汽-液-固三相流对石墨加热管内壁面磨损的实验研究

利用汽-液-固三相循环流化床蒸发器及动态信号测试采集系统,对石墨加热管内壁面的磨损进行了研究。实验测取了加热管不同轴向位置处振动加速度时间序列,对其进行了标准偏差和峰度分析,评估玻璃珠对壁面的径向冲击强度;通过测定循环流量,研究颗粒对壁面的轴向摩擦冲击程度。同时对磨损产物进行称量、元素分析,结合传感器测试结果共同确定石墨管壁面磨损速率的影响因素。主要结论如下：随着加热蒸汽压力的升高和颗粒体积分率的增加,壁面磨损速率增大;相同加热蒸汽压力和颗粒体积分率下,较小粒径颗粒对壁面的磨损更为严重。峰度分析表明,颗粒对壁面的冲击频率是影响石墨管磨损速率的主要因素。研究结果对将三相流化床换热技术应用于石墨管换热器系统具有一定的指导意义。     

低固含率气-液-固循环流化床流动特性

应用基于互补金属氧化物半导体(complementary metal oxide semiconductor,CMOS)传感器的高速图像采集和处理技术,实验研究了低固含率条件下,低密度大孔吸附树脂固体颗粒气-液-固三相循环流化床的流体力学行为,分析了操作条件、液相物性、颗粒性质等对床内的固体颗粒循环速率、相含率、气泡运动等特性的影响,得到了具有合理物理解释的实验数据和结果。     

液-固下行循环流化床中的颗粒碰撞行为

设计并构建了一套冷模液-固下行循环流化床蒸发器,考察了颗粒对壁面的碰撞行为随轴向位置和操作参数的变化规律,以便更好地揭示循环流化床强化传热和防、除垢的机理。实验中,选用水和不同粒径的聚甲醛颗粒和玻璃珠作为工质,对不同颗粒加入量(0~2.0%)和循环流量(2.15~5.16 m³·h^-1)下的碰撞加速度信号进行了功率谱密度、峰度和标准偏差等频域和时域分析。研究结果表明:液相和固相碰撞加速度信号的频率范围分别为0~2 000 Hz和6 000~16 000 Hz。沿着下行床的轴向位置从上到下,颗粒对壁面碰撞加速度信号的标准偏差先减小,后增大;峰度增大。随着颗粒加入量和循环流量的增加,标准偏差增大,峰度减小。颗粒加入量较低时,标准偏差随着聚甲醛颗粒粒径的增加先减小、后增大;而峰度随着粒径的增加明显增大。颗粒加入量较高时,标准偏差和峰度随着粒径的增加而增大,但增大的幅度较小。玻璃珠的标准偏差较小,但峰度明显高于聚甲醛颗粒。构建了操作参数对颗粒碰撞行为影响的三维图。研究结果有助于促进流化床换热防垢节能技术的工业化应用。     

液固循环流化床换热器管束的固含率

在二维中试循环流化床中使用组合式固液分布器进行实验,考察下管箱表观液速,主分布器内径、主分布器下插深度,颗粒加入量和粒径对径向管束固含率的影响.结果表明:固含率随主分布器内径、颗粒加入量和下管箱表观液速的增加而增大,随粒径的增大而减小,随主分布器下插深度几乎没有变化;固含率不均匀度随颗粒粒径的增大而增大,随下管箱表观液速、颗粒加入量,主分布器下插深度增加而减小,但达到一定深度后,不均匀度不再随之减小,随主分布器内径几乎没有变化.在综合考虑各影响因素的基础上,提出计算固含率的经验公式,并用实验数据拟合了公式中的参数.     

不同流型下组合约束型提升管出口段固含率分布

在一套组合约束型提升管冷态实验装置上,研究了气力输送和快速流态化两种流型下,出口段局部固含率分布规律及不同操作条件对固含率的影响。结果表明:局部固含率径向分布整体上呈中心小、边壁大的分布特征,并随分布器开孔率和表观气速的降低而增大,随上部流化床层压降和颗粒循环强度的降低而减小;在快速流态化操作下,局部固含率曲线分布形式与常规提升管类似,而在气力输送状态下,临近出口区域局部固含率最大值通常不出现在边壁处,其位置随表观气速和分布器开孔率增加以及颗粒循环强度和上部流化床层压降降低而远离边壁;两种流型下局部固含率径向分布的均匀性均随表观气速及分布器开孔率的增加而升高,随颗粒循环强度及流化床层压降的增加而降低。     

高长径比气液固三相内环流反应器的流体动力学

在高径比为22的三相内环流反应器中,常温常压下,根据动量平衡原理建立了空气-水-石英砂三相物系的循环液速模型,并建立了上升区气含率、上升区固含率和底部换向区阻力系数模型;考察了在不同颗粒粒径下,表观气速对上升区固含率和液体循环速度的影响。结果表明:当粒径(ds)≤0.3mm时,上升区固含率随表观气速的增加变化呈平缓趋势,当0.3mmds≤1.2mm时,上升区固含率随表观气速的增加而呈先下降后增加的趋势;不同粒径下上升区循环液速均随表观气速的增加而增加;气含率、固含率和循环液速的计算值和实验值吻合较好,其平均相对误差分别为6.32%、4.56%和11.97%。     

三相流化床动力学特征的影响因素

利用电导探头测试技术,以不同粒径的玻璃珠颗粒、金精矿、金矿氰化尾渣为固相,空气为气相,不同粘度的液体为液相,对三相流化床中不同测孔的电导率进行测试和计算,系统研究了颗粒粒径(dp)、密度(r)、质量(q)、表观气速(Ug)、液体粘度(ml)等对相含率的影响. 结果表明,dp从0.05 mm增加到0.15 mm,气含率(eg)增加2%~3%,而固含率(es)减小2%~4%;其他条件相同,密度大的颗粒es和eg较小;随q增加,eg降低,es增加,玻璃珠颗粒每增加100 g,eg减小约2.5%,es增加约1.5%;随Ug增大或减小,eg和es亦随之增大或减小;随ml增大或减小,eg和es亦呈增大或减小趋势.     

水平双管程液=固循环流化床中颗粒分布和压降

为促进流化床换热防垢节能技术在水平双管程换热器中的应用,设计和构建了一套冷模透明水平双管程液-固循环流化床换热装置。以水和聚甲醛颗粒为工质,利用电荷耦合器件（CCD）图像测量和处理系统及压差传感器,考察了颗粒加入量（0.50%~1.25%）和循环流量（6~11 m³·h^-1）对颗粒分布和压降的影响。结果表明：上管程的颗粒分布更为均匀,下管程内存在“死区”,上、下管程的固含率均沿重力方向增大。上管程的颗粒分布不均匀度随循环流量的增加而波动,下管程则先迅速增大再逐渐减小。上、下管程的颗粒分布不均匀度均随颗粒加入量的增加而波动。压降比率随循环流量和颗粒加入量的增加而波动,在实验范围内的最大值为18.3%。绘制了操作参数对颗粒分布和压降影响的三维图,以确定较适宜的操作参数范围。     

高长径比三相内环流反应器中细颗粒相含率和循环液速的分布研究

在高径比为22的三相内环流反应器中,在常温常压下以空气-水-石英砂为物系,研究了在不同粒径下上升区固含率、下降区固含率和上升区循环液速随表观气速的变化规律和不同粒径下轴向固含率的分布情况,以及在固体体积分数不同的条件下,平均气含率和上升区气含率随表观气速的变化情况。结果表明:当粒径(ds)≤0.3 mm时,上升区固含率随表观气速的增加呈平缓变化趋势,下降区固含率随表观气速的增加而增加;当0.3 mm相似文献   

汽-液-固循环流化床蒸发器热效率的实验研究

为对多管循环流化床蒸发器中的热效率进行研究,构建了汽-液-固透明多管循环流化床蒸发系统。研究了液体循环流量、热通量、颗粒加入量、颗粒性质等参数对蒸发器热效率的影响。结果表明:随着液体循环流量、颗粒加入量和热通量的增加,热效率均增大;且随着热通量的增加,热效率增大的幅度较大,说明在较高热通量时,热量的利用率较高。完全流化时,颗粒的密度和导热系数越大,热效率越高。操作为强制循环,循环泵消耗功率随颗粒加入量的增加而增长的幅度不大。     

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF LIQUID-PARTICLE FLOW IN CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED

A liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed (LSCFB) is operated at high liquid velocity, where particle entrainment is highly significant and between the conventional liquid fluidized bed and the dilute phase liquid transport regimes. LSCFB has potential applications in the fields of food processing, biochemical processing, and petrochemical and metallurgical processing. It is well known that the flow characteristics in a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed are different from those of a conventional liquid-solid fluidized bed. The limited studies available in literature do not provide complete understanding of the flow structure in this typical regime.

In the present work, experiments were carried out in a 0.0762 m ID and 3 m height laboratory-scale liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed apparatus by using various solid particles and tap water as fluidizing medium. In the experimental setup, two distributors (specially designed) were used to monitor solid circulation rate in the riser. The effects of operating parameters, i.e., primary liquid flow rate in the riser (Up), solid circulation rate (G_s), and particle diameter (dp), were analyzed from the experimental data. Finally, a correlation was developed from the experimental data to estimate average solid holdup in the riser, and it was compared with present experimental and available data in the literature. They agree well with a maximum root-mean-square deviation of 7.83%.     

三相环流反应器流体力学行为

气升式三相环流反应器综合了鼓泡塔和机械搅拌釜的优良性能,具有结构简单、无机械传动部件、易密封、造价低、容易实现工业放大等优点,在石油、化工、电化学和生物化工等领域得到了广泛应用．随着能源形势的日趋紧张,环流反应器在液相法合成甲醇、浆态床一步法合成二甲醚、煤液化等过程中的应用得到许多研究人员的重视,并取得了重要的研究进展．由于目前对其内部流动行为尚缺乏系统的认识,进行工业设计和操作过程中仍显理论指导不足     

Heat Transfer in a Liquid-Solid Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor with Low Surface Tension Media

Heat transfer characteristics between the immersed heater and the bed content were studied in the riser of a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed, whose diameter and height were 0.102 m (ID) and 2.5 ...     

喷嘴对液固外循环流化床内含固体积分数的影响

设计了实现液固外循环流化床中颗粒正常循环的关键部件——喷嘴,利用CCD图像采集分析系统,获得了其换热管束内固体颗粒的分布情况,考察了液体流量、口径比、喷嘴安装位置、颗粒直径、颗粒初始加入量以及液体黏度对液固外循环流化床换热器管束内含固体积分数的影响。结果表明:口径比及喷嘴安装位置对提高管束内的含固体积分数都存在一个最佳值,颗粒直径、颗粒初始加入量以及液体黏度对管束内含固体积分数也具有较大的影响,同时还通过对实验数据的综合分析,得到了喷嘴在最佳安装位置下液固外循环流化床内含固体积分数的经验关联式。     

Phase distributions in a gas–liquid–solid circulating fluidized bed riser

The distributions of the three phases in gas–liquid–solid circulating fluidized beds (GLSCFB) were studied using a novel measurement technique that combines electrical resistance tomography (ERT) and optical fibre probe. The introduction of gas into a liquid–solid circulating fluidized bed (LSCFB), thus forming a GLSCFB, caused the increase of solids holdup due to the significantly decreased available buoyancy with the lower density of the gas, even with a somewhat increased liquid velocity due to the decreased liquid holdup giving space for the gas holdup. The gas passed through the riser in the form of bubbles, which tended to flow more through the central region of the riser, leading to more radial non‐uniformity in radial holdup of the phases. The gas velocity has the most significant effect on the gas phase holdup. While the gas velocity also has an obvious effect to the solids holdups, the liquid flow rate had a much more considerable effect on the phase holdups. The solids circulation rate also had a significant effect on the phase holdups, with increasing solids circulation rate causing much more increased solids holdup in the central region than close to the wall. A correlation was developed for the relative radial distributions of solids holdup in GLSCFB, as such radial profiles were found similar over a wide range of operating conditions, like those in a typical gas–solid circulating fluidized beds (GSCFB). Finally, the axial solids profiles in a GLSCFB was found to be much closer to those in an LSCFB which are very uniform, than those found in a GSCFB which are less uniform and sometime having a S shape. Water was used as the continuous and conductive phase, air was the gas phase and glass bead and lava rock particles were used as the solid and non‐conductive phase.     

狭窄矩形通道内液固两相磨蚀特性

液固两相磨蚀研究主要集中于圆管弯头和射流工况,板式换热器等狭窄矩形通道内液固两相磨蚀特性的研究鲜见报道。在Fluent软件及其二次开发框架内构建了描述稀疏颗粒液固两相磨蚀特性的CFD-DPM-磨蚀耦合数学模型框架,研究了存在圆柱体阻挡物的狭窄矩形通道内两相流动特性和壁面磨蚀特性,揭示了壁面和固体颗粒的相互作用机制。研究结果表明：阻挡物的存在显著改变了狭窄矩形通道壁面的磨蚀行为;磨蚀速率随液固流速和壁面粗糙度的增加而增加,因此,保证设备较低的入口流速和壁面粗糙度对延长设备寿命至关重要;磨蚀速率随颗粒粒径的增加先增加后降低,在60μm左右时达到极大值;球形度系数对磨蚀行为影响较小。引入量纲为1颗粒尺寸,阐述了液相边界层束缚颗粒运动的作用机制;与光滑壁面工况相比,颗粒以较大能量高频撞击粗糙壁面,导致了壁面磨蚀较快。液固两相以较低的角度和速度撞击壁面,壁面材料去除机理以微切削为主。     

Heat transfer in three-phase (G/L/S) circulating fluidized beds with low surface tension media

Characteristics of heat transfer were investigated in a three-phase circulating fluidized bed whose diameter and height were 0.102 m (ID) and 2.5 m, respectively. Effects of gas and liquid velocities, particle size (0.5–3.0 mm), solid circulation rate (2.0–6.5 kg/m² s), and surface tension (47.53–72.75×10⁻³ N/m) of liquid phase on the heat transfer coefficient were examined. It was found that the heat transfer coefficient (h) between the immersed vertical heater and the riser proper of the three-phase circulating fluidized bed increased with increase in gas and liquid velocities, but did not change considerably with a further increase in liquid velocity, even in the higher range. The value of heat transfer coefficient increased gradually with increase in the size of fluidized solid particles without exhibiting the local minimum, which represented that there was no bed contraction in three-phase circulating fluidized beds due to the higher liquid velocity. The heat transfer system could attain a stabilized condition more easily with increase in particle size. The value of heat transfer coefficient increased with increase in solid circulation rate in all the cases studied due to the increase of solid holdup in the riser. The value of heat transfer coefficient decreased with increase in surface tension of liquid phase, due to the decrease of bubbling phenomena and bubble holdup. The decrease in liquid surface tension could lead to an increase in elapsed time from which the temperature difference between the heater surface and the riser became an almost constant value. The experimentally obtained values of heat transfer coefficient were well correlated in terms of dimensionless groups as well as operating variables.     

Particle Shape,Density, and Size Effects on the Distribution of Phase Holdups in an LSCFB Riser

Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) as a non‐invasive technique based on conductivity measurement of the continuous phase was employed for the study of phase holdup in a liquid‐solid circulating fluidized bed (LSCFB). Local solid holdup was also measured by an optical fibre probe and pressure transducers to compare and verify the results obtained by ERT. Good agreement was observed among the three methods. Tap water was used as the continuous and conductive phase and glass beads (spherical shape) and lava rocks (irregular shape) of two different sizes were used as the solid and non‐conductive phase. Radial non‐uniformities of solid holdups were observed for all four types of particles under different superficial liquid velocities in different axial locations. The solid holdup was higher in regions close to the wall and low in the central region. Non‐uniformity in the phase holdup decreased with increasing liquid velocity. The axial flow profile was found uniform along axial locations of the riser except at the lower location closer to the distributor zone.     

Hydrodynamics of an inverse liquid–solid circulating conventional fluidized bed

An inverse liquid–solid circulating conventional fluidized bed (I-CCFB) is realized by injecting particles from the top of a conventional liquid–solid fluidized bed (0.076 m ID and 5.4 m height) that is operated in a newly developed circulating conventional fluidization regime located between the conventional and circulating fluidization regimes. The I-CCFB can achieve a higher solids holdup compared to both conventional and circulating liquid–solid fluidized beds. A new parameter, the bed intensification factor, is defined to quantify the increased solids holdup observed with external solids circulation. The Richardson–Zaki equation is shown to be applicable to the I-CCFB regime and can be used to correlate the slip velocity and solids holdup, both of which increase with the solids circulation rate. A new flow regime map is presented, including the I-CCFB and a variety of other liquid–solid fluidized beds.