回转干馏炉内二组元颗粒混合机理及混合度分析

采用非等径二组元颗粒,用圆形滚筒模拟回转干馏炉,研究回转干馏炉转速对颗粒径向混合的影响。以滚筒径向颗粒Lacey指数作为混合指数,对5种不同转速下滚筒侧表面颗粒的混合指数与混合机理进行研究,对比分析了混合指数的变化趋势。结果表明：在圆形滚筒混合器内1/6填充率、倾角为0°的情况下,在转速为13.3 r/min时混合度优于其它转速,以对流混合与扩散混合为主;通过对混合质量与混合机理综合分析,得颗粒混合呈现“双振荡趋势”。     

三维喷动床内异径干湿颗粒混合特性数值模拟

基于计算流体力学-离散单元法,建立了三维喷动床内气固两相流数学模型,采用Fortran语言编制了并行数值模拟程序。对三维喷动床内两种不同直径的干颗粒及湿颗粒的混合特性进行了数值模拟,并从颗粒角度分析了双组分颗粒的运动机制。利用Lacey混合指数对床内整体以及特定区域的混合程度进行了定量分析,并研究了液桥体积、颗粒密度比以及表观气速对异径颗粒混合的影响。结果表明：在单孔射流喷动床内,干湿两种颗粒流动方式相似,湿颗粒无明显的聚团现象;液桥力对小直径的颗粒影响较大,使不同直径湿颗粒速度差减小;环隙区内颗粒的混合是影响整床颗粒混合的关键因素;液桥体积对颗粒混合的影响较大,对颗粒密度比以及表观气速的影响有限。     

单孔射流流化床内颗粒混合特性的数值模拟

在欧拉-拉格朗日坐标系下,采用离散单元法对单孔射流流化床内颗粒混合特性进行了数值模拟。引入混合指数对床内轴向及径向布置的颗粒混合质量进行定量分析,并研究了不同表观气速、不同弹性系数对颗粒混合特性的影响。模拟得到了颗粒轴向及径向混合序列图、气体和颗粒速度分布、整床颗粒混合指数分布、参量变化时整床颗粒混合指数分布。结果表明：流化床床层内颗粒混合速度受颗粒内循环能力和颗粒扩散能力的综合作用。单口射流喷动流化床颗粒轴向混合速度主要由颗粒内循环速度决定,颗粒径向混合速度主要由颗粒扩散能力决定。表观气速增大时,颗粒内循环速度增加,从而加快了颗粒轴向混合进程,但对颗粒径向混合影响微弱;弹性系数增大时,颗粒混合速度及混合质量均下降,并且弹性系数增大对颗粒径向混合进程影响小于颗粒轴向混合。     

旋转流化床粉体混合机混合效果数值模拟和实验验证

为了对旋转流化床粉体混合机进行优化设计,采用CFD-DEM联合仿真的方法,对旋转流化床粉体混合机内球形颗粒的混合过程进行数值模拟,通过Lacey指数具体评价颗粒的混合效果,研究了进气管倾斜角度、进气管布置方式、进气方式对球形颗粒混合效果的影响,并进行球形颗粒混合实验验证。结果表明,进气管最合适的倾斜角度应保证气流作用区域面积恰好为底部颗粒物料区域面积的一半。进气管水平布置时能够保证很好的混合质量及较快的混合速率。脉冲及连续方式进气均能实现均匀混合,脉冲进气方式比连续进气方式耗气量更低。颗粒混合实验有很好的混合效果,与数值模拟的结果具有较高的一致性,从而获得了一种混合效果优越的结构形式,进气管倾斜角度α=35°,水平布置。     

三维喷动床内异径干湿颗粒混合特性数值模拟

基于计算流体力学-离散单元法,建立了三维喷动床内气固两相流数学模型,采用Fortran语言编制了并行数值模拟程序。对三维喷动床内两种不同直径的干颗粒及湿颗粒的混合特性进行了数值模拟,并从颗粒角度分析了双组分颗粒的运动机制。利用Lacey混合指数对床内整体以及特定区域的混合程度进行了定量分析,并研究了液桥体积、颗粒密度比以及表观气速对异径颗粒混合的影响。结果表明:在单孔射流喷动床内,干湿两种颗粒流动方式相似,湿颗粒无明显的聚团现象;液桥力对小直径的颗粒影响较大,使不同直径湿颗粒速度差减小;环隙区内颗粒的混合是影响整床颗粒混合的关键因素;液桥体积对颗粒混合的影响较大,对颗粒密度比以及表观气速的影响有限。     

低速回转圆筒内磷铵颗粒粒度分布规律研究

利用取样－筛分－称重的实验方法,提出固体颗粒在倾斜回转圆筒内的径向、沿弦长（料面）方向及轴向粒度分布规律,并得出混合粒径固体颗粒在倾斜回转圆筒内发生径向偏析和轴向偏析的结论。研究所用回转圆筒直径为６００ｍｍ,实验物料为不同粒度配比的磷酸一铵。研究结果对内分级内返料喷浆造粒干燥机的设计有指导意义。     

纵向涡流发生器喷动床颗粒流动特性研究

探究纵向涡流对喷动床内喷射区及环隙区颗粒相径向速度的影响。采用粒子图像测速技术对内径D=152mm的喷动床进行实验研究,分析对比了不同扰流元件外形,尺寸及安装间距等重要参数对喷动床内颗粒运动的影响。研究结果表明:加入纵向涡发生器后,在扰流元件上方横截面内颗粒相运动出现了大量二次涡流,并且纵向涡发生器增强颗粒相在喷射区及环隙区的径向运动能力。在相同直径尺寸下,球体扰流元件较圆柱体扰流件对喷动床内颗粒径向运动的强化效果更好。存在一个最佳的扰流元件直径及布置间距使得纵向涡流对颗粒径向运动的强化效果达到最佳。     

回转圆筒内固体颗粒径向偏析的研究

混合固体颗粒在回转圆筒内运动时要发生径向偏析,笔者认为颗粒的渗流以及粗细颗粒的流动性不同是引起颗粒偏折的主要原因。本文通过实验得到了筒体转速及填充系数对偏析的影响。     

流化床密相区颗粒扩散系数的CFD数值预测

应用离散颗粒模型直观获得颗粒运动情况,并从单个颗粒和气泡作用的角度分析颗粒运动和混合,证实气泡在床层中上升、在床层表面爆破以及气泡上升引起的乳化相下沉运动对颗粒混合起关键作用。应用基于颗粒动理学的双流体模型系统地对床宽分别为0.2、0.4、0.8 m的二维流化床在鼓泡区和湍动区的气固两相流动行为进行数值模拟。受离散颗粒模型启发,在双流体模型计算结果基础上,引入理想示踪粒子技术计算床内平均颗粒扩散系数。计算结果表明,颗粒横向扩散系数(D_x)总体上随流化风速增大而增大,但受床体尺寸影响较大;颗粒轴向扩散系数随流化风速增大而增大,受床体尺寸影响较弱。文献报道的密相区颗粒横向扩散系数分布在10^-4～10^-1 m²·s^-1数量级。本文提出的计算方法在数量级上与文献实验结果吻合,表明在大尺寸流化床且高流化风速下,颗粒横向扩散系数远大于小尺寸鼓泡流化床,为不同研究者实验结果的分歧提供了理论依据,也为预测大型流化床内颗粒扩散速率提供了放大策略。     

方截面循环悬浮床内构件对气固混合行为的影响

在冷态的方截面烟气脱硫循环悬浮床实验装置中,研究了上升床中部内构件不同安装方式对床内气固两相流动结构的影响和气固混合行为的表现。通过实验得到了内构件在几种安装方式的床内轴向颗粒浓度分布和径向上颗粒浓度分布,发现内构件增强了颗粒内循环。大小构件组合并上下交叉安装的方式对提高床密度,改善轴向和径向浓度均匀性发挥了较好作用。这对提高气固混和效率非常关键。     

规整填料塔液相混合的研究

本文采用点源脉冲示踪的方法考察了装填２５０ Ｙ 型金属板波纹规整填料的填料塔中的轴向及径向返混。在规整填料塔的顶部注入 Ｋ Ｍｎ Ｏ４ 作为示踪剂,从塔的底部的不同径向位置取样。通过最优化方法计算出轴向返混系数 Ｄｚ 和径向返混系数 Ｄｒ,研究了液相和气相对规整填料的返混的影响,并就液相和气相对返混影响做了初步解释。实验结果表明：径向扩散系数和轴向扩散系数随气速和液体流速的增大而增大。得到轴向和径向混合系数的彼克列数（ Ｐｅｚ , Ｐｅｒ） 与液相和气相的表观雷诺数（ Ｒｅ１ , Ｒｅｇ） 的关联式。     

A study of the three‐dimensional particle size segregation structure in a rotating drum

Three‐dimensional particle size segregation structures of binary mixtures of six different size ratios (SR = 1.42–3.37) in a rotating drum are studied. The formation of two smaller particle satellites around the central smaller‐particle rich band after the band formation core‐thickening mechanism is reported for the first time. The binary mixtures of six SRs show three satellite shapes, including the small bump shape, the axe shape, and the hemisphere shape. Except for the binary mixture of SR = 2.01 with the axe satellite shape, the satellite size increases with the increasing of the SR value at the same bed depth. The degrees of mixing of binary mixtures of six different SRs at different bed depths are analyzed using the Lacey mixing index. The degree of mixing at the bed surface and close to the drum cylindrical wall can be explained by the drift‐diffusional model of Savage (1993). © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Particle Mixing and Conduction in Wavy Drums

A thermal discrete element method (DEM) is used to simulate particle mixing and heat conduction inside wavy drums to explore the effects of wavy walls. Sinusoidal configurations with different waves on the walls are simulated. The Lacey mixing index is applied to analyze the mixing characteristics. The driven forces from the wavy wall, either positive/negative or effective driven forces, are analyzed to explain the mechanisms of mixing enhancement in the wavy drum. A new control parameter is proposed to explain the mechanism of mixing enhancement. It is found that a locally oscillating effect exists in wavy drums, which is imparted on the bulk rotating motions of particles and enhances the characteristics of particle mixing and heat conduction significantly. Except over large wave numbers and rotating speeds when the flow regime is deteriorated for mixing, the wavy drum is generally beneficial for mixing augmentation as well as conduction enhancement.     

A particle‐scale index in the quantification of mixing of particles

Discrete element method (DEM) is a useful tool for obtaining details of mixing processes at a particle scale. It has been shown to satisfactorily describe the flow structure developed in bladed mixers. Here, the advantage is taken of the microstructure gained from DEM to evaluate how best to quantify the microstructure created by mixing. A particle‐scale mixing index (PSMI) is defined based on coordination numbers to represent the structure of a particle mixture. The mixture quality is then analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively in three different ways: a macroscopic mixing index based on the conventional approach, coordination number, and PSMI. Their effectiveness is examined based on DEM data generated for different particle loading arrangements and binary mixtures of particles with various volume fractions, size ratios, and density ratios. Unlike the two other methods, PSMI reveals in a straightforward manner whether a binary mixture of different particles is mixing or segregating over time, while being able to detect particle‐scale structural changes accompanying the mixing or segregation processes in all the mixtures investigated. Moreover, PSMI is promising in that it is not influenced by the size and number of samples, which afflict conventional mixing indexes. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

螺旋输送器中颗粒混合过程的模拟

采用离散单元法（discrete element method,DEM）模拟了工业尺度螺旋输送器中两种不同密度与粒径的颗粒的流动状态与混合过程。采用Lacey混合指标的定量分析表明,该输送器的混合性能强烈地依赖于操作条件和结构尺寸,转速和物料的添加速率对混合效果影响最大,其次是混合段螺距和物料粒径。根据工业生产的具体要求,可参考上述发现合理地选择技术参数、提高混合效率、降低能耗。     

Assessment of the mixing efficiency of solid mixtures by means of image analysis

When assessing a mixing process, mixing quality is a characteristic parameter. To determine the optimum mixing time, it is necessary to measure the mixing efficiency as a function of mixing time. Mixing efficiency is determined by a sufficient number of sample analyses after certain mixing times. The novel method of image analysis allows to rapidly determine the optimum mixing time without sampling and complex sample analysis being required. In this study the model products have different particle sizes and colors to see a difference between them in the image analysis program. Analyzing a real mixture to find chemical substitutes for all particle components is impossible. The study can help the plant engineer to mark a component of interest for finding the optimum point of stationary equilibrium. In this paper the theory for sampling and comparing multi-component mixtures by image analysis to determine the mixing efficiency will be also described and discussed.     

Mixing in vibrated granular beds with the effect of electrostatic force

In this study, the DEM (Discrete Elementary Method) is used to simulate the behavior of granular mixing in vibrated beds. First, the velocity fields are simulated by the DEM model to examine the convective currents in a three-dimensional vibrated granular bed. Then, in order to characterize the effect of electrostatic force on the granular flow, the electrostatic number Es is defined as the ratio of the electrostatic force to the particle weight. Also, to quantify the quality of mixing, the mixing degree M is used by the well-known Lacey index. The top–bottom and the side–side initial loading patterns of two groups of glass bead with different colors are employed to investigate the influence of the convective currents on the granular mixing. To simplify the electrostatic effect, these two groups of glass beads are given opposite charges and the charged strength is assumed to be constant. The simulation results demonstrate that the granular temperatures increase linearly with the increasing Es number. Meanwhile, the mixing rate constants, calculated from the time evolutions of mixing degree, increase with the increasing Es number in power law relations. The role of granular temperature in the granular mixing is also discussed in this paper.