辊底式钢管退火炉的埋偶试验与传热反问题研究

采用埋偶法测量了辊底式退火炉内钢管的温度,验证了实际退火曲线合理性。基于单点测温、常热流假设及任意未来时间步长的导热反问题算法求解了钢管退火过程的外表面热流密度;并得到了总括热吸收系数。结果表明:钢管外表面热流密度与钢管外壁温度呈抛物线关系,总括热吸收系数随管壁温度的0.578次幂增长。     

连铸二冷气雾冷却过程导热反问题分析

建立了连铸二冷气雾冷却一维非稳态导热过程中由铸坯内部单个测温点测得的温度值反算表面未知温度和表面热流密度的数学模型,利用热平衡法建立各节点差分方程,引入灵敏度系数,通过牛顿迭代法优化假设初始值。为了验证该数学模型的正确性,在铸坯表面施加已知热流密度,结果表明反算得到的热流密度与已知热流密度吻合较好。     

连铸二冷气雾冷却过程导热反问题分析

建立了连铸二冷气雾冷却一维非稳态导热过程中由铸坯内部单个测温点测得的温度值反算表面未知温度和表面热流密度的数学模型,利用热平衡法建立各节点差分方程,引入灵敏度系数,通过牛顿迭代法优化假设初始值。为了验证该数学模型的正确性,在铸坯表面施加已知热流密度,结果表明反算得到的热流密度与已知热流密度吻合较好。分析了连铸二冷过程中铸坯表面热流密度的变化规律。     

方坯加热炉二维温度模型

开发了一种可用于方坯加热炉加热制度分析以及实时计算的方坯二维温度模型,该模型包括沿炉长方向的温度分布计算,方坯表面热流密度计算以及方坯内部二维热传导计算。加热炉炉长方向炉温分布根据热电偶测温数据获得;根据总括热吸收率方法计算方坯上、下表面的热流密度数值,并由此计算方坯侧面热流密度;对方坯内部热传导建立二维差分方程组,并利用ADI和TDMA算法进行求解。通过埋偶试验验证了模型方法的正确性,在某钢厂高线加热炉的运行测试表明,模型能够用于辅助制定钢种的加热制度,在线计算则表明了模型计算的通用性和实时性。     

大型轧机轴承温度测试方法的研究

利用热电偶测温原理,精确测试了轴承内表面承载区域和非承载区域关键点的温度;再利用导热反问题原理,计算得到轴承最大温度值及其对应位置,能够有效实现实时、快速反应轧机轴承内部温度的变化,为轴承系统的热分析及轴承维护提供可靠的实验依据。     

特厚钢板阵列射流淬火的表面换热

采用特厚钢板专用辊式射流淬火试验装置和多通道钢板温度记录仪,测试出射流速度3.39~26.8 m·s-1、雷诺数12808~117340、水流密度978.7~6751.5 L·(m2·min)-1条件下,84 mm厚钢板淬火冷却曲线;进而基于反传热修正方法计算高温钢板淬火过程壁面温度和热流密度,描绘出沸腾曲线,分析多束圆孔阵列射流对特厚钢板淬火表面换热的影响.结果表明:射流速度、水流密度等参数影响钢板表面射流滞止区和平行流区换热机制,进而影响最大热流密度分布.射流速度较低时,壁面平行流区观察到混合换热和"热流密度肩"现象;随射流速度增大,膜沸腾换热机制消失,最大热流密度移至较低壁面过热度处.相关研究将对特厚钢板淬火过程温度场计算和组织性能调控提供有益的帮助.      

包晶钢宽厚板坯连铸结晶器的热流密度与热行为

基于热电偶实测温度,建立了包晶钢宽厚板坯连铸结晶器有限元传热模型和热流密度非线性估算模型.应用模型反算获得包晶钢宽厚板坯结晶器的热流密度,在与热平衡计算得到的平均热流密度进行比较后,阐述了模型的有效性,并分析了实际生产条件下结晶器铜板的温度分布规律.结晶器宽面和窄面的平均热流密度分别为1.141和1.119 MW·m-2.温度在靠近结晶器背面呈波浪形分布,最大温差为29.6℃,然而在远离背面位置,温度变化平缓.随距弯月面距离的增加,温度呈降低趋势,然而在距结晶器出口附近出现回温现象.同时宽厚板坯连铸结晶器的热流密度和温度分布均有别于传统板坯连铸.      

基于热流密度分布模型的连铸倒角结晶器温度分布研究

基于热流密度分布模型,建立了全弧形板坯连铸机倒角结晶器窄面冷却水流动和铜板传热耦合的数学模型。采用多元回归的方法拟合得到描述连铸结晶器热流密度对结晶器高度的函数表达式。铜板表面沿拉坯方向的热流密度呈非线性分布,弯月面附近的热流密度先急剧增加然后迅速减小,在距离弯月面0.1 m处的热流密度达到最大值。模型计算结果表明,在结晶器距上口150～200 mm的铜板表面温度最高达到608～678 K,低于723 K的铬锆铜再结晶软化温度;尽管该区域铜板水缝的最高表面温度近420 K,但不影响整体传热。计算的铜板温度与热电偶测量值相吻合。     

介孔二氧化硅球形孔内近场辐射换热

介孔二氧化硅基材内含不连续且均匀分布的球形孔.由于孔径小于热辐射特征波长,近场辐射作用不容忽视.本文基于涨落耗散理论和并矢格林函数,计算介孔二氧化硅球形孔内的近场辐射换热,由此得到的近场辐射的当量导热系数,将进一步用来修正介孔二氧化硅的有效导热系数.采用稀介质孔隙率加权模型耦合球形孔内近场辐射当量导热系数、孔内受限气体导热系数及介孔二氧化硅基材导热系数,得到介孔二氧化硅的有效导热系数,并进一步考察了孔径和温度的影响.研究结果表明,在介观尺度下,其辐射热流比宏观尺度下要高2-7个数量级.球形孔内近场辐射的热流及当量导热系数随着孔径的增加呈指数衰减,随着温度的升高而增大.介孔二氧化硅的有效导热系数随着孔隙率的增加逐渐减小,随着温度的升高缓慢增加.孔径越小,近场辐射的作用越显著,不容忽视.当孔径大于50 nm时,尺寸效应逐渐消失.      

基于二维瞬态导热反问题方法测量气体射流冲击换热系数

基于Levenber-Marquardt迭代法建立了二维瞬态导热反问题模型。结合实验,测定了厚规格材料表面射流冲击换热系数随着时间的变化规律。同时,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型建立了相应的CFD仿真模型。数值分析和实验结果表明:所建立的二维瞬态导热反问题模型能够准确计算表面换热系数;厚规格材料冷却过程中,冷却开始时,表面换热Nu数迅速上升。当冷却时间大于50s时,Nu数逐步趋于平缓并维持不变;由于材料内部横向热流的影响,瞬态实验的局部Nu数高于稳态实验的局部Nu数。     

The Influence of Oxide Scale on Heat Transfer during Reheating of Steel

The present work presents methodology and development of a mathematical model for prediction of the influence of oxide scale on heat transfer during reheating of steel in an industrial furnace. In this developed model, temperatures inside the steel billet were measured and with thermocouples at selected places and were collected by a water cooled computer that was traveling inside the slab. CFD is used to calculate the flow field inside of a furnace. The mass‐transfer coefficient of the scale formation is obtained by solving the convection mass‐diffusion equation across a boundary layer to the surface of a flat plate. A model for inverse heat conduction is employed to calculate the local surface temperature and heat flux on top of the growing oxide scale layer on a slab moving through a walking beam reheating furnace. By using the inverse method, the transient temperature and heat flux was firstly determined on the surface of the steel. During subsequent computations, the growth of the scale was calculated and the surface temperature of the oxide scale was extracted by using the Cauchy data from the previous calculations. The sensibility of the model on steel physical parameters is studied, and suitable parameters were obtained for heating a low carbon steel plate in the reheating furnace. Results show that the oxide scale layer should not be neglected in reheating models.     

直流电弧炉钢棒式底电极热状态数值模拟

 采用Fluent软件和文献建立的二维传热模型,对底电极稳态和非稳态的传热过程进行了数值模拟。计算中考虑了底电极物性随温度的变化、空气隙的等效对流换热系数、底电极内部电磁力和焦耳热的影响等,并采用UDF函数加以实现。通过数值模拟,研究不同底电极结构、电流强度以及绝热/绝缘材料熔损对底电极热状态的影响。计算得到的冷却水进出口温差随冶炼时间的变化与现场实测结果吻合,进一步验证了所建模型和参数选择的合理性。计算结果表明,底电极周围绝热/绝缘材料熔损和电磁力对底电极的热状态和熔化深度起着重要的作用。     

热轧中厚板超快速冷却过程温度场数值模拟

 超快速冷却工艺作为热轧钢板生产的核心技术,对改善板材产品组织形态、提升产品性能具有重要意义。在中厚钢板的超快速冷却过程中,心部与表面之间的冷却速度差异使得钢板在厚度方向上形成内外温度差,而超快速冷却中钢板表面的换热机制较为复杂,两者综合提升了中厚板冷却机制的界定难度。为提升中厚板超快冷模型计算精度,完善其换热体系,建立了中厚钢板轧后超快速冷却过程中等效换热系数反求法的数学模型。该模型依托离散解析法,基于导热微分方程及物体正规阶段的状态特点,将求得的超越方程根转化为等效换热系数,并将此作为超快冷温度场模型的边界条件。在此基础上,构建了超快速冷却温度场仿真模型,验证了20 mm钢板超快速冷却机制下的温度场。结果表明,等效换热系数反求法的数学模型能够适用于中厚钢板的超快冷工艺。     

Estimation of the Transient Surface Temperature,Heat Flux and Effective Heat Transfer Coefficient of a Slab in an Industrial Reheating Furnace by using an Inverse Method

In the steel industry it is of great importance to be able to control the surface temperature and heating or cooling rates during heat treatment processes. In this paper, a steel slab is heated up to 1300°C in an industrial reheating furnace and the temperature data are recorded during the reheating process. The transient local surface temperature, heat flux and effective heat transfer coefficient of the steel slab ares calculated using a model for inverse heat conduction. The calculated surface temperatures are compared with the temperatures achieved by using a model of the heating process with the help of the software STEELTEMP® 2D. The results obtained show very good agreement and suggest that the inverse method can be applied to similar high temperature applications with very good accuracy.     

Inverse Estimation of Transient Heat Flux to Slab Surface

 The transient heat flux was calculated using a model for inverse heat conduction problems based on temperature measurements. The unknown heat flux was taken as an optimization variable and solved by minimizing the differences between the calculated temperatures and the measured ones. Several examples were given to show the effectiveness and the accuracy of the inverse algorithm in estimating the transient heat flux to a slab surface. The results show that the inverse approach can be applied in the steel industry or in other areas where the target of investigation is inaccessible to direct measurements or difficult to be directly modeled.     

转杯粒化工艺高温熔渣换热数值模拟

 转杯粒化器是高温熔渣离心粒化余热回收系统中最关键的部件,它与高温熔渣接触后的换热和温度分布直接影响到转杯的安全运行。由于熔渣温度超过1 500 ℃,现有的试验测温手段受到了很大限制,因此,从数值模拟出发,研究高温熔渣在转杯上流动换热特性以及凝固渣壳的形成规律,结果表明,渣壳厚度与转速呈负相关,转杯表面热流密度以及对应的壁面温度均与渣壳厚度呈负相关,转杯边缘的渣壳厚度最薄,同时温升速率及温度在转杯内部最高。通过在转杯表面设置耐火材料能显著降低转杯不锈钢内部温度,从而起到对不锈钢本体热防护的作用。     

Experimental study of heat transfer in process of rolls cooling in rolling mills by water jets

The paper summarizes results obtained by carrying out a large set of experiments that studied cooling of rolls. The experiments are based on the cooling of a steel plate by a set of flat nozzles from a starting temperature of 615 °C. The temperature histories measured in 39 points of the test plate are the inputs to the evaluation procedure. The sensor distribution covers a surface of a size of 450 × 110 mm. Classical Beck's inverse task was extended for the 3-dimensional area. The inverse task computes the surface distribution of heat transfer coefficient history, heat flux history and surface temperature. The results have pointed out a non-homogeneity in cooling by means of flat jets and provide us with a comparison of the flat and the full cone jets. The possibility of the intensification of the cooling by non-rectangular spray angle is discussed. It is shown that a certain point of saturation exists in the experimental pressure range from 0.4 to 1.2 MPa and increasing the pressure has a negligible influence on the cooling intensity.     

薄板坯连铸结晶器铜板温度及热流密度分布

薄板坯连铸结晶器的传热过程直接影响到铜板的寿命,有必要研究薄板坯连铸结晶器的传热特征。为了研究薄板坯结晶器的热流密度,通过开发的结晶器温度监测软件检测了珠钢结晶器铜板的温度。根据在线实测的铜板温度以及薄板坯连铸机冷却参数,建立了薄板坯结晶器铜板传热模型,计算并验证了结晶器热流密度的分布函数,同时通过二次回归得出了结晶器热流密度与结晶器高度的关系式。结果表明,在宽度方向上铜板温度和热流密度的分布具有相似的规律性,距离弯月面越近,热流密度和温度的波动越大。弯月面处热流密度值大于4．2MW／m^2,是造成结晶器铜板被侵蚀的主要原因。     

高温平板水雾冷却换热系数的数值分析

 利用有限元耦合场数值模拟计算方法进行了高温平板纯水喷雾冷却的模拟。研究了射流出口高度、平板表面温度及喷嘴流量对换热系数的影响。模拟结果表明：在其它参数不变的情况下,随着喷射距离（200mm～500mm）的减小,换热系数总体呈增加趋势;随着平板表面温度在（1050K～1200K间）的增加,换热系数总体呈减小趋势;随着射流流量或压力的增加,换热系数呈增加趋势。