Landscape and flow path-based nutrient loading metrics for evaluation of in-stream water quality in Saginaw Bay,Michigan

Landscape metrics are often used to model nonpoint source pollution from agricultural and urban surface runoff. By considering topography and the spatial arrangement of land cover, landscape metrics can better account for hydrologic connectivity, loading quantity, and vegetated buffer filtering between nutrient loading sources and streams. For this study we develop a surface runoff nutrient loading metric that considers source (i.e. cropland or developed) loading and buffer filtering along hydrologic transport vectors, or flow paths. We use General Additive Modeling to evaluate the relationship between this metric and in-stream nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in the Saginaw Bay watershed in Michigan, US and compare the relative predictive power between this metric and other landscape metrics that do not consider hydrologic connectivity. The flow path-based cropland loading metric was a stronger predictor of in-stream NO₃ concentrations than alternative metrics. In-stream P concentrations were best predicted by models that included 48-h antecedent precipitation and catchment-wide proportion of developed landcover. Metric maps reveal high nutrient loading areas where only a small proportion of loading reaches streams via surface runoff, highlighting the need to consider nutrient loading via drainage tiles and other subsurface pathways in efforts to quantify nonpoint source loading to surface waters. The flow path-based loading metric is represented spatially as a gridded dataset showing estimates of nutrient loading adjacent to streams, and with higher resolution stream delineation data it could be used by land managers to target locations for precision buffer placement to intercept surface runoff and reduce nutrient loading.     

The impact of agricultural management practices on nutrient losses to water: data on the effects of soil drainage characteristics.

Against the background of increasing nutrient concentrations in Irish water bodies, this study set out to gain information on the potential of agricultural grassland to lose nutrients to water. Overland flow, flow from artificial subsurface drains and stream flow were gauged and sampled during heavy rainfall events. Dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), potassium (K), total ammonia (TA), and total oxidised nitrogen (TON) were measured in water samples. When the nutrient concentrations in water were examined in relation to the grassland management practices of the study catchments it emerged that soil P levels, the application of organic and inorganic fertilisers before heavy rainfall and the presence of grazing animals could all influence nutrient concentrations in surface and subsurface drainage water. Overall, the drainage characteristics of soil were found to have a considerable influence on the potential of land to lose nutrients to water.     

长江流域水体富营养化演化驱动机制及防控对策

富营养化已成为长江流域河流、湖泊与水库面临的共性问题,基于近10 a来长江流域水质状况、营养物质含量、水文泥沙过程、富营养化评价指数等数据及相关历史文献,分析了长江流域水体富营养化现状及演化趋势,以典型河流、水库与湖泊为例,剖析了长江流域水体富营养化驱动机制。结果表明:①长江流域水体富营养化程度为河流水库湖泊,上游四川盆地与中游江汉平原是长江流域富营养化湖泊与水库的主要聚集区。②近10 a来,中度富营养化湖泊比例从2009年的31.3%增加至2018年的42.7%,水库营养水平正从中营养向轻度富营养快速发展。③长江流域水体营养充足,受闸坝建设运行影响,流速减缓、流量偏枯,水体交换慢与河湖连通性差是河流、水库与湖泊富营养化的重要驱动力。为防控水体富营养化,建议监测重要控制断面氮磷浓度与通量,加强农田灌溉退水与水产养殖废水排放管理,开展流域水、沙、营养物质耦合输送调控。     

于桥水库富营养化评价及空间分布特征研究

基于天津市于桥水库2000-2010年水质数据,结合卡尔森富营养化指数与3种GIS空间插值方法(反距离权重、径向基函数、普通克里金),评价水库富营养化状态并对其空间分布特征及成因进行分析。结果表明:①普通克里金插值方法下的指数半方差模型插值精度较高。②水库富营养化主要表现为氮污染超标,有机污染较轻,磷为限制因子,在降雨集中的汛期(7-9月)水质营养状态空间差异显著。③水库整体水质呈中营养-轻富营养状态,范围为45.87~54.58,水库北岸由于沿岸畜禽养殖污染已处于轻富营养状态,南岸由于农业产生的面源污染呈现向富营养化转变的趋势,反映了水库富营养化空间分布状况,为建立有效的水库环境保护措施提供了新思路。     

基于土地利用变化的烟台市非点源污染差异性分析

海岸带陆源非点源污染是导致入海河流污染和近海富营养化的重要因素之一。本研究应用长期水文影响评价模型(L-THIA),结合GIS空间分析技术,定量化模拟和分析了20年来烟台市区土地利用变化导致的年均地表年径流量和非点源污染物(TN、TP)负荷变化的时空差异性。结果表明:耕地的流失使得研究区非点源污染总负荷下降,耕地向建设用地的转换带来的不透水面扩大是引起近岸带产流增加以及非点源污染负荷高于远岸带的重要原因;研究区水文效应明显区和非点源负荷变化区与城镇扩展格局具有较好的一致性。     

溧水水库型饮用水水源地水环境现状及污染源分析

为研究溧水方便水库的污染情况与环境现状,分析了COD、TN、TP、叶绿素量等指标,发现以农田径流为主的面源污染是最主要的水源地污染源,水源地主要超标污染物为TP及TN,总体属于Ⅳ类水。通过对大量数据进行指数分析发现:方便水库平水期水质最优,基本处于贫-中营养等级;丰水期的水质最差,基本处于中度富营养化状态,水体富营养化严重;枯水期水质良好,存在轻度富营养化趋势。方便水库的底泥重金属污染等级为低风险等级,整个方便水库的底泥属于营养盐污染底泥,有机污染严重,亟需进行适当的清淤处理。本研究对预防和控制水体污染及富营养化有一定的参考作用。     

An Investigation of the Impacts of Agricultural Runoff on the Water Quality and Aquatic Organisms in a Lowveld Sand River System in Southeast Zimbabwe

In this research we examined the hypothesis that agricultural pollution is a key determinant of variability in nutrients concentrations and benthic fauna in a semi-arid tropical lowveld region of southeast Zimbabwe. Water quality was monitored in the river water column and river bottom sediments at a time when dissolved oxygen concentration was thought to be very low during the winter period in the rivers passing through low input agricultural sections and intensive commercial agricultural sections. The surveys used established chemical methods and biological methods. Benthic fauna assemblages were used to complement chemical cases of nutrient loading at localities chosen for sampling. Unpolluted control sites were not significantly different (t test, p < 0.05) from polluted sites in levels in mean values of dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solids and mean density (no.m²) of benthic invertebrates in May. Significant differences (t test, p < 0.05) were not found in mean values of calcium, magnesium, potassium, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorous in river bottom sediments in May and August. These data certainly do not support the notion that the Runde River is severely polluted by the upstream agricultural activities and the hypothesis that agricultural runoff is a key determinant of water quality is rejected. As the data suggests the Runde River may be receiving moderate nutrient pollution. The positive effects of moderate eutrophication on fish catch and the trade-off in pollution implied here needs to be addressed by appropriate agricultural and environmental policies that relate to water pollution and land use.     

生态塘对稻田降雨径流中氮磷的拦截效应研究

农田养分的大量流失已成为农业面源污染的主要来源之一,生态塘兼具排水和生态湿地双重功效,研究其对稻田排水氮磷的拦截效应对于防治农业非点源污染具有重要意义。针对降雨径流条件下生态塘对降雨径流中氮磷的动态拦截效应以及降雨径流结束后氮磷在静水中的去除效应有待明了的需求,本文选取太湖西岸何家浜流域典型农田作为研究对象,并将该区域的塘堰改造为生态塘,研究了生态塘对水稻生长期内的三场降雨径流氮磷的拦截去除效果及降雨径流结束后氮磷在静水中的去除效应。研究结果表明:(1)在三场降雨过程中,生态塘对总氮(TN)的平均去除率为34.7%,总磷(TP)的平均去除率为34.8%;(2)生态塘对降雨径流中不同形态氮磷的去除率大小排序为氨氮(NH_4~+-N)颗粒态氮(PN)硝态氮(NO_3~--N),颗粒态磷(PP)溶解态磷(DP),且径流状态下水体垂向分层氮磷浓度分布随降雨进行而变化,总体分布规律为底层氮磷浓度大于表层氮磷浓度;(3)降雨径流结束后,TN在生态塘中的去除率为50.4%,TP在生态塘中的去除率为52.3%,塘2对TN、TP的去除率大于塘1与塘3,生态塘表现了较强的抗冲击自修复性。     

红壤坡地不同生态措施地下径流养分流失研究

利用大型土壤渗漏装置(Drainage Lysimeter)对百喜草覆盖、百喜草敷盖、裸露三种生态措施的地下径流养分流失问题进行了研究.结果表明:在试验期间这三种处理措施氨氮流失总量分别为992.64 mg,2 679.67 mg,258.84 mg;总氮流失总量为1 096.494 mg,3 108.376 mg,295.064 8 mg;总磷流失量为603.35 mg,3 109.45 mg,182.42 mg;养分随地下径流流失量敷盖最大、裸露对照最小,这和一般情况下地表径流养分流失有所不同;从流失过程可以看出这三个处理的地下径流养分流失和径流过程比较相似,符合"肥随水走"的水肥运动规律,当降雨过后地下径流变大,养分流失也增大;在整个过程中,氨氮随径流过程变化剧烈,而且随地下径流流失量大,总磷则相对平稳,而且流失量也小.     

富营养化湖泊营养盐的来源及治理

分析富营养化湖泊营养盐的主要来源:流域内农田径流、畜禽养殖、水产养殖等产生的面源污染,以及湖底沉积物中液态营养盐向上覆水中释放、再悬浮造成的内源污染。综述多途径控制面源污染的措施,介绍底泥疏浚治理内源污染的方法,以及恢复水生高等植被、建设水生植物净化区、建造人工湿地等生态性治理措施。指出应结合当地的自然条件和湖泊富营养化状况,利用多种治理手段,逐步恢复富营养化湖泊生态系统的结构和功能,进而解决湖泊富营养化问题。     

Nitrogen and phosphorus losses from agriculture into surface waters; the effects of policies and measures in The Netherlands

The increased input of fertilizers and animal wastes after 1950 has boosted agricultural crop production to a high level in many industrialized countries, but it has also contributed to increased nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from agriculture to groundwaters and surface waters. This paper summarizes the pathways and controls of nitrogen and phosphorus losses to surface waters, and it presents estimates and predictions of the losses from agricultural soils in The Netherlands into surface waters, before and after the implementation of policies and measures to reduce nutrient losses from agriculture.Implementation of the nutrient accounting system MINAS, aiming at a step-wise lowering of nitrogen and phosphorus surpluses at farm level, will decrease the total nitrogen and phosphorus surpluses between the years 1985 and 2008 by 58 and 82%, respectively. These large decreases are the result of a strong decrease in the input via fertilizers and animal wastes, combined with only a minor decrease in the output via harvested products. Nitrogen emissions from agricultural land to surface waters will decrease by 38% between 1985 and 2008. Phosphorus emissions from agricultural land to surface waters are expected not to decrease on the short term.     

Analysis of pollutant removal effect usinginnovative ridge-shaped constructed wetland

In this paper,a new type of ridge-shaped constructed wetland which combines surface flow and horizontal subsurface flow was proposed.The proposed wetland had simple structure,low construction and operating cost,less human interference and good pollution removal effect.The combination of surface flow and subsurface flow provided an aerobic and anaerobic alternating environment for the entire wetland.The performance of the proposed wetland was compared with a traditional horizontal subsurface flow wetland.The comparison results showed that the removal rates of BOD(biochemical oxygen demand),TN(total nitrogen),and TP(total phosphorus)in the ridge-shaped wetland increased up to 20.3%,17.0%,and 9.1%,respectively.The proposed wetland structure could be widely applied for treatment of rural and urban domestic sewage pollution or agricultural point and nonpoint source water pollution.     

An Integrated Approach for Targeting Critical Source Areas to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution in Watersheds

This study presents an integrated approach for targeting critical source areas (CSAs) to control nonpoint source pollution in watersheds. CSAs are the intersections between hydrologically sensitive areas (HSAs) and high pollution producing areas of watersheds. HSAs are the areas with high hydrological sensitivity and potential for generating runoff. They were based on a soil topographic index in consistence of a saturation excess runoff process. High pollution producing areas are the areas that have a high potential for generating pollutants. Such areas were based on simulated pollution loads to streams by the Soil and Water Assessment Tool. The integrated approach is applied to the Neshanic River watershed, a suburban watershed with mixed land uses in New Jersey in the U.S. Results show that several land uses result in water pollution: agricultural land causes sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus pollution; wetlands cause sediment and phosphorus pollution; and urban lands cause nitrogen and phosphorus pollution. The primary CSAs are agricultural lands for all three pollutants, urban lands for nitrogen and phosphorus, and wetlands for sediment and phosphorus. Some pollution producing areas were not classified into CSAs because they are not located in HSAs and the pollutants generated in those areas are less likely to be transported by runoff into streams. The integrated approach identifies CSAs at a very fine scale, which is useful for targeting the implementation of best management practices for water quality improvement, and can be applied broadly in different watersheds to improve the economic efficiency of controlling nonpoint source pollution.     

GIS支持下的凡河流域农业非点源污染物时空特征分析

为了解铁岭县凡河流域农业非点源污染现状,本文以铁岭县多年乡镇统计报表为基础,结合输出系数法及源强系数法分析了凡河流域2007-2009年四种农业非点源污染物排放量及其排放强度的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)流域内农业非点源污染物排放总量呈持续上升趋势,总氮、总磷、化学需氧量及氨氮的平均排放量为3174.5、361.4、16624.5和3980.3t/a;(2)流域内主要污染物为化学需氧量,主要污染源为畜禽养殖;(3)污染物排放总量及强度空间上大致呈中、西部高,东部低的特点,李千户乡及铁岭市区为主要污染区域。为有效地控制凡河流域农业非点源污染,当地政府应把重点放在畜禽粪便及居民生活垃圾的处理方式上。     

黄河流域非点源污染估算研究

介绍了黄河流农村生活、农田径流、分散式畜禽养殖、水土流失、城市地表径流这5类非点源污染的估算方法,并给出了根据此方法和有关参数所估算的黄河流域非点源污染负荷。结果表明:黄河水体中非点源污染主要为农田径流和水土流失;TN、TP对黄河水体的污染物总量贡献率较大;污染物在龙门—三门峡河段入河量较大。     

川中丘陵区小尺度范围非点源氮素流失特征分析

为研究自然降雨条件下紫色土地块-小流域尺度农业非点源氮素随径流流失的特征,采用野外径流观测法,对2011年川中某紫色土丘陵区12次典型降雨产流事件进行了监测,测定径流量及径流中氮素浓度与负荷变化情况。结果表明:旱地流失负荷值远大于林地流失负荷值,且旱地氮素流失主要集中在施肥后的初期降水事件中,占流失总量的76.1%;壤中流氮素平均浓度为0.98~54.1mg/L;旱地氮素迁移有显著月变化特征,明显受到当地施肥习惯和汛期降雨量影响。陈家湾农林复合小流域氮素迁移特点分析表明,该小流域受到多种土地利用类型影响,径流氮素浓度波动范围不大;但在大雨降雨事件中,浓度在降雨后期有所升高,体现了"末期冲刷效应"。研究结果可为调控长江上游紫色土丘陵区氮素流失提供参考。     

沙河水库富营养化成因及趋势分析

近年来沙河水库原水高锰酸盐指数、总磷、氨氮等超标,水质趋向恶化,出现富营养化,已严重威胁供水安全。通过对污染成因分析,提出了解决面源污染要从改变农业耕作方式入手来控制污染源,才能遏制水体富营养化的趋势。     

句容水库流域氮输移研究

将SWAT模型应用于苏南句容水库流域,模拟了流域内不同土地利用类型上植物吸收的氮,有机氮和硝态氮输出.结果表明:旱地、水田、林地上植物吸收的氮较大,有机氮输出量从大到小依次为旱地＞林地＞水田＞居民区＞水域＞建设用地,旱地和水田上随地表径流、壤中流、地下径流输出的硝态氮都较其它土地利用类型多,同时还分析了氮的年内输出规律,结果表明氮的输出都集中在降雨较大的月份.     

Non-Point Source Pollution from Abandoned Agricultural Land in the Great Lakes Basin

The contribution of abandoned farm fields to non-point source pollution in the Great Lakes Basin was studied on a 7.73 ha old field watershed near East Lansing, Michigan, that had been abandoned 18 years prior to the study. Exports of nitrogen were low and approached values expected for undisturbed forests in the Great Lakes Basin. Exports of phosphorus were slightly elevated compared to undisturbed forests. Exports and concentrations of both N and P were similar to values listed for cleared, unproductive land for the Great Lakes region by the recent nationwide survey of EPA. Annual exports of total P, PO₄–P, NO₃–N, NO₂–N, NH₄–N, Organic–N, Cl, Na, Ca, and suspended solids are given. Most exports of all constituents occurred during rainfall or snow-melt generated runoff events during the spring runoff period. Soil and soil-water nutrient concentrations were low, reflecting the low fertility of the study watershed. Nutrient concentrations in runoff reflect this low fertility and would be higher from recently abandoned farm land. The contribution of abandoned fields to nutrient loading of the Great Lakes would decrease from levels typical of agricultural runoff at time of abandonment to levels typical of undisturbed forests within 15 to 20 years following abandonment.     

Sources of nitrogen to stream food webs in tributaries of the Red River Valley,Manitoba

Lake Winnipeg has undergone rapid eutrophication over the last several decades with a large portion of the associated nutrient loads delivered via the Red River. Consequently, subcatchments of the Red River Valley (RRV) are priorities for nutrient management, an aim that requires identification of key nutrient sources to stream food webs. We identified the primary sources of nitrogen to food webs of rural streams of the RRV, as well as variation in nitrogen input between spring and summer. We measured δ¹⁵N of particulate organic matter (POM) and collector-gatherer invertebrates collected in spring and summer from 20 subcatchments, which exhibited a range of agricultural intensity and size of municipal wastewater lagoons. δ¹⁵N values of POM and collector-gatherer invertebrates were best predicted by the presence of wastewater treatment lagoons, with δ¹⁵N values increasing with the number of people served by lagoons in spring and summer. When present, wastewater contributed a greater proportion of nitrogen to stream food webs than agricultural sources. Waste sources also had a greater relative contribution to food webs in summer than spring. Despite wastewater lagoons releasing nitrogen in short-term, pulsed discharges, the influence of wastewater on food web nitrogen persisted from the summer release into the following spring. Based on the observed importance of wastewater as a source of nitrogen to stream food webs, we recommend management agencies consider additional actions to reduce nutrient losses from wastewater treatment facilities as well as agricultural lands to more effectively protect aquatic ecosystems.