging materials and rational strategies for PDRC devices are reviewed. First, the fundamental physics and thermodynamic concepts of PDRC are examined, followed by a discussion on several categories of PDRC devices developed to date according to their implementation mechanism and material properties. Emerging strategies for performance enhancement and specific functions of PDRC are discussed in detail. Potential applications and possible directions for designing next-generation high-efficiency PDRC are also discussed. It is hoped that this review will contribute to exciting advances in PDRC and aid its potential applications in various fields.     

包装材料的创新应用方法

目的通过研究材料的创新应用方法,强调包装材料的创新设计不应偏重于加工技术的开发,也应注重对创新意识的培育,从而帮助包装设计树立更具创新价值和产能价值的地位,以创新性设计理念与创新性材料应用手法赋予产品更高的附加价值,提升企业品牌与产品的错位竞争能力。方法运用开放式思维方式,从多角度、多视点、多方利益入手进行研究,通过文献查阅、资料分析、跨学科比较、个案研究等多种方法,对包装材料各类创新应用的形式进行梳理,挖掘材料的文化与形式内涵,归纳总结出现代包装设计中材料的主要创新应用方法。总结得出4类组合形式,即解构的组合形式、打破习惯认知与思维定式的材料应用、运用仿生设计赋予包装材料感性色彩、应用新兴科技材料与技术。     

Integrated Charge Transfer in Organic Ferroelectrics for Flexible Multisensing Materials

The ultimate or end point of functional materials development is the realization of strong coupling between all energy regimes (optical, electronic, magnetic, and elastic), enabling the same material to be utilized for multifunctionalities. However, the integration of multifunctionalities in soft materials with the existence of various coupling is still in its early stage. Here, the coupling between ferroelectricity and charge transfer by combining bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene‐C60 charge‐transfer crystals with ferroelectric polyvinylidene fluoride polymer matrix is reported, which enables external stimuli‐controlled polarization, optoelectronic and magnetic field sensing properties. Such flexible composite films also display a superior strain‐dependent capacitance and resistance change with a giant piezoresistance coefficient of 7.89 × 10^?6 Pa^?1. This mutual coupled material with the realization of enhanced couplings across these energy domains opens up the potential for multisensing applications.