A New Microcomputer Controlled Modulator for PWM Inverters

The design of a new microcomputer controlled modulator for a pulsewidth modulated (PWM) inverter supplying a three-phase induction machine is presented. The requirements for the control of variable speed drives in general are discussed. The specifications for the PWM modulator are set out and explained. Analog and digital techniques are used in the design. All the control parameters of the modulator are under microcomputer control, and a few different PWM switching strategies may be implemented. The system is thus very flexible. The modulator has a very high frequency resolution. Some experimental results are also included.     

A High-Performance Pulsewidth Modulator for an Inverter-Fed Drive System Using a Microcomputer

An Intel 8086 microcomputer-based pulsewidth modulator (PWM) is described which receives digital voltage and frequency commands independently at the input, generates precision three- phase PWM waves at the output, and can be used to drive a transistor or thyristor inverter for ac drive systems. A computation intensive uniform sampling technique is used in the low-frequency region, whereas the higher frequency region is based on word recognition and pattern retrieval method. A laboratory breadboard of the modulator has been built and tested for the frequency range 0-250 Hz with resolution of 0.0077 Hz and smooth voltage variation up to square wave within a one-percent step in the whole range. The modulator has been extensively tested with a transistor inverter and hybrid computer simulated induction motor drive system and shows performance improvement over the currently available techniques.     

基于电容箝位五电平H桥的逆变器应用

为研究基于电容箝位五电平H桥逆变器的应用,以电容箝位5电平H桥构成三相逆变器,结合电容箝位3电平和常规H桥电路的优点,并采用消谐波PWM和载波相移PWM相结合的调制策略,对所采用的逆变器拓扑及其控制策略的有效性进行了仿真和实验验证。结果表明:所采用的逆变器拓扑可以方便地得到5电平输出,提高了输出电压和功率等级;所采用的控制策略能够有效提高等效载波频率,降低滤波器的体积和容量;两种调制方法的结合可发挥各自的优势,使控制灵活、实现简单。     

单相MPUC多电平逆变器载波层叠随机PWM方法

MPUC (Modified Packed U-Cells, MPUC) 多电平逆变器具有结构简单和成本低廉等优点。提出一种单相五电平MPUC逆变器载波层叠随机PWM方法。该方法首先利用遗传算法实现三角载波频率随机化,并通过载波层叠方式产生逆变器的随机化驱动信号,从而实现单相MPUC逆变器的随机PWM控制,降低功率谱密度图中的尖峰值。该方法同样适用于其它电平数的MPUC多电平逆变器,仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

一种模块化48脉冲大功率PWM逆变器

多脉冲逆变器通过移相变压器原副边移相角度的精确设计,可以在工频开关方式下,实现交流侧阶梯波输出,经过滤波得到高质量的正弦波形,但工频开关方式使其输出调压困难,而且随着脉冲数的提高,逆变器连接的变压器结构复杂,多个绕组之间的匝比难以兼顾,因此实际应用中多脉冲逆变器的通道数多在4以下。提出一种只有两个规格移相变压器结构的模块化48脉冲大功率PWM逆变器,该逆变器具有8个通道的三相逆变器和对应移相变压器组成,且每个三相逆变器采用低频PWM调制策略,实现输出电压调节。构建了一台8通道48脉冲的PWM逆变器样机,在各种运行状态下的输出波形以及相关测试数据验证了所提出的模块化多脉冲逆变器在输出波形、开关频率以及输出调节特性等方面的优势。     

Comparative investigation of PWM techniques for a new drive for electric vehicles

Results of a comparative investigation of deterministic and random pulsewidth modulation (PWM) techniques to be employed in a new ac drive for electric vehicles are presented. The study, employing the advanced simulation package SABER from Avant! Corporation, was focused on the reduction of electromagnetic interference (EMI) when a deterministic PWM strategy is replaced with an RPWM method. To assess the impact of the PWM technique on the drive performance, the drive efficiency, torque ripple, and dynamic response of the current control system were also investigated. Two RPWM techniques characterized by random variations of switching frequency of the inverter were considered: one with the sampling frequency of the modulator varying in step with the switching frequency, and one with a fixed sampling frequency equal to the average switching frequency. The study has demonstrated good EMI-mitigating potentials of RPWM techniques, whose use results in EMI reduction by 10 dB and more, while the drive performance is barely affected.     

Interaction of drive modulation and cable parameters on AC motortransients

This paper investigates overvoltage transients on AC induction motors when connected through a cable of arbitrary length to a variable frequency drive (VFD) consisting of a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) inverter with insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) power devices. Factors contributing to a motor overvoltage transient equal to a theoretical twice DC bus voltage are first described using existing transmission line analysis. A critical cable distance I_c is defined where this 2-pu overvoltage occurs. However, literature is lacking on flow motor voltage transients >2-pu bus voltage and up to 3-4 pu are generated. This phenomenon is observed on all PWM inverters with output cable lengths greater than l_c distance. Contributing factors to the >2-pu overvoltage phenomenon are investigated by exploring the complex interaction between drive modulation techniques, carrier frequency selected, cable natural frequency of oscillation, cable high-frequency damping losses, and, to a lesser extent, inverter output rise time. Theoretical calculations of cable frequency and damping are correlated with simulation and experimental results. Novel modifications to the PWM modulator, as well as external hardware apparatus, are proposed solutions to the >2-pu overvoltage problem; both are simulated and experimentally confirmed     

Pulsewidth Modulated Inverter Motor Drives with Improved Modulation

The performance of inverter drives, which use the pulsewidth modulated (PWM) technique to control motor applied voltage and frequency, are critically influenced by the choice of the modulation policy used in the control circuits. This paper deals with practical inverter drives for squirrel cage induction motors and presents some basic considerations on modulation requirements. The advantages and limitations of popular modulation methods are discussed, and an improved modulation scheme, which allows us to extend the practical speed range of PWM ac drives, is presented.     

Fully digital, vector-controlled PWM VSI-fed AC drives with aninverter dead-time compensation strategy

A dead-time compensation method in vector-controlled pulse width modulator (PWM) voltage source inverters (VSIs) is proposed. The method is based on a feedforward approach that produces compensating signals obtained from the I_d-I_q current and inverter output angular frequency references in the rotating reference (d-q) frame. It provides excellent inverter output voltage distortion correction for both fundamental and harmonic components. The correction is not affected by the magnitude of the inverter output voltage or current distortions. Since this dead-time compensation method allows current loop calculations in the d- q frame at a slower sampling rate, with a conventional microprocessor than calculations in the stationary reference frame, a fully digital. vector-controlled speed regulator with just a component current control loop is realized for PWM VSIs. Simulations and test results obtained for the compensation method are also described     

PWM Inverters Using Split-Wound Coupled Inductors

The number of output-voltage levels available in pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) voltage-source inverters can be increased by inserting a split-wound coupled inductor between the upper and lower switches in each inverter leg. Interleaved PWM control of both inverter-leg switches produces three-level PWM voltage waveforms at the center tap of the coupled inductor winding, representing the inverter-leg output terminal, with a PWM frequency twice the switching frequency. The winding leakage inductance is in series with the output terminal, with the main magnetizing inductance filtering the instantaneous PWM-cycle voltage differences between the upper and lower switches. Since PWM dead-time signal delays can be removed, higher device switching frequencies and higher fundamental output voltages are made possible. The proposed inverter topologies produce five-level PWM voltage waveforms between two inverter-leg terminals with a PWM frequency up to four times higher than the inverter switching frequency. This is achieved with half the number of switches used in alternative schemes. This paper uses simulated and experimental results to illustrate the operation of the proposed inverter structures.      

一种新型的软开关正弦波PWM逆变器

为实现一种结构简单、高效、高频、低电压应力、易于控制的软开关三相逆变器控制.提出了一种新型的三相谐振极型软开关PWM逆变器,它与传统的辅助谐振极逆变器(ARCPI)不同,避免了ARCPI使用的2个大电容,没有中性点电位的变化问题.它的三相谐振电路之间是相互独立的,这就使得逆变器易于应用各种控制策略.本文选取一相电路,对其工作原理进行了分析,给出了不同工作模式下的等效电路图和最优电路设计.仿真和试验结果表明:逆变器的主开关和辅助开关都能实现软开关,谐振电路功率小,对减少电磁干扰和提高效率很有意义.     

有源箝位谐振直流环逆变器的PWM控制方案

提出了一种基于双幅有源箝位谐振直流环节逆变技术的脉宽调制(PWM)控制方案,以改变传统谐振直流环节逆变器只能采用离散脉冲调制(DPM)控制的现状,在保持原电路结构简单,软开关等优点的基础上,使逆变器具有更高的效率,明显改善了输出频谱.给出了PWM控制方案的工作原理,通过3kW实验系统的仿真和实验,证明了该控制方案的可行性和优越性.     

一种混合9电平电压源逆变器及其变频脉宽调制

介绍了一种应用于中高压变频调速装置的9电平输出电压源逆变器，逆变器的主电路由2种不同拓扑结构的逆变电路组成，分别使用不同参数的开关器件实现，可以综合利用阻断电压高的器件和开关速度快的器件的优点。分析了逆变器主电路的拓扑结构及特点，研究了主电路的开关模式后提出了一种基于载波调制的适合于任意电平数目混合逆变器的PWM(脉宽调制)算法，最后仿真研究了混合9电平逆变器在变速驱动场合中的应用，并验证了算法的有效性。对线电压的频谱分析表明，混合9电平逆变器有很好的输出波形，输出谐波含量少，在高频段输出线电压的总谐波畸变率小于5％，输出电压的dv／dt小，可用于驱动大容量的中高压异步电动机。     

三相逆变器幅值可控的小波PWM技术

三相逆变器的小波PWM具有总谐波含量低、直流电压利用率高、易于数字化实现等优点,但其无法在三相逆变器上实现对输出电压幅值的控制,这使得小波PWM的应用受到限制。为此,在单相逆变器幅值可控的小波PWM技术基础上,在三相逆变器的小波PWM中同样引入了一个调制度变量,使它在保持原有优点的基础上增加了输出电压可调的特性。分析了三相逆变器幅值可控的小波PWM的机理,并进行了仿真和实验研究,结果证明了机理的正确性,为三相逆变器小波PWM的广泛应用提供了基础。     

A technique of parallel connections of pulsewidth-modulated NPC inverters by using current-sharing reactors

The neutral-point-clamped (NPC) PWM inverters have many advantages such as the ability to operate the motor with nearly sinusoidal current waveforms. For this reason, in larger-capacity inverter systems, NPC PWM inverters using the GTOs, etc., have also been put into practical use because of great advantages to large-capacity ac motor drives such as lower ripple currents and higher output voltages. With the spread of applications, still larger-capacity inverters also are expected. However, since the capacities of such switching devices are insufficient, a certain technique and controlling method are proposed for the parallel connections of NPC inverters. The output voltage waveforms of the proposed inverter have certain voltage levels, and thus it is anticipated that it will be difficult to analyze the output harmonics. For such waveforms of output voltage and current-sharing reactor, a frequency analysis approach is described whose results are verified by experiments.     

A modified cascade transformer-based multilevel inverter and its efficient switching function

A modified multilevel PWM inverter is proposed to increase the number of output voltage levels and to improve the system characteristic of a prior 11-level shaped PWM inverter scheme. In appearance, it consists of three full-bridge modules and a cascade transformer; therefore, the configuration of the proposed multilevel PWM inverter is equal to that of the prior one. Only the turn-ratio of one transformer and its corresponding switching function are different from each other. Based on the difference, the proposed multilevel PWM inverter has two promising advantages. First, output voltage levels increase almost two-fold. Consequently, it can generate more sinusoidal output voltage waves. Second, due to a suitable switching pattern, it lightens power imposed on the transformer, which is used for compensating output voltages with chopped pulses between step levels. Operational principle of the proposed 19-level shaped PWM inverter is analysed with comparisons of the prior 11-level shaped PWM inverter. The validity of the proposed inverter system is verified by computer-aided simulations and experimental results based on a 1 kW prototype.     

多电平逆变器PWM控制方法的研究

近年来,多电平逆变器在大功率场合应用越来越广泛.基于空间矢量原理提出了一种新的多电平PWM控制方法,这种PWM方法称为多电平最优空间矢量PWM方法(MOSV PWM),可用于多电平串联逆变器供电的压频比控制的异步电动机调速系统.仿真结果表明,MOSV PWM方法与多电平载波方法和单脉冲法相比有许多优点,可以在线实现,输出线电压THD低,开关频率低.这种方法可以推广用于其它类型的多电平逆变器,除电机传动外还可以用于静态无功补偿和其它FACTS场合.     

Electromagnetic noise of induction motors driven by PWM inverters

When a squirrel cage induction motor is driven by a PWM inverter, electromagnetic noise different from that during commercial power source drive is experienced. This is because of sideband wave voltage induced in PWM inverter output voltage. This paper first describes the mechanism of electromagnetic noise generation in commercial power source drive, and then electromagnetic force considering the sideband frequency and voltage content and the mechanism of electromagnetic noise generation in PWM inverter drive. It also refers to the sideband frequency and voltage content because of operating time control. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 133(3): 55–62, 2000     

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR BASED VOLTAGE FED INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR INVERTER DESIGN

ABSTRACT

A Digital Signal Processor (DSP) based voltage-fed Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) inverter that drives a three-phase induction motor is presented. The selected DSP, a TMS320C14 chip by Texas Instruments, controls the PWM operation of the inverter. A host IBM PC is connected to the DSP through an RS-232 serial interface for data communications to and from the DSP. IGBTs are used in the inverter because of their characteristically low conduction losses, small switching delays and simplified gate drive circuit. A harmonic elimination scheme is adopted as the PWM strategy to eliminate four low-order harmonics in the inverter output.

The inverter performance is tested using a 1 HP, three-phase induction motor. The output waveforms are recorded and the harmonic spectra are developed using a FLUKE 41 power harmonics analyzer and the results show decidedly suppressed low-order harmonics. The design also highlights the simplicity and cost effectiveness of the DSP based modulator and IGBT based inverter design.     

大功率级联变频器中多路SPWM发生器的实现

采用载波相移SPWM技术原理,设计了基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的多路PWM脉冲发生器.该脉冲发生器应用于一个电压级联型变频器,可提供96路PWM脉冲输出,解决了级联变频器多路脉冲同步触发的问题.通过实验证明,FPGA输出的PWM脉冲送入级联变频器模块,输出的电压波形正弦度好,电平阶数符合设计,且修改参数简单,有效...